충북 남부지역 중소 제조기업의 경쟁력 제고를 위한 경영 및 애로기술 실태조사 연구

윤상원,구경완,정성진,백기영,김선훈,서용성,이근복 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2001 반도체장비학술심포지움 Vol.2001 No.-

본 연구에서는 충북 남부 3개군 지역(옥천 · 보은 · 영동)의 중소 제조기업의 경영실태 및 애로기술을 대상으로 실증조사 되었다.·지역의 특정상황의 전제하에 지방 중소기업들의 실질적인 문제점들을 발견하고, 그 개선 방안을 탐색함은 물론 산 · 학 · 연 컨소시엄 사업의 성공적인 수행을 위해 시도되었다.세부적으로는 중소 제조기업의 경영 및 애로기술 특성을 일반적 사항, 경영애로요인, 경영전략, 현장개선기법, 정보화, 제품 및 공정 기술상의 애로기술 현황파악의 6개 영역으로 조사되었다. 조사결과들은 추후 산 · 학 · 연 공동기술개발 사업에 있어 창의적, 틈새적 과제발굴 및 신제품 기술개발의 토대마련이 될 뿐 아니라, 지역경제 발전을 위한 산 · 학 관의 지원 전략 수립에 적극 활용 될 것으로 판단된다.

Rodent Model of Muscular Atrophy for Sarcopenia Study

Kyung-Wan Baek,정연관,Ji-Seok Kim,박진성,하영술,So-Jeong Kim,유준일 대한골대사학회 2020 대한골대사학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The hallmark symptom of sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength without the loss of overall body weight. Sarcopenia patients are likely to have worse clinical outcomes and higher mortality than do healthy individuals. The sarcopenia population shows an annual increase of ~0.8% in the population after age 50, and the prevalence rate is rapidly increasing with the recent worldwide aging trend. Based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, a global classification of disease published by the World Health Organization, issued the disease code (M62.84) given to sarcopenia in 2016. Therefore, it is expected that the study of sarcopenia will be further activated based on the classification of disease codes in the aging society. Several epidemiological studies and meta-analyses have looked at the correlation between the prevalence of sarcopenia and several environmental factors. In addition, studies using cell lines and rodents have been done to understand the biological mechanism of sarcopenia. Laboratory rodent models are widely applicable in sarcopenia studies because of the advantages of time savings, cost saving, and various analytical applications that could not be used for human subjects. The rodent models that can be applied to the sarcopenia research are diverse, but a simple and fast method that can cause atrophy or aging is preferred. Therefore, we will introduce various methods of inducing muscular atrophy in rodent models to be applied to the study of sarcopenia.

Machine Learning Application in Genomic, Exercise, and Vital Datasets

( Kyung-wan Baek ),( Jung-jun Park ),( Jeong-an Gim ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2021 운동과학 Vol.30 No.2

PURPOSE: Machine learning (ML) refers to newly developed computer algorithms that are improved through iterative experiences. ML applications are expected to assist humans in analyzing large amounts of data. This review has outlined the application of ML in analyzing variable vital data such as walking steps, exercise intensity, heart rate, sleeping hours, sleep quality, resting heart rate, blood pressure, and calorie consumption in a day. Vital data consist of different variables that are closely related to genomic or exercise data. The prediction of healthy traits from a vital dataset has become a necessity in personalized medicine. METHODS: Considerations and repeated tasks in supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised ML methods are presented. ML methods such as artificial neural networks, Bayesian networks, support vector machines, and decision trees have been widely used in biomedical studies to develop predictive models. Through vital data, these models can help in effective and accurate decision-making for a healthier life. PURPOSE: Models based on genomic, exercise, and vital datasets provide a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise. We have provided guidelines to help in the selection of these ML methods and their practical application for variable vital data analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our guidelines could serve as a foundation for implementing both participatory medicine and data-driven exercise science.

