"兜率歌"에 對하여

宋永俊 大田工業高等專門學校 1966 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

1. '兜率歌' must be read 'Duryul-ga'. It is recorded in Samguk-sagi and Samguk-yusa that 'Duryul-ga' was chanted at the time of King Yuri of Silla Dynasty. '兜率歌' has often been read 'Dosol-ga' or 'Tusol-ga', but this is wrong. '兜率' is of Yidu character, and it must be read 'dari'. Especially, our concern must be taken in the fact that '率' in '兜率' is of Chinese character the meaning of which is 'take' in English, and in turn denoted by 'dari-' in Korean. It is, therefore, proved that 'dari' is right judging both from its sound and from its meaning. 2. 'Duryul-ga' is a kind of song for religion service. a) Mountains, temples or spots which are supposed to be pronounced 'dari' in Korean were the places to perform religion service to Heaven or gods. b) Another 'Duryul-ga', chanted at the time of King Kyongduk and supposed to be descended from above mentioned 'Duryul-ga', was also a song for religion service. c) 'Dari-', 'deri-', 'duri-', 'dori-', 'diri-', etc. which are believed to be derivatives of 'dari' had their origin in the religion service. Besides, in Japanese 'religion service' is called 'massuri'. ('Duri' in Korean was transcribed 'ssuri' in Japanese.) 3, 'Duryul-ga' is the first of the songs which were separated from synthetic art and became an independent field of art. It is, however, written in Samguk-ji, Wi-ji, Huhan-su, etc. that they had songs in Ye, Puyeo, Goguryeo, etc. Therefore, we can't think there had not been songs till King Yuri of Silla. Consequently, "……the first of songs" must be understood as the first: Of the songs which were separated from the synthetic art of dancing, music, songs and poetry. Of the songs which had developed from group epics to individual lyrics. 4. 'Duryul-ga'was chanted at the time of the 14th King Yuri, not the 3rd King Yuri. 'Duryul-ga' is one of the songs for religion services. Meanwhile, records indicate us that immoral 'Guji-ga' was chanted later than moral 'Duryul-ga', This is difficult for us to understand. In addition, the time of the 3rd King Yuri still remained in the state of tribe society, Therefore, the time is not supposed to produce such individual lyrics. When was 'Duryul-ga' chanted then? It was probably at the time of the 14th King Yuri . There were two kings called Yuri, and they have often been mistaken for in various history writings.

남창가곡 노랫말의 四聲·連音標·음높이

송권준 부산대 예술대학 2001 藝術論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The Korean traditional lyric songs(Kagog 歌曲) are precious musical properties. The plentiful properties are amounted to 664 male songs and 190 female songs in Kagowollyou 歌曲源流. But because of imperfective notation 連音標 these songs can not revive. This study is on the intonation 四聲, notation 連音標, pitch 音高 of the words in the male lyric songs 男唱歌曲. The relationship of this three essential elements is very important to revive the songs. The purpose of this is an effort for revival the lyric songs. As a result of this study the following facts become clear ; In Pyoungjo 平調 low tone mark( ( ) is related with low sound word 平聲 and high sound word 去聲. The main pitch is bb 림. Middle tone mark( | ) is related with high sound word 去聲 and upper sound word 上聲. The main pitch is f 太. High tone mark( / ) is related with abrupt sound word 入聲, the main pitch is eb' 潢 and ab 仲. In Kyemyounjo 界面調 low tone mark( ( ) is related with low sound word 平聲, high sound word 去聲 and upper sound word 上聲 except abrupt sound word 入聲. The main pitch is bb 림 and eb 黃 Middle tone mark( | ) is related with high sound word 去聲 and upper sound word 上聲. The main pitch is ab 仲. High tone mark( / ) is related with abrput sound 入聲, the main pitch is eb 潢. In Korean native word the intonation is not clear. Therefore the rule in the relationship of this three essential elements, intonation 四聲, notation 連音標 and pitch 音高 of the word in the male lyric songs 男唱歌曲.

