Influence of high fat and different types of carbohydrate diet on energy metabolism in growing mice

( Nana Chung ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2019 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.23 No.3

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of carbohydrate diets with or without exercise changes energy metabolism at rest and during exercise. [Methods] To minimize differences in food and energy intake between experimental groups, mice were pairfed. After 1 week of adaptation, 40 male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: Sta. (high fat + high starch), Scu. (high fat + high sucrose), StaEX. (high fat + high starch + exercise), and SucEX. (high fat + high sucrose + exercise). StaEX. and ScuEX. groups underwent training by running on a treadmill five times a week. After 10 weeks of training, energy metabolism was measured for 24 h and during a 1 h exercise period. [Results] The final body weight showed no significant difference between the groups. However, the weight of abdominal tissues (epididymal, perirenal, and mesenteric adipose tissue) in training groups was markedly decreased following 10 weeks of training. Results of all energy metabolism (24 h at rest and during 1 h of exercise) showed no significant interactions between diet and exercise. A brief summary of the results of the energy metabolism is that the metabolism related indicators over 24 h were more affected by the dietary pattern than the exercise but during the 1 h of exercise, training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet. [Conclusion] Our findings confirm that: (a) the type of carbohydrates included in the diet influence the metabolic responses over 24 h, (b) training had more effect on energy metabolism than diet during 1 h of exercise, (c) both results; abdominal adipose tissue weight and fat oxidation during exercise are suggestive for a beneficial effect of moderate physical activity on weight maintenance.

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): a component of total daily energy expenditure

( Nana Chung ),( Mi-young Park ),( Jisu Kim ),( Hun-young Park ),( Hyejung Hwang ),( Chi-ho Lee ),( Jin-soo Han ),( Jaemoo So ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.2

[Purpose] The purpose of this review is to promote awareness of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) as a new strategy to increase energy expenditure, and to manage obesity. [Methods] The content of this review is based on a literature search of PubMed and the Google Scholar search engine, using the search terms obesity, energy expenditure, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), and sitting disease. [Results] Daily energy expenditure is of great interest because most obese individuals have no exercise activity- related thermogenesis (EAT); thus their physical activity-related energy expenditure (PEE) is comprised almost entirely of NEAT. Consequently, NEAT represents the main variable component of daily total energy expenditure (TEE); this varies considerably, both within among individuals. These somewhat unplanned and unstructured low level physical activities are associated with energy expenditure in excess of the resting metabolic rate (RMR). They may therefore have the potential to stimulate greater energy expenditure over time with a higher rate of adherence. [Conclusion] In conclusion, NEAT is a highly variable component of daily TEE and a low level of NEAT is associated with obesity. NEAT enhances lifestyle, and variations in individual and environmental factors can significantly affect daily energy expenditure. Therefore, well designed longitudinal studies that focus on personal behavioral approaches and re-engineered environments to increase NEAT should be conducted in the future.

Association of daily physical activity level with health-related factors by gender and age-specific differences among Korean adults based on the sixth (2014-2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

( Nana Chung ),( Hun-young Park ),( Mi-young Park ),( Yoon-young Hwang ),( Chi-ho Lee ),( Jin-soo Han ),( Jaemoo So ),( Jisu Kim ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2

[Purpose] This study examined the effects of daily physical activity level on health-related fac-tors according to gender and identified age-spe-cific differences among Korean adults. [Methods] Using data from the Korea Nation-al Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2014-2015), we selected adults aged 19-64 years who participated in both a health examination and health interview survey. The study included 6,457 participants 19-64 years of age (2,611 men, 3,846 women). [Results] Assessment of the differences in health-related factors according to age and physical activity in men and women by repeated two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant interaction effects on total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in male participants, but there were no significant interaction effects for any health-related factors in female participants. The group of female participants aged 40-64 years with daily physical activity levels over 200 kcal showed a significantly increased prevalence of 46% for dyslipidemia compared to that in female participants with daily physical activity levels below 200 kcal. Physical activity was positively correlated with weight and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in men 19-39 years of age, compared to weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and DBP in men 40-64 years of age, and weight, WC, BMI, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in women 19-39 years of age. In women 40- 64 years of age, physical activity was especially significantly positively correlated with weight, BMI, HDL-C and negatively correlated with fasting glucose and TG levels. [Conclusion] In male and female participants, the 40-64-year age group showed negative results for health-related factors compared to those in the 19-39-year age group. The higher the weight, WC, BMI, the higher is the physical activity level. Physical activity levels were significantly positively correlated with health-related variables.