Validation of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Analysis of Body Composition in Mice

Kyung-Wan Baek,김지석,박진성,So-Jeong Kim,Yong-Chan Ha,Ok-Yi Jeong,유준일 대한골대사학회 2020 대한골대사학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Background: As an instrument for measuring body composition in experimental animals, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is ideal for accuracy, cost, and measurement efficiency. However, there is too little insight into the effectiveness of the various aspects of applying DXA to experimental animals. We investigated whether to compare and verify the precision and accuracy of DXA and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) animal body composition analyzers. Methods: We used 30 Institution of Cancer Research mice in the study. First, in order to evaluate the reproducibility of DXA and NMR, we did repeated measurements by repositioning each mouse in anesthesia and euthanasia states. Subsequently, the accuracy of each device was evaluated by comparing the weight measured before the experiment, the weight of the tissue extracted from the mice after the experiment, and the measured DXA and NMR. In addition, when measuring the body composition of animals, we compared the time and the measurable body composition parameters and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the 2 devices. Results: Compared to NMR, DXA had the advantage of a fast measurement of bone composition and rapid image analysis. In addition, DXA showed a higher correlation (>95%) with fat mass, lean mass baseline than did NMR (>85%). Conclusions: In conclusion, DXA was confirmed to have higher precision and measurement accuracy than did NMR. Therefore, DXA is an effective method for evaluating the body composition of experimental animals.

Effects of regular-moderate exercise on high-fat diet-induced intramyocellular lipid accumulation in the soleus muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats

Kyung-Wan Baek,Hee-Jae Cha,Mee Sun Ock,Hong Soo Kim,Jeong-An Gim,Jung-Jun Park 한국운동재활학회 2018 JER Vol.14 No.1

Previously, we monitored the expression level of the pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in the skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese rats in order to assess muscle damage. In this study, we analyzed whether exercise or dietary adjustment was more effective at preventing high-fat diet-induced muscle damage. High-fat diet-induced obese rats were divided into three groups: the high-fat diet (HFD), the combined high-fat diet and exercise (HFD+EXE), and the dietary adjustment (DA) groups. For 6 weeks, the HFD+EXE group was subjected to exercise on an animal treadmill. Capsase-3 protein was quantified, and histopathology of the soleus muscle was performed. Both the HFD+EXE and DA interventions resulted in a reduction of lipid accumulation in the soleus muscle, and nucleus infiltration was significantly lower in the DA group. The inflammatory response, caspase-3 level, and relative muscle weight were significantly higher in the HFD+EXE group compared to the HFD group. An increase in intramyocellular lipids in the soleus muscle by obesity and exercise stimulated apoptosis. When the rats exercised, muscle growth was normal and unrelated to the effects of lipid accumulation. These data indicate that exercise was more effective than dietary adjustment in reducing lipid accumulation and increasing muscle metabolism.

Relationship Between METTL21C Gene Expression and Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle: A Meta-Analysis

( Kyung-wan Baek ),( Ji-seok Kim ),( Jun-il Yoo ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2021 운동과학 Vol.30 No.1

PURPOSE: Recently, METTL21C has been identified as a potential pleiotropic gene for osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to collect gene expression datasets of human skeletal muscle transcriptome and to determine their relationship to exercise through meta-analysis. METHODS: MetaMEx was used to determine whether METTL21C in human skeletal muscle was associated with age, sex, physical activity and obesity. In addition, the difference in gene expression of METTL21C according to exercise duration and exercise type was confirmed. Using MetaMEx, top 300 genes (positive and negative, respectively) with a high correlation with METTL21C were selected, and gene ontology analysis was performed to identify related pathways. RESULTS: The expression of METTL21C gene in human skeletal muscle was significantly lower in the elderly than in young subjects (p<.0001), and significantly lower in female than in male (p<.0001). Also, the obese subjects were significantly lower than lean subjects (p<.0001). However, subjects with high level of physical activity had significantly higher expression of METTL21C than subjects with low levels of physical activity (p<.0001). Acute resistance exercise (p<.0001) and acute high-intensity interval training (p<.05) were found to have significantly higher expression of METTL21C in the skeletal muscle of the exercise group compared to the control group. Aerobic exercise training (p<.0001) and resistance exercise training (p<.0001) showed significantly higher expression of METTL21C in the skeletal muscle of the exercise group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and exercise is important to prevent and treat osteosarcopenia because it can increase the expression of METTL21C in human skeletal muscle and maintain bone and muscle homeostasis.