여창가곡 노랫말의 四聖·連音標·음높이

송권준 부산대 예술대학 1999 藝術論文集 Vol.14 No.-

The Korean traditional lyric songs(kagog 歌曲) are precious musical properties. The plentiful properties are amounted to 664 male song and 190 female songs in kagogwollyou 歌曲源流. But because of imperfective notation 連音標 these songs can not revive. This study is on the intonation 四聲, notation 連音標, pitch 音高 of the words in the female lyric songs 女唱歌曲. The relationship of this three essential elements is very important to revive the songs. The purpose of this is an effort for revival the lyric songs. As a result of this study the following facts become clear ; In pyoungjo 平調 low sound mark( ( ) is related with low sound word 平聲, the main pitch is b^(b)林. Middle sound mark(│) is related with high sound word 去聲, the main pitch is c 南, f' 汰. High sound mark (/) is related with abrupt sound word 入聲, the main pitch is ab 중, c' 湳, e^(b') 황 . In kyemyounjo 界面調 low sound mark( ( ) is related with low sound word 平聲, the main pitch is b^(b) 林. Middle sound mark (│) is related with upper sound word 上聲, the main pitch is e^(b') 潢, a^(b') 중. High sound mark(/) is related with abrupt sound word 入聲, the main pitch is b^(b') 淋, e^(b) 황".

Brain, Language and Consciousness : Coming of Hieroglyphic age

Song, Joon-Mahn 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2001 East west education Vol.18 No.-

The brain study revealed there are two types of mental mechanisms, the left and right hemispheric consciousness. Recent research showed the cultural selection of brain organization through language use, namely the right hemisphere processing of the visuo-spatial informations and the left, the linguistic informations. And the two distinct conscniousnesses spring from the hemispheric sides. The visuo-spatial character of Eastern language, the hieroglyphic(象形) Chinese, hinges upon the right hemispheric consciousness. The current computerized visual media demand a new coherent theory of the present culture. The hieroglyphic Chinese, still alive and well, being used more than 4,000 years, could shed some light as an alternative to the metaphysical one as Derrida declares. 象形時代到來.

Constituents Analysis of Amino Acid and Antioxidative Activity from Cultivated Callus and Rhizome in Rhodiola sachalinensis

Song,Won-Seob,Chi,Hyung-Joon,Rim,Yo-Sup,Yoon,Jae-Ho 한국자원식물학회 2002 Plant Resources Vol.5 No.1

The material of Rhodiola sachatinensis collected from an alpine region of the west-northern China. For analysing the effect, 1 used Rhodiola sachatinensis s rhizome and cultivated callus. In EtOAc, BuOH, H₂0separation the plant showed strong antioxidative activity, but not in Hexane. The radical scavenging effect of EtOAc(RC50, 35(g), BuOH(RC50, 43(g), H₂0(RC50, 50(g) fraction and MeOH extract(RC50, 50(g) of the Rhodiola sachatinensis was comparable to that of synthetic antioxidant BHA(RC50, 14(g) and α-Tocopherol(RC50, 12(g). Total amino acid concentration of plant of In nature condition were 18,009ppm, and major components were arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and valine. The ratio of essential/total amino acid on plant of In nature condition was 46.93%. Total amino acid concentration of callus of In vitro condition were 32,435ppm, and major components were valine, histidine, lysine and leucine. The ratio of essential/total amino acid on callus of In vitro condition was 56.07%. was 56.07%.

의사소통능력증진을 위한 Communicative Activities로서 Language Games

宋準龍 湖南大學校 1990 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of the present study is to provide English teachers with some practical suggestions to improve their teaching method and to consider some effective ways of using language games and game songs as communicative activity. The first chapter introduces the necessity and the method of this study. In the second chapter, the author briefly considered theoretical backgrounds of the communicative approach and communicative competence. In the third chapter, some example games and game songs which can be easily used in communicative classroom are introduced according to the aspect of language that they emphasize. Some principles of game selection and ways of presenting them to the class are suggested in this chapter. In the last chapter, the conclusion is summarized. According to this study, the writer found the following facts. Frist, language game provides an excellent opportunity for meaningful language practice increasing students’communicative competence and interest in English learning. Second, language game can be not only a tremendous source of fun but also a wonderful way to break the routine of classroom drill. Therefore, it presents a language-use opportunity to the students in a relaxing, non-threatening atmosphere and active participation of communicative activities. Third, the enjoyment of games is not restricted by age, so the majority of the games are suitable for any level of students. Fouth, language games are an extremely effective way to gave various practice in all the skills of a target language and to teach cultural content. To conclude, it is hoped that English teachers should be familiar with variety of language games and game somes to be able to properly manage language classes providing students with various communicative activities.