The Effect of Cold Temperature and Exercise on BAT and Browning of WAT

( Nana Chung ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국체육학회 2018 International journal of human movement science Vol.12 No.2

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cold exposure and/or exercise on resting energy metabolism over 24 h and on BAT activity and browning of WAT related gene responses. Forty ICR male mice were divided into four groups: thermoneutrality-untrained (23 ± 1°C in room temperature, n=10), cold-water immersion (24 ± 1°C, n=10), exercise in neutral temperature (34 ± 1°C, n=10), and exercise in cold temperature (24 ± 1°C, n=10). The mice performed swim training (30 min to 60 min, 5 days/week) for 8 weeks. After end of experiment, we confirmed BAT activity and browning of WAT-related gene expression changes in interscapular-BAT and inguinal adipose tissue, and measured resting energy metabolism over 24 h. The results showed that the relative tissue weights of BAT and inguinal fat tissue differed by temperature (p = 0.016, p= 0.001 respectively). The UCP1 mRNA expression in BAT showed a significant effect in the exercised groups (p = 0.038). The sum of the oxygen uptake, only a significant temperature effect (p = 0.040) was observed and the average of the RER showed a significant temperature (p = 0.024) and exercise (p = 0.008) effect. Our data demonstrate that cold exposure and exercise independently induces the gene expression of thermogenic markers and the energy metabolic rate. The relative expression of these markers and the change of the energy metabolism indicators differed across the tissues and experimental treatments. In conclusion, our results suggest that cold exposure and exercise has no synergy effect on thermogenic markers of BAT and beige/brite adipose tissue and energy metabolism over 24h.

The effects of exercise and cold exposure on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue

( Nana Chung ),( Jonghoon Park ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.2

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to deter-mine whether exercise or/and cold exposure regulate mitochondria biogenesis-related gene expression in soleus and inguinal adipose tissue of mice. [Methods] Forty ICR 5-week old male mice were divided into four groups: thermoneutrality-untrained (23 ± 1 ℃ in room temperature, n=10), cold-water immer-sion (24 ± 1 ℃, n=10), exercise in neutral temperature (34 ± 1 ℃, n=10), and exercise in cold temperature (24 ± 1 ℃, n=10). The mice performed swimming exer-cise (30 min to 60 min, 5 times) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, we confirmed mitochondrial biogenesis-relat-ed gene expression changes for peroxisome prolif-erator- activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factors 1 (NRF1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in soleus muscle and inguinal adipose tissue, and the related protein expression in soleus muscle. [Results] In soleus muscle, PGC-1α expression significantly increased in response to cold exposure (p=0.006) and exercise (p=0.05). There was also significant interaction between exercise and cold ex-posure (p = 0.005). Only exercise had a significant ef-fect on NRF1 relative expression (p=0.001). Neither cold exposure nor the interaction showed significant effects (p=0.1222 and p=0.875, respectively). Rel-ative Tfam expression did not show any significant effect from exercise. In inguinal adipose tissue, rela-tive PGC-1α expression did not significantly change in any group. NRF1 expression showed a significant change from exercise (p=0.01) and cold exposure (p=0.011). There was also a significant interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p=0.000). Tfam mRNA expression showed a significant effect from exercise (p=0.000) and an interaction between exercise and cold exposure (p=0.001). Only temperature significantly affected PGC-1α protein levels (p=0.045). Neither exercise nor the interaction were significant (p=0.397 and p=0.292, respectively). NRF1 protein levels did not show a significant effect in any experimental treatments. Tfam protein levels showed a significant effect in the exercise group (p=0.012), but effects of neither cold exposure nor the interaction were significant (p=0.085 and p=0.374, respectively). [Conclusion] Exercise and cold exposure pro-moted increased expression of mitochondrial bio-genesis- related genes in soleus muscle. Only cold exposure had a significant effect on PGC-1α protein expression and only exercise had a significant effect on Tfam protein expression. In inguinal adipose tissue, there was interaction between exercise and cold exposure in expression of mitochondrial bio-genesis- related genes.

어머니의 양육행동과 중학생의 자기결정성 동기가 자기조절학습에 미치는 영향

홍현정(Hyeon Chung Hong),신나나(Nana Shin) 한국아동학회 2021 아동학회지 Vol.42 No.5

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of maternal parenting behaviors and middle school students’ self-determination motivation on self-regulated learning. We also aimed to explore the mediating effects of self-determination motivation between maternal parenting behaviors and middle school students’ self-regulated learning. Methods: A total of 306 middle school students (91 males and 215 females) participated in this study. They responded to questions regarding their mothers’ parenting behaviors (i.e., warmth-rejection, autonomy support-coercion, and structure-chaos), their self-determination motivation and self-regulated learning (i.e., cognitive regulation, motivational regulation, and behavioral regulation). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The bootstrapping method was used to examine whether the mediating effect of self-determination motivation was significant. Results: First, maternal parenting behaviors did not have a direct effect on middle school students’ self-regulated learning. Second, maternal parenting behaviors had an indirect effect on self-regulated learning through middle school students’ self-determination motivation. Consequently, the more positive the mother’s parenting behaviors were, the higher the middle school student’s self-determination motivation, which led to higher self-regulated learning. Conclusion: Findigns from this study highlight that in present society where pressure for academic achievement is great, voluntary participation with interest-based learning can result in increase of the efficiency and production of learning in middle school students. These findings can be utilized in a development of self-regulated learning programs for adolescents or parent education programs to improve the learning environment for students. This study contributed to the field by examining effects of both positive and negative parenting behaviors on cognitive, motivational, and behavioral aspects of self-regulated learning.