Differential Gene Expression in Cell Types of the Human Skeletal Muscle: A Bioinformatics-Based Meta-Review

( Kyung-wan Baek ),( So-jeong Kim ),( Ji-seok Kim ),( Sun-ok Kwon ) 한국운동생리학회 2021 운동과학 Vol.30 No.4

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the differences in the expression of genes frequently analyzed in the field of exercise science between the skeletal muscle tissue and various cell types that comprise the skeletal muscle tissue. METHODS: We summarized the genes and proteins expressed in the skeletal muscle that were published in “Exercise Science” journal from 2015 to present. Thereafter, we selected 15 genes and proteins that were the most analyzed genes and proteins in the skeletal muscle. These genes and proteins were horizontally compared for expression differences in skeletal muscle components and cultured cells based on NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus DataSets. RESULTS: The most analyzed genes (encoding analyzed proteins) in skeletal muscle tissues in “Exercise Science” were PPARGC1A, PPARD, MTOR, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, PRKAA1, AKT1, SLC2A4, MAPK1, COX4I1, MAPK14, MEF2A, MAPK8, RPS6KB1, and SOD1. Among them, PPARGC1A, AKT1, SLC2A4, MAPK1, and COX4I1 were specifically expressed in the skeletal muscle. However, expression of other genes was found to be significantly affected in other cell types of the skeletal muscle tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Genes such as PPARGC1A, which are specifically expressed in the skeletal muscle, may be analyzed without pretreating (such as perfusion) the skeletal muscle tissue. However, expression of other genes may depend on the skeletal muscle cell type. Thus, in such instances, pretreatment, such as perfusion and isolation, should be considered.

고지방식이로 유도된 비만 마우스의 지방조직에서 일회성 운동이 대식세포 표현형 비율 변화에 미치는 영향

백경완 ( Kyung-wan Baek ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2018 운동과학 Vol.27 No.3

PURPOSE: Exercise in known to inhibit M1 macrophage (M1ф) differentiation, and increase in M2 macrophage (M2ф) and inhibition of M1ф in adipose tissue are known to reduce obesity. However, studies on the effects of exercise are very limited and it has not yet confirmed whether the polarization of M1ф/M2ф actually changes. Therefore, I tried to confirm the M1ф/M2ф polarization in the real change in single bout of exercise. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups; normal diet (ND) control (n=7), ND exercise (n=7), high-fat diet (HFD) control (n=7), and HFD exercise (n=7) groups. All exercise mice ran on a treadmill at 15 m/min for 60 minutes for single bout. All animals were sacrificed two hours after single-bout of exercise and adipose tissue was isolated. Adipocytes were extracted from isolated adipose tissue and FACS was performed. RESULTS: Single bout of exercise in high-fat diet induced obese mice did not actually increase M2ф polarization in adipose tissue. Rather, the expression of M1ф was significantly higher than that of the other groups. However, expression of M2ф-related genes (Arg1) was highest in HFD-EX compared to ND control and HFD control. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increase of M1ф due to obesity, the expression of M2ф-related gene Arg1 was found to be increased by exercise regardless of the high-fat diet. These results suggest for the first time that a single bout of exercise can independently affect the change in M1ф/M2ф phenotypic ratio regardless of obesity or high-fat diet.