全北地方의 藥用 資源植物 分布

郭晙洙,金昌洙,宋英恩,金柱,朴珍華,韓宗鉉,宋昊俊 圓光大學校 韓醫學硏究所 1997 원광한의학 Vol.7 No.1

국민 소득이 늘어나고 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 한약재에 대한 수요가 증가하게 되고 WTO체제의 출범과 함께 선진각국의 유전자원 확보전이 치열해지면서 국내에서도 약용자원식물의 분포상황 및 이들 유전자원 식물의 보전이 중요한 과제로 대두되고 있다. 따라서 전북지방의 약초자원식물의 분포상황 및 이들 유전자원식물의 보전이 중요한 과제로 대두되고 있다. 따라서 전북지방의 약초자원식물의 분포현황을 조사하여 그에 대한 보전대책 수립 및 연구의 기초자료를 얻고자 수행한 본연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 전북지방에 분포하는 약용 자원식물의 목록을 작성한 결과 총 40목 129과에 걸쳐 762종류의 식물이 정리되었다. 2. 이들 분포식물중 항암효과가 보고된 약용식물은 36과 74종류였다. 3. 지역적으로는 덕유산지역에 가장 다양한 식물이 반포하고 다음으로는 남원, 변산반도, 모악산, 무주군, 완주고산, 내장산, 장안산, 선운산, 비안도, 적상산 등의 순으로 나타났다. 4. 식물군별로는 쌍자엽식물강의 이판화군과 합판화군이 가장 다양하였고, 각 목별 과(科) 수는 통화식물목이 10개 과로서 가장 많았으며, 각 목별 종류 수에 있어서는 장미목이 99종으로 가장 많았고, 초롱꽃목(77종), 통화식물목(67종), 백합목(53종), 미나리아재비목(43종), 산형화목(39종) 등이 비교적 많은 종들을 포함하는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 각 과별 종수 분석에서는 국화과가 70종으로 가장 많았고, 장미과(46종), 콩과(40종), 백합과(40종)등으로 나타나 이들 4개과의 합계 종수가 196종류로서 전체의 25.72%를 차지하였다. 그 다음으로 산형과(27종), 미나리아재비과(26종), 꿀풀과(25종), 벼과(22종), 마디풀과(19종), 현삼과(15종), 석죽과(12종), 제비꽃과(11종), 난초과(11종) 등이 비교적 많은 종수를 가지는 과(科)들이었다. With the improving of the people's standard of life and the heightening of the concerns of health, the demands of medicinal plants are more rapidly increase. Also, with the inauguration of World Trade Organization, and acceleration of openness in domestic markets, the procurement competitions of gene pools in medicinal plants are more intense among the countries. With these trends of the world, an acute subjects are coming up for us such as distribution status quo and preservation of medicinal plants in domestic area. Therefore this paper surveyed the distribution status quo of medicinal plants in Chonbuk province, arranged the catalogue and analyzed the data by plants and regions. The major results are as follows; 1. The total amounts of 762 species, 129 families, 40 orders of medicinal plants distributed in Chonbuk province. 2. The number of medicinal plants which are assumed to contain antineoplastic agents totals 36 families and 74 species. 3. In distribution of medicinal plants by region, the most diverse flora showed in Mt. Dukyoo followed by circumferences of Namwon, Byun-san, Mt. Moak, Muju, Dosan, Mt. Naejang, Mt. Jangan, Mt. Seon-woon, Beeando island and Mt. Juksang etc. in Chonbuk province.

