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<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> injects NDK into host cells through a type III secretion system
Neeld, Dennis,Jin, Yongxin,Bichsel, Candace,Jia, Jinghua,Guo, Jianhui,Bai, Fang,Wu, Weihui,Ha, Un-Hwan,Terada, Naohiro,Jin, Shouguang Society for General Microbiology 2014 Microbiology Vol.160 No.7
<P><I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> is a Gram-negative opportunistic human pathogen possessing a type III secretion system (T3SS) which injects toxic effector proteins into mammalian host cells. In previous studies, <I>P. aeruginosa</I> strains lacking all of the known type III effectors were shown to cause cytotoxicity upon prolonged infection time. In this study, we report the identification of a new cytotoxin, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), which is injected into eukaryotic cells in a T3SS-dependent manner. Injection of NDK is inhibited by the presence of previously known effectors of the T3SS, with an effectorless strain injecting the highest amount, suggesting active competition with the known T3SS effectors. NDK is shown to cause a cytotoxic response when expressed in eukaryotic cells, and <I>P. aeruginosa</I> strains harbouring NDK also show a greater toxicity than strains lacking it. Interestingly, the cytotoxic effect of intracellular NDK is independent of its kinase activity. In previous studies, NDK was shown to be secreted into culture supernatants via a type I secretion system and cause cytotoxicity in a kinase-dependent manner. Therefore, the current study highlights an alternative route of NDK secretion as well as two different cytotoxic mechanisms of NDK, depending on the extra- or intra-cellular location of the protein.</P>
Room-temperature ferroelectricity in supramolecular networks of charge-transfer complexes
Tayi, Alok S.,Shveyd, Alexander K.,Sue, Andrew C.-H.,Szarko, Jodi M.,Rolczynski, Brian S.,Cao, Dennis,Kennedy, T. Jackson,Sarjeant, Amy A.,Stern, Charlotte L.,Paxton, Walter F.,Wu, Wei,Dey, Sanjeev K. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature Vol.488 No.7412
Materials exhibiting a spontaneous electrical polarization that can be switched easily between antiparallel orientations are of potential value for sensors, photonics and energy-efficient memories. In this context, organic ferroelectrics are of particular interest because they promise to be lightweight, inexpensive and easily processed into devices. A recently identified family of organic ferroelectric structures is based on intermolecular charge transfer, where donor and acceptor molecules co-crystallize in an alternating fashion known as a mixed stack: in the crystalline lattice, a collective transfer of electrons from donor to acceptor molecules results in the formation of dipoles that can be realigned by an external field as molecules switch partners in the mixed stack. Although mixed stacks have been investigated extensively, only three systems are known to show ferroelectric switching, all below 71 kelvin. Here we describe supramolecular charge-transfer networks that undergo ferroelectric polarization switching with a ferroelectric Curie temperature above room temperature. These polar and switchable systems utilize a structural synergy between a hydrogen-bonded network and charge-transfer complexation of donor and acceptor molecules in a mixed stack. This supramolecular motif could help guide the development of other functional organic systems that can switch polarization under the influence of electric fields at ambient temperatures.