고지방식이가 쥐의 Type-I 근육손실에 미치는 영향

백경완(Kyung-Wan Baek),차희재(Hee-Jae Cha),박정준(Jung-Jun Park) 한국생명과학회 2013 생명과학회지 Vol.23 No.12

‘지질독성’이라는 용어는 근육과 같은 지방세포가 아닌 조직에서 여분의 지질 축적이 어떻게 세포의 기능저하와 괴사를 유도하는지를 설명하는데 사용되어 왔다. 고지방을 투여한 근세포 배양에서 지질독성이 확인된 바는 있지만, 생체 내 시험에서, 특히 지질독성에 의해 대사적으로 영향을 받는 Type-I 근육에서 이러한 결과가 확인된 바는 없다. 이 연구의 목적은 고지방식이가 쥐의 Type-I 근육의 형태학적 변화와 세포사멸 단백질 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 밝히는 것이다. 이를 위해 6주간 고지방식이와 일반식이를 섭취한 쥐의 Type-I 근육 내 지질축적, 염증반응, 핵 침윤현상, cleaved PARP 단백질 발현을 각각 Oil Red O staining, H & E staining, Western blot을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 6주 후 고지방식이 집단에서 지질축적, 염증반응, 핵 침윤현상, cleaved PARP 단백질 발현이 일반식이 집단에서 유의하게 증가하였다. Type-I 근육량은 일반식이 집단에 비해서 고지방식이 집단에서 낮은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 이러한 결과는 고지방 식이가 지질독성에 의해 Type-I 근육의 세포괴사를 유도한다는 것을 의미하며, 이는 고지방 섭취가 직접적으로 근 감소증과 관련이 있음을 시사한다. The term lipotoxicity has been used to describe how excess lipid accumulation leads to cellular dysfunction and death in non-adipose tissues, including skeletal muscle. While lipotoxicity has been found in cultured skeletal muscle cells with high-fat feeding, the consequences of lipotoxicity in vivo are still unknown, particularly in Type-I muscle, which is metabolically affected by lipotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet on changes in the morphology and apoptotic protein expression of Type-I muscle loss in rats. The rats were fed either a high-fat diet or a normal diet for six weeks, and then lipid accumulation, inflammation response, and nucleus infiltration were measured, and PARP protein expression was cleaved by Oil Red O staining, H & E staining, and Western blot, respectively. Lipid accumulation, inflammation response, nucleus infiltration, and cleaved PARP protein expression were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the high-fat diet group than they were in the normal diet group. The weight of Type-I muscle tended to be lower in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group, but the difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate that a high-fat diet triggers cell death in Type-I muscle via lipotoxicity, which suggests that a high-fat diet may be associated with sarcopenia.

