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Accidents and Attributions: Differential Consequences for Religious Bias
Rachel Smith,Edward L. Fink,Deborah Cai,Carolyn E. Montagnolo 한국언론학회 2023 Asian Communication Research Vol.20 No.1
As people hear about accidents, they may wonder who is responsible. We extended this work by testing a model of a two-party attribution process that starts with perceptions of self-other overlap. How we communicate about accidents can also shape how people think about the parties involved. To that end, we also examined the effects of including extra-evidential (social) information about the parties involved (e.g., a person’s religion) on self-other overlap and group bias. Participants (N = 252) read one of 12 versions of a vignette about a two-party car accident that varied accident severity, accident commission (i.e., implicit responsibility), and the driver’s stated religion (Christian, Muslim, or unstated). Results showed that as people perceived larger differences between themselves and the accident victim, they judged the victim as more responsible for the accident, the driver as less responsible, and the victim’s behavior as a more essential aspect of the victim’s character. In addition, we found that the driver’s religious label and accident commission interact to influence participants’ perceptions of themselves in relation to the driver (self driver) and in relation to the victim (self-victim) in ways that advantaged the Christian driver but not the Muslim driver. The attribution process also had consequences for Muslim, but responsibility attribution, religious bias, self-other overlap, two-party accidents, accident severity ssed.
Precision cluster mass determination from weak lensing
Mandelbaum, Rachel,Seljak, Uroš,Baldauf, Tobias,Smith, Robert E. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.405 No.3
<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>Weak gravitational lensing has been used extensively in the past decade to constrain the masses of galaxy clusters, and is the most promising observational technique for providing the mass calibration necessary for precision cosmology with clusters. There are several challenges in estimating cluster masses, particularly (a) the sensitivity to astrophysical effects and observational systematics that modify the signal relative to the theoretical expectations, and (b) biases that can arise due to assumptions in the mass estimation method, such as the assumed radial profile of the cluster. All of these challenges are more problematic in the inner regions of the cluster, suggesting that their influence would ideally be suppressed for the purpose of mass estimation. However, at any given radius the differential surface density measured by lensing is sensitive to all mass within that radius, and the corrupted signal from the inner parts is spread out to all scales. We develop a new statistic ϒ(<I>R</I>; <I>R</I><SUB>0</SUB>) that is ideal for estimation of cluster masses because it completely eliminates mass contributions below a chosen scale (which we suggest should be about 20 per cent of the virial radius), and thus reduces sensitivity to systematic and astrophysical effects. We use simulated and analytical profiles including shape noise to quantify systematic biases on the estimated masses for several standard methods of mass estimation, finding that these can lead to significant mass biases that range from 10 to over 50 per cent. The mass uncertainties when using the new statistic ϒ(<I>R</I>; <I>R</I><SUB>0</SUB>) are reduced by up to a factor of 10 relative to the standard methods, while only moderately increasing the statistical errors. This new method of mass estimation will enable a higher level of precision in future science work with weak lensing mass estimates for galaxy clusters.</P>
Russell Body Lesions of the Colon: Case Report and Literature Review
( W. Keith Tan ),( Rachel Smith ),( Anthony George ),( Anita Gibbons ),( Syed Shaukat ),( Rizwan Kassam ),( Phil Roberts ) 대한소화기학회 2021 대한소화기학회지 Vol.77 No.6
Russell bodies (RB) are rare manifestations within the lower gastrointestinal tract. To date, there are only three other reported cases of RB lesions of the colon; two were polyps, and the third was a case of a multifocal RB lesion of the gastrointestinal tract. This paper reports a case of a tubulovillous adenoma with RB of the sigmoid colon in a patient diagnosed incidentally as part of the UK National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. A thorough hematological investigation is required to exclude hematological malignancies because of its association with plasma cell neoplasm. These lesions should undergo clonality analysis to exclude the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. Ideally, a bone marrow aspirate and investigations for amyloidosis should be performed to exclude underlying hematological malignancies. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2021;77:309-312)
Nanopatterned Human iPSC-Based Model of a Dystrophin-Null Cardiomyopathic Phenotype
Macadangdang, Jesse,Guan, Xuan,Smith, Alec S. T.,Lucero, Rachel,Czerniecki, Stefan,Childers, Martin K.,Mack, David L.,Kim, Deok-Ho Springer-Verlag 2015 Cellular and molecular bioengineering Vol.8 No.3
<P>Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) offer unprecedented opportunities to study inherited heart conditions in vitro, but are phenotypically immature, limiting their ability to effectively model adult-onset diseases. Cardiomyopathy is becoming the leading cause of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but the pathogenesis of this disease phenotype is not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed to test whether biomimetic nanotopography could further stratify the disease phenotype of DMD hiPSC-CMs to create more translationally relevant cardiomyocytes for disease modeling applications. We found that anisotropic nanotopography was necessary to distinguish structural differences between normal and DMD hiPSC-CMs, as these differences were masked on conventional flat substrates. DMD hiPSC-CMs exhibited a diminished structural and functional response to the underlying nanotopography compared to normal cardiomyocytes at both the macroscopic and subcellular levels. This blunted response may be due to a lower level of actin cytoskeleton turnover as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Taken together these data suggest that DMD hiPSC-CMs are less adaptable to changes in their extracellular environment, and highlight the utility of nanotopographic substrates for effectively stratifying normal and structural cardiac disease phenotypes in vitro.</P>
Scaglione, Jamie B.,Akey, David L.,Sullivan, Rachel,Kittendorf, Jeffrey D.,Rath, Christopher M.,Kim, Eung-Soo,Smith, Janet L.,Sherman, David H. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Angewandte Chemie Vol.49 No.33
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>A narrow tunnel: Biochemical and structural analysis of the tautomycetin thioesterase (TE) has provided the first high-resolution structure of a linear-chain-terminating TE in polyketide biosynthesis, showing the enzyme to be stereoselective with a constrained substrate chamber relative to macrolactone-forming thioesterases. <img src='wiley_img_2010/14337851-2010-49-33-ANIE201000032-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/14337851-2010-49-33-ANIE201000032-content'> </P>