The effect of additional carbohydrate supplements for 7 days after prolonged interval exercise on exercise performance and energy metabolism during submaximal exercise in team-sports athletes

( Hun-young Park ),( Jisu Kim ),( Miyoung Park ),( Nana Chung ),( Kiwon Lim ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.1

[Purpose] The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of carbohydrate loading by additional carbohydrate supplements for 7 days after prolonged interval exercise on exercise performance and energy metabolism during submaximal exercise in team-sports athletes. [Methods] Twenty male team-sports athletes (14 soccer and 6 rugby players) volunteered to participate in the study and were equally divided into the experimental group (EXP, n=10) performing additional carbohydrate supplementation for 7 days after prolonged interval exercise until blood glucose level reaches 50 mg/dL or less and the control group (CON, n=10). Then, maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose level, and blood lactate level were measured in all team-sports players during submaximal exercise corresponding to 70% VO2max before and after intervention. [Results] There was no significant interaction in all parameters, but team-sports players in the EXP presented more improved VO2max (CON vs EXP = vs 5.3% vs 6.3%), VE (CON vs EXP = vs 3.8% vs 6.6%), VO2 (CON vs EXP = vs 8.5% vs 9.9%), VCO2 (CON vs EXP = vs 2.8% vs 4.0%), blood glucose level (CON vs EXP = vs -12.9% vs -7.6%), and blood lactate level (CON vs EXP = -18.2% vs -25%) compared to those in the CON. [Conclusion] These findings showed that additional carbohydrate supplementation conducted in our study is not effective in exercise performance and energy metabolism during submaximal exercise.

Exposure and Exercise Training in Hypoxic Conditions as a New Obesity Therapeutic Modality: A Mini Review

Park, Hun-Young,Kim, Jisu,Park, Mi-Young,Chung, Nana,Hwang, Hyejung,Nam, Sang-Seok,Lim, Kiwon Korean Society for the Study of Obesity 2018 Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome Vol.27 No.2

<P>Obesity is an important health problem caused by positive energy balance. Generally, low calorie dietary intake combined with regular exercise is the most common modality to lose bodily fat in obese people. Although this is the first modality of choice for obesity treatment, it needs to be applied to obese patients for at least 12 weeks or more and it does not provide consistent results because it is difficult to suppress increased appetite due to exercise. Recently, many researchers have been applying hypoxic conditions for the treatment of obesity, as many studies show that people residing in high altitudes have a lower percentage of body fat and fewer obesity-related illnesses than people living at sea level. Hypoxic therapy treatment, including hypoxic exposure or hypoxic exercise training, is recommended as a way to treat and prevent obesity by suppression of appetite, increasing basal metabolic rate and fat oxidation, and minimizing side effects. Hypoxic therapy inhibits energy intake and appetite-related hormones, and enhances various cardiovascular and metabolic function parameters. These observations indicate that hypoxic therapy is a new treatment modality for inducing fat reduction and promoting metabolic and cardiovascular health, which may be an important and necessary strategy for the treatment of obesity. As such, hypoxic therapy is now used as a general medical practice for obesity treatment in many developed countries. Therefore, hypoxic therapy could be a new, practical, and useful therapeutic modality for obesity and obesity-related comorbidities.</P>

Early childhood eating behaviors associated with risk of overweight and its socio-ecological determinants in Korean preschool children

Kim Yeri,Kim Jiye,Lee Bomi,Jung Seungyoun,Chung Seo-Jin,Kim Hyekyeong,Shin Nana,Kim Yuri 한국영양학회 2023 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.17 No.4

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identif y preschool children’s eating behaviors associated with early childhood obesity and its multi-level, socio-ecological determinants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 364 mothers of preschool children aged 3–5 years, these children’s healthy eating behaviors were assessed using a validated preschool nutrition quotient (NQ-P) questionnaire. The children’s over weight or obesity statuses were determined based on body mass index percentiles from the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart. The associations between the NQ-P score and risk of over weight or obesity were examined using multivariable logistic regression. The associations of individual, maternal, physical, and media environmental factors with the NQ-P score were also examined using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Preschool children with greater NQ-P scores were at a significantly lower risk of over weight or obesity (P < 0.01). The NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with maternal body mass index and an inverse association with household income (all P < 0.05). Maternal parenting and feeding practices exhibited associations with the NQ-P score. Positive associations were obser ved with “warm,” “structured,” and “autonomy-supportive” parenting as well as monitoring feeding practices (all P < 0.05). In addition, the NQ-P score had a significantly positive association with the childcare center’s anti-obesogenic environment, such as the provision of nutritional and physical-activity support and vicinity of the built food environment to the home, including access to good-quality food, fruits and vegetables, and low-fat foods (all P < 0.05). Regarding media environments, the NQ-P score demonstrated more significant associations with viewing and eating and/or cooking content displayed on online video platforms (all P < 0.05) than with that on television. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the significance of healthy eating behaviors in early- childhood-obesity prevention and underscore the importance of multilevel maternal, physical, and media environmental inter ventions that effectively guide eating behaviors in preschool children.