위장관암 환자에서 혈청 CA 72-4, CA 19-9 및 CEA의 진단적 의의

장우익 ( Jang U Ig ),김철한 ( Kim Cheol Han ),김현수 ( Kim Hyeon Su ),이종인 ( Lee Jong In ),이동기 ( Lee Dong Gi ),권상옥 ( Kwon Sang Og ),심영학 ( Sim Yeong Hag ),김대성 ( Kim Dae Seong ),윤갑준 ( Yun Gab Jun ),장세진 ( Jang Se 대한내과학회 1992 대한내과학회지 Vol.42 No.6

연구배경 : 종양표지자는 암의 조기진단, 임상적 병기 구분 및 치료효과 판정에 사용될 수 있다. 위장관암에서 alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen 및 CA 19-9가 중요한 종양표지자로 사용되고 있으나 위암에 대한 적당한 종양표지자가 없는 실정이다. 이에 저자등은 위암에 대한 새로운 종양표지자로 CA 72-4의 역할을 규명하고자 위암을 비롯한 각종 위장관암에서 CA 19-9 및 CEA를 동시 측정하여 비교하였다. 방법 : 대상은 위장관 악성종양환자 273예, 위장관 양성질환자 215예 및 정상대조군 93명이었으며, CA 72-4는 CIS ELSA CA 72-4 RIA kit, CA 19-9는 Abbott CA 19-9 RIA kit 그리고 CEA는 Abbott CEA RIA kit를 이용하여 측정하였으며, 각각의 정상 상한치는 4 U/ml, 37U/ml 그리고 5ng/ml로 하였고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결과 : 1) CA 72-4, CA 19-9 및 CEA의 평균치는 악성종양군에서 정상대조군이나 양성질환군보다 높았다(p<0.05). 2) CA 72-4는 장기별 양성질환에서 95~100%의 높은 특이도를 보였으나 CA 19-9는 담도질환에서 54%, CEA는 간장질환에서 63%로 CA 72-4에 비해 낮은 특이도를 보였다. (p<0.05). 3) CA 72-4는 위암에서 민감도가 49%로 CEA(31%) 및 CA 19-9(31%)보다 높았다(p<0.05). 4) CA 72-4는 췌장암 및 담도암에서 민감도가 각각 43%, 44%로서 CA 19-9(각각 79%, 87%)보다 낮았으며 (p<0.05), 대장암에서도 35%로 CEA(74%)보다 매우 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 8예의 조기위암환자 전예에서 CA 72-4를 비롯한 CA 19-9 및 CEA가 모두 음성이었다. 6) 위암에서 림프절 전이 유무에 따른 CA 72-4의 차이는 없었으나, 원격 전이가 없는 환자군(10%)에 비해 원격전이군(77%)에서 현저하게 높은 양성률을 보였다(p<0.05). 7) 위암의 병기별 CA 72-4의 분포는 4병기에서 83%로 1병기(7%), 2병기(8%) 및 3병기(13%)보다 현저히 높았다(P<0.05). 8) 근치적 위절제술을 시행한 5예의 위암환자에서 수술후 CA 72-4치가 정상 상한치 이하로 감소하였고 항암 약물요법에 반응을 보였던 4예의 진행성 위암환자에서도 약물치료후 현저한 감소가 있었다. 9) CA 72-4는 전이성 대장암 및 췌장암에서 국소 및 국소진행성 대장암 및 췌장암에 비해 현저히 높은 양성률을 보였다. 10) 위암환자에서 CA 72-4와 CA 19-9 또는 CA 72-4와 CEA사이의 상관관계는 없었다. 결론 : 이상과 같이 CA 72-4는 위암에서 CA 19-9 및 CEA 보다 높은 민감도를 보였으며 특히 4병기 위암에서 현저히 높은 민감도를 보이는바 CA 72-4가 양성인 경우 치료방침을 결정하는데 신중한 고려가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 CA 72-4는 위암에서 수술 혹은 항암 약물 요법의 치료 monitoring에 적절히 사용될 수 있는 종양 표지자로 생각된다. 또한 각종 위장관 질환에서 CA 72-4는 기존의 종양표지자에 비해 높은 특이도를 보이는바 CA 72-4가 양성인 경우 항상 악성종양의 가능성을 고려하여야 한다. Background: Detection of tumor markers could offer an accessible method for screening risk groups in order to achieve an early diagnosis of cancers, to contribute to an adequate staging, and to help evaluate effects of therapy. Alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 19-9 are regarded as valuable tumor markers for gastrointestinal cancers. But in spite of the high incidence of gastric cancer in Korea, ideal tumor markers for gastric ancer have proved unrelible. So we investigated whether new tumor marker CA 72-4 is a reliable tumor marker for gastric cancer. And we compared CA 72-4 with CA 19-9 and CEA in the serodiagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers. Methods: Serum CA 72-4, CA 19-9 and CEA were determined radioimmunologically with monoclonal antibodies. A cut-off value of 4 U/ml, 37 U/ml and 5 ng/ml were used, respectively. Results: The results are summarized as follows. 1) The mean value of 72-4, CA 19-9 and CEA in malignant diseases were significantly higher than those of the benign digestive diseases (p<0.05). 2) CA 72-4 had high specificity ranged from 95%-100% in benign digestive disease groups but CA 19-9 (54%) had lower specificity in cholelithiasis(p<0.05) and CEA (63%) in benign liver diseases (p < 0.05). 3) In gastric carcinoma, the sensitivity of CA 72-4 (49%) was higher than that of CA 19-9 (31%, p<0.05) and CEA (31%, p<0.05). 4) The sensitivities of CA 72-4 was inferior to CA 19 -9 in pancreatic cancer (43% versus 79%, p<0.05) and in bile duct cancer (44% versus 87%, p<0.05) and to CEA in colon cancer (35% versus 749& p<0.05). 5) Eight of 45 resected gastric carcinoma patients had TI lesion (early gastric cancer), and CA 72-4, CA 19-9 and CEA were demonstrated all negative results for early gastric cancer. 6) In gastric carcinoma, there was no correlation between CA 72-4 positivity and occurrence of lymph node metastasis but significant difference of CA 72-4 positivity was observed between those with distant metastasis and those without metastasis(p<0.05). 7) The positive ratings in stages Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ gastric carcinoma were 7% (1 of 14 patients), 8% (1 of 12 patients), 13% (2 of 16 patients), and 83% (24 of 29 patients) respectively and significant higher CA 12-4 positivity was observed in stage IV gastric carcinoma (p<0.05). 8) Elevated levels of serum CA 72-4 decreased to below the cut-off value after radical gastric resection in five patients with resectable gastric carcinoma and decreased also after chemotherapy in four patients with chemo-responsive metastatic gastric carcinoma. 9) Comparing with local or locally advanced colon cancer and pancreatic cancer, high positivity of CA 72-4 was observed in metastatic colon cancer and pancreatic cancer. 10) No significant correlation was observed between CA 72-4 and CA 19-9 or between CA 72-4 and CEA in gastric carcinoma. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data indicates that CA 72-4 is a reliable new tumor marker of disease stages and activity in gastric carcinoma. And CA 72-4 had a very high specificity in benign digestive diseases, so that elevated serum levels of CA 72-4 should always be taken seriously.