고지방식이로 유도된 비만 마우스의 해마 및 대뇌피질에서 운동강도에 따른 nNOS 발현의 변화

백경완(Kyung-Wan Baek) 한국생명과학회 2019 생명과학회지 Vol.29 No.1

최근 비만에 의해 과발현된 신경세포형 산화질소 생성효소(neuronal nitric oxide synthase, nNOS)가 정서적 행동을 조절하는 중요한 인자라는 보고되었다. 이와 관련한 최근의 연구에서 운동이 비만에 의해 과발현된 nNOS를 억제하고 정서적 우울감과 항불안 효과를 감소시켰다는 연구결과가 보고되었다. 운동은 nNOS를 억제하여 뇌의 기능을 향상시킬 수 있는 효과적인 전략으로 보이지만 운동은 강도에 따라 면역 반응에 큰 차이가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고지방식이(high-fat diet, HFD)로 유도된 비만 마우스에서 다른 강도의 운동을 실시하여 해마의 nNOS 발현의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 실험동물은 C57BL/6 마우스를 사용하였다. 대조군(CON, n=14)을 제외한 마우스(n=35)에게 6주 동안 60%의 고지방식이를 섭취시켜 비만을 유도하였다. 6주간의 비만유도 기간이 종료된 후 CON과 비만이 유도된 동물 각각 7마리씩 희생하여 비만유도를 확인하는데 사용되었다. 나머지 동물은 8주간의 운동중재 연구에 이용되었다. 이 때 CON을 제외하고 비만이 유도된 동물들은 고지방대조군(HFD) 그리고 저강도운동군(HFD-LI, n=7) 중강도운동군(HFD-MI, n=7) 그리고 HFD-고강도(HFD-HI, n=7)로 나누어졌다. HFD-LI는 12 m/min으로 75분, HFD-MI는 15 m/min으로 60분 그리고 HFD-HI는 18 m/min으로 50분 동안 동물용 트레드밀에서 운동이 수행되었다(동등한 운동량, 900 m). 해마(hippocampus)의 nNOS 단백질의 발현은 CON에 비해 HFD에서 유의하게 높았고(p<0.01), CON과 운동을 실시한 모든 그룹과 차이가 없었다. 하지만 HFD-LI에 비해 HFD-HI가 유의하게 nNOS 발현이 낮았다(p<0.05). 대뇌피질에서는 CON에 비해 HFD에서 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.01), 다른 그룹 간에 차이는 없었다. nNOS의 생성을 조절할 수 있는 인산화된 Akt (pAkt)의 발현이 CON 과 HFD에 비해 운동을 실시한 나머지 그룹 모두에서 유의하게 높았다. 대뇌피질에서의 pAkt의 발현에서는 차이가 모든 그룹 간에 차이가 없었고, 소뇌에서는 CON에 비해 HFD-HI에서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 소뇌에서는 각 그룹 간에 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 nNOS는 고지방식이와 비만에 의해 과발현된 것으로 보여지고 이를 운동을 통하여 낮출 수 있는 것으로 보여지며, 이 때 운동량이 같다는 가정하에 상대적으로 높은 강도가 효과적일 가능성이 있다. Recent studies reported that obesity upregulated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and regulated particular behavior patterns in animal models. They also reported that ameliorated the increase in nNOS expression and decreased depression and anxiolytic effects. Thus, exercise seems to be an effective strategy for improving brain function by downregulating nNOS. However, the immune response differs greatly, depending on the exercise intensity. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in brain nNOS expression in obese C57BL/6 mice that performed exercise of different intensities. Obesity was induced in 6-wks-old mice (n=35) by feeding a 60%-fat diet for 6-wks. A control (CON) group (n=14) was fed a normal diet. At the end of the induction 6-wks period of obesity, seven animals in the CON group and obesity-induced group were sacrificed to confirm obesity induction (preliminary experiments and confirmation of visceral fat accumulation). The remaining animals were then used in an 8-wks exercise intervention. Other than the CON (n=7), the obesity-induced animals were divided into the following groups: high-fat diet (HFD, n=7), HFD-low intensity (HFD-LI, n=7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-moderate intensity (HFD-MI, n=7, 15 m/min for 60 min), and HFD-high intensity (HFD-HI, n=7, 18 m/min for 50 min). The exercise was performed on an animal treadmill. The expression of the nNOS protein in the hippocampus was significantly higher in the HFD group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.01). However, there was no difference in the hippocampal expression of the nNOS protein in the other exercise groups as compared with that in the CON group. In contrast, nNOS expression in the HFD-HI group was significantly lower than that in the HFD-LI group (p<0.05). The expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was significantly higher in all the exercise groups as compared with that in the CON and HFD groups. There was no difference in the expression of pAkt in the cerebral cortex among groups, and the expression of pAkt in the cerebellum was significantly higher in the HFD-HI group as compared with that in the CON group (p<0.05). There were also no between-group differences in pAkt expression in the cerebellum among the various exercise groups. In conclusion, nNOS seems to be overexpressed in response to obesity, and it appears to be downregulated by exercise. Relatively high-intensity exercise may be effective in improving brain function by downregulating nNOS.