全北地方의 藥用作物 재배 및 生産現況

郭晙洙,金昌洙,宋英恩,金柱,朴珍華,韓宗鉉,宋昊俊 圓光大學校 韓醫學硏究所 1997 원광한의학 Vol.7 No.1

본격적인 지방화 시대를 맞이하면서 지역특화작물의 개발과 농가소득증대를 위한 새로운 기술개발이 절실한 이때 주요 소득원작물의 하나인 약용작물의 재배 및 생산현황을 파악하여 지역특성에 맞는 새로운 작목개발 및 정책 입안 자료로 활용하고자 조사분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생산량을 기준으로한 전북지방의 주요 약용작물을 특화계수 분석결과 총 31개작목 중 독활, 백지, 양유, 오미자, 지황 등은 핵심품목으로 길경, 두층, 방풍, 작약, 천마 등은 주산품목으로 조사되었으며 강활 등 21개 작목은 비특화 작물로 분석되었다. 재배면적을 기준으로 한결과는 독활, 백지, 양유, 지황 등이 핵심품목으로 길경, 두층, 목단, 방풍, 백출, 오미자, 의이인, 작약 등은 주산품목으로 강활 등 19개 품목은 비특화 작물로 분석되었다. 2. 주요 약용작물 재배 계획면적 조사에서는 당귀, 두층, 오미자, 독활, 천궁 등이 계획 대비 실제 재배면적의 차이가 큰 작목으로서 이들은 일반적으로 상품가격의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 분석되었다. 3. '96 재배면적 조사 결과 전북지방의 주요 약용작물 재배 계획 면적은 총 1,692.7ha였으며 이중 독활이 426ha로 가장 많았고, 길경(283ha), 양유(179ha), 작약(165ha), 두층(154ha), 당귀(113ha), 오미자 의이인, 지황, 산수유, 천궁, 방풍 등의 순이었으며 기타작목으로 백지, 황기, 백하수오 등 28작목이 조사되었다. With the beginning of the new localization era, epoch-making techniques in local agriculture are needed to improve farm income and devlop a locally specialized crops. On the basis of these trends in local agriculture, the status quo of production in medicinal plants which are one of the major income crops were surveyed and analyzed the data for developing a new crops and drafting a policy. The major results are as follows; 1. The results analyzed by Location Quotient of production rate in Chonbuk were classified three catagories. 5 items including Aralia continentalis K_ITAGAWA among 31 items were so rted out as a core crops, another 5 items including Platycodon grandiflotum(J_ACQ.) A.DC. were as a main crops and other 21 items were as a non-specialized crops. Analyzed by cultivation area, 4 items were sorted out as a core crops, another 8 items were as a main crops and the other 19 items were as a non-specialized crops. 2. In comparison with the gap between intended cultivation area and real cultivation area, 5 items including Eucommia ulmoides OLIVER were showed more larger than the others. The above mentioned items were assumed to be more influenced by the price. 3. Farmer's intended cultivation areas of the major medidinal plants in 1996 were surveyed totals of 1.692 ha in Chonbuk. Among them, Aralia corolata was surveyed as the top totals of 426 ha. in area.

1930년대 소련에서의 '대협약(Big Deal)'의 성립과 그 수혜자들 : The Udarniki, the Stakhanovites, and the Technical Intelligentsia 노동돌격대, 스따하노프 노동자, 그리고 전문기술인들을 중심으로