폐경후 여성에서 2개월간의 호르몬대치요법이 혈청 지질과 Apolipoprotein(a)의 농도에 미치는 영향

민용기 ( Min Yong Gi ),장학철 ( Jang Hag Cheol ),이관우 ( Lee Gwan U ),한인권 ( Han In Gwon ),김치정 ( Kim Chi Jeong ) 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.44 No.2

연구배경 : 폐경후 심혈관질환이 증가하며, 에스트로겐을 투여하면 이으 발생이 현저히 감소한다. Apolipoprotein(a)[apo(a)]는 lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)]를 이루고 있는 당단백질이며 Lp(a)는 죽상경화증의 독립적인 위험인자라는 것이 밝혀져 있다. 폐경기 여성의 혈청apo(a)의 농도를 감소시키기 위한 많은 연구들이 있었으나, 호르몬 대치요법이 폐경기 여성의 혈청apo(a)의 농도에 미치는 영향은 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 이에 저자들은 폐경후 여성에서 2개월간의 에스트로겐 투여에 의한 혈청 지질 및 apo(a)농도의 변화와 이러한 변화에 프로게스토겐 병합요법이 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 살펴보고자 전향적 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 혈청 FSH 농도가 40mIU/ml 이상이거나, 마지막 월경후 12개월 이상이 경과된 여성 272명을 대상으로 하였다. 자궁적출술을 시행하지 않은 여성은 무작위로 group A와 group B의 2군으로 나누어 group A는 25일 간 conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625mg과 후반 10일간 medroxyprogesterone acetate(MPA) 10mg을 병합 투여하였다. Group B는 25일간 CEE 0.625mg과 후반 10일간 MPA 5mg을 병합 투여하였다. 자궁적출술을 시행한 group C는 CEE 0.625mg 만을 25일간 경구 투여하였다. 각 group에서 이후 5일간은 투약을 중지하였으며 이를 매월 반복하였다. 혈청 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤, 초저밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤, 고밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤, apo(a)의 농도를 측정하여 치료전후를 비교하였다. 결과 : 혈청 총콜레스테롤의 농도는 치료전 group A, B, C에서 각각 5.42±0.09mmol/L, 5.59±0.09mmol/L, 5.53±0.13mmol/L 이었고 2개월간의 호르몬대치요법후 group A, B에서 각각 4.93±0.08mmol/L, 5.22±0.08mmol/L로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(p=0.001). 혈청 저밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤의 농도는 치료전 group A, B, C에서 각각 3.29±0.07mmol/L, 3.41±0.07mmol/L, 3.40±0.10mmol/L 이었고 치료후 group A, B. C에서 각각 3.00±0.06mmol/L(p=0.0001), 3.14±0.06mmol/L, (p=0.0001) 3.18±0.12mmol/L(p=0.05)로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈청 고밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤의 농도는 치료전 group A, B, C에서 각각 1.72±0.04mmol/L, 1.75±0.04mmol/L, 1.69±0.06mmol/L 이었고 치료후 group C에서만 1.90±0.07mmol/L로 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.0001). 혈청 중성 지방의 농도는 치료전 group A, B, C에서 각각 1.45±0.08mmol/L, 1.54±0.08mmol/L, 1.68±0.15mmol/L 이었고 치료후 group A, B, C에서 모두 통계적으로 유의한 변화는 없었다. 혈청 초저밀도지단백질 콜레스테롤의 농도는 group A, B, C에서 각각 치료전 0.39±0.03mmol/L, 0.40±0.03mmol/L, 0.45±0.05mmol/L 이었고 치료후 group A, B에서 각각 0.30±0.02mmol/L(p=0.0001), 0.34±0.03mmol/L(p<0.05)로 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈청 apo(a) 농도는 group A, B, C에서 각각 치료전 357.5±33.2U/L, 348.7±28.22U/L, 376.8±54.2U/L 이었고 치료후 group A, B, C에서 각각 264.7±26.1U/L, 291.0±31.8U/L, 228±47.4U/L로 모든 group에서 통게적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(p=0.0001). 결론 : 폐경후 여성에게 호르몬 대치법을 시행하는 것은 혈청 지질과 apo(a)에 유익한 효과를 보이고 있으며, 따라서 심혈관질환 예방의 중요성을 감안할 때 폐경후 여성에게 호르몬대치요법을 시행하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다. Background : Postmenopausal women have a high risk of cardiovascular disease than premenopausal women and hormone replacement therapy [HRT] reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein(a)[apo(a)] is attached by disulfide linkage to apo B-100 of LDL, forming lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)]. The level of this lipoprotein is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. The serum level of apo(a) is stable and not affected by most dietary interventions and lipid lowering agents. There was little information available about the effect of HRT on levels of Lp(a). This study was conducted to assess the effect of HRT on serum lipids and apo(a) levels in postmenopausal women. Methods : Postmenopausal women with serum FSH level above 40mIU/ml or no menstruation for more than I year were included in the study. They received the combination of conjugnated equine estrogen (CEE) 0.625mg a day for 25 days plus medroxyprogesterone acetate 10mg(group A)or 5mg (group B) a day for the last 10 days followed by 5 days off. Hysterectomized women received CEE 0.625mg a day for 25 days (group C). HRT was repeated for 2 months. The baseline levels of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and apo(a) were compared with posttreatment levels. Results : Serum total cholesterol levels before treatment were 5.42±0.09mmol/L, 5.59±0.09mmol/L, 5.53±0.13mmol/L in group A, B, C respectively. After HRT they were significantly reduced to 4.93±0.08mmo/L, 5.22±0.08mmol/L in group A, B respectively (p=0.0001). Serum LDL cholesterol levels before treatment were 3.29±0.07mmol/L, 3.41±0.07mmol/L, 3.40±0.10mmol/L in gruop A, B, C respectively. After HRT they were significantly reduced to 3.00±0.06mmol/L (p=0.0001). 3.14±0.06mmol/L(p=0.0001), 3.18±0.13mmol/L(p=0.05) in gruop A, B, C respectively. Serum HDL cholesterol levels before treatment were 1.72±0.04mmol/L, 1.75±0.04mmol/L, 1.69±0.06mmol/L in gruop A, B, C respectively. After HRT they were significantly increased to 1.90±0.07mmol/L in gruop C (p=0.0001). Serum triglyceride levels before treatment were 1.45±0.08mmol/L, 1.54±0.08mmol/L, 1.68±0.15mmol/L in gruop A, B, C respectively. After HRT they were not significantly changed. Serum VLDL cholesterol levels before treatment were 0.39±0.03mmol/L, 0.40±0.03mmol/L, 0.45±0.05mmol/L in gruop A, B, C respectively. After HRT they were significantly reduced to 0.30±0.02mmol/L(p=0.0001), 0.34±0.03mmol/L (p<0.05) in gruop A, B respectively. Serum apo(a) levels before treatment were 357.5±33.2U/L, 348.7±28.2U/L, 376.8±54.2U/L in group A, B, C repectively. After HRT they were significantly reduced to 264.7±26.1U/L, 291.0±31.8U/L, 228.8±47.4U/L in group A, B, C reapectively (p=0.0001) Conclusion : These results suggest that HRT for 2 months in postmenopausal women has beneficial effect on serm lipids and apo(a) levels and HRT in postmenopausal women can improve their cardiovascular risk.

The Virtuality of the Gaze in the Game of "The Purloined Letter"

Cheol U Jang 한국아메리카학회 2014 美國學論集 Vol.46 No.2

This essay explores how Edgar Allan Poe's detective story "The Purloined Letter" is related with the gaze beyond the Symbolic order. Lacan applies psychoanalytic theory to the story. He also argues that the gaze can be the objet petit a in terms of the visual. For the meaningful discourse between Lacan and Deleuze, I attempt to relocate the gaze in the realm of the virtual, since the gaze belongs to the field of the Other, not an actually seen gaze. The relationship between characters echoes the virtuality of the gaze in the Real. In other words, for the characters it is a matter of virtually being seen, not a matter of actually seeing. In the games of "The Purloined Letter," players wrestle with the guessing of odds and evens or worrying about seeing or being seen. In the case of the guessing game, the player has to deceive the opponent's eye and distracts the other's sight. Additionally, the fictional games the main characters play centering on the location of the letter is another guessing game. The virtual realm of the sight is the Real beyond the Symbolic order or the actual. Therefore, the game between Minister D- and Dupin shows us how to the actualization of the gaze is possible from the perspective of Deleuzian virtual. Hence, we can see the virtuality of the gaze in "The Purloined Letter."

"Transcendental" Aesthetics: Emerson's Impersonality and Kant's Imprisonment

Cheol-U Jang 한국아메리카학회 2013 美國學論集 Vol.45 No.2

This essay, juxtaposing spontaneous judgment and reflective judgment, investigates how the philosophical term "transcendental" in American idealism has a slightly different meaning from that in German transcendental idealism. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "transcendental," which is rather impersonal, undoes "subject," while Immanuel Kant's "transcendental" imprisons the subject in the relationship between man and world. Their philosophical loci are the self. Emerson is interested in impersonal condition while Kant is deeply concerned with the condition of subjectivity. Comparing Emerson to Kant in their aesthetics, I illustrate the subject's role in their philosophy. Focusing on Emerson's essays, I examine how spontaneity is akin to intuition in terms of philosophical concepts. Because of the self who actively invites the exterior world, not passively encounters, I argue that Emerson's account of the impersonal is relevant to spontaneous judgment. On the contrary, Kant's subject is relevant to reflective judgment in a way that allows sensible intuition based on the receptivity of impression. Therefore, the two philosophers wrestle with the self in a different way. According to both thinkers, the philosophical term "transcendental" is floating between self and selfless. It shows that intellectual intuition is the primary factor in comparing Emerson's account of spontaneous judgment with Kant's reflective judgment; the former integrates two hemispheres, intellectual intuition and sensible intuition while the latter denies that integration. Hence, the spontaneous judgment opens the door of the self which the personal goes out of and the impersonal goes into.

Deleuzian Ethics in T. S. Eliot’s Poetics

Cheol-U Jang(장철우) 한국비평이론학회 2019 비평과이론 Vol.24 No.2

질 들뢰즈의 철학적 개념 중에서 “잠재태”(the virtual)는 생철학자 베르그송의 영향을 받은 T. S. 엘리엇의 시학적 개념인 “전통”(tradition)과 현재와 과거와의 관계 속에서 해석될 수 있다는 점에서 그 궤를 같이한다고 볼 수 있다. 엘리엇은 그의 시학을 통해서 인습을 고수하는 “전통주의”보다 항상 현재와의 소통을 하는 “전통”의 가치를 높이 평가한다. 그리고 가 전통을 얻기 위해 필요한 조건으로 생각한 “역사적 인식”은 과거와 현재의 관계 속에서 상호관계를 연결시키는 윤리 적 매개체이며, 들뢰