송준서 서울대학교 러시아연구소 1998 러시아연구 Vol.8 No.1

Vera Dunham argues that, after World War II, the Stalin regime made a 'Big Deal', an alliance with the managerial-professional social groups, such as engineers, administrators, and managers in order to get help from them to restore the prewar economic pace and the devastated country. The regime provided them with various material privileges, i.e., housing, consumer goods, luxuries and leisure time. Besides obtaining help for rebuilding the country, the Stalin regime was able to secure political support from those privileged groups by offering those privileges. Dunham defines the interchange of the material incentives, and the support to the regime, as the 'Big Deal'. In fact, however, the 'Big Deal' did not emerge in the 1940s ; rather, it was already formed in the early 1930s in the process of industrialization. The Stalin regime urgently needed the labor force to carry out industrialization. Thus, the regime had to mobilize not only the mass of the working class, especially industrial workers, but also the technical intelligentsia. However, it would be difficult for the regime to mobilize the workers, who lived under deteriorated living conditions, and the technical intelligentsia, who were attacked by specialist-baiting during the First-Five Year Plan. In addition, the leveling wage system contributed to the high rates of labor turnover. In these circumstances, it would have been impossible for the regime to mobilize the worker and the technical intelligentsia without offering any 'carrot'. In 1931, by introducing the piece-rate system and by offering monetary and material privileges to those two social groups, the Stalin regime was able to mobilize them into the process of industrialization. In this context, the 'Big Deal' was already formed in the early 1930s. Unlike Leon Trotsky, Milovan Djilas, and Donald Filtzer's argument, besides the Soviet elite, the workers was also a counterpart of the regime's alliance and one of the main beneficiaries, rather than victim of the regime's industrialization policy. Although only the shock workers and the Stakhanovites were able to enjoy various privileges among the workers, the opportunity for joining those two privileged groups was open to the entire working class during the 1930s. In this sense, it is quite plausible to consider the workers as the object of the 'Big Deal' during this period. The result of the Stalin regime's mobilization policy was relatively successful because the regime was able to encourage the masses of the workers to participate in 'socialist competition' by offering material and monetary incentives. Additionally, the policy of offering privileges contributed to changing the privileged workers attitudes and behavior. The increased social status of the leading Stakhanovites led them to aspire toward cultured values and behavior that they did not have. However, the Stalin regime's alliance with the workers could not continue beyond the 1930s because the problem of labor quality began to be exposed in the late 1930s. Although some leading Stakhanovites were promoted into higher positions in industry, they could not substitute for the role of the technical intelligentsia. Also, they had to overcome cultural deficits as illiteracy. Finally, only the technical intelligentsia was able to remain as the partner of the Stalin regime alliance throughout the 1940s.

韓國에 있어서 肝吸蟲症 分布에 관한 疫學的 硏究

宋寅喆,李駿商,林漢鐘 고려대학교 의과대학 1983 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.20 No.1

Korea, a total number of 19,758 stool specimens were collected from the inhabitants who lived in the basins of main 6 rivers, i.e. the Han River, the Gum River, the Nakdong River, the Mangyong River, the Yongsan River and the Seomjin River. The specimens were examined both by cellophane thick smear method and Stoll's egg counting technique during the period from March 1973 to October 1982. The distribution and infection rates were compared in those of river and non-river sides, and the epidemiological statrs was analysed statistically by the regression equations and catalytic curves with the results obtained from two endemic areas. The results are as follows: 1. High egg positive rates were revealed among the inhabitants in the areas of all above river basins, whereas low egg positive rates were obtained among the inhabitants in the areas apart from the riversides. However, in some areas which are not directly connected with the rivers, relatively high rates of Clonorchis infection were also observed. 2. The infection rates of Clonorchis sinensis by sex age were shown significantly different among the population in the most of these studied areas. The rates for males were significantly higher than that for females, and the rates were increased by the higher age groups up to 40 to 59 years old. However in the high endemic areas such as Kimhae the infection rates of both sexes were almost parallel and practically similar high rates revealed in all age groups for 20 to 60 years old. 3. The mean E.P.G. count of Clonorchis infection in the surveyed areas was found higher in the areas which shown as higher infection rates. The degree of the intensity of Clonorchis infection by E,P.G. counts was evenly distributed to heavy and very heavy infections as well light and moderate infections in the areas showed high infection rates. 4. The intensity of endemicity in all surveyed areas was compared with the regression equations calculated with the cumulative percentages of E.P.G. counts. 5. For the quantitative analysis of epidemiology of clonorchiasis in Kimhae and Pyongtrek areas, special type of simple catalytic model was applied to the age prevalence rates revealed through stool examination for Clonorchis eggs and intradermal test for the detection of positive reactors. 6. It was suggested that the two-stage catalytic was well fitted to the prevalince rates by sex and age in the egg positive cases in Kimhae and Pyongtaek areas, and the calculation lead to the equation y=1.042(e-^(0.003t)-e^(-0.074t), a=0.074〉b=0.003 in Kimhae area, and y=1.412(e^(-0.024t)-e^(-0.041t), a=0.024〈b=0.041 in Pyongtaed area. 7. In the high endemic area such as Kimhae, the tendency of familial aggregation was not recognized by statistical analysis. In this area, the mean E.P.C. obtained from same persons in 1973 were compared and descussed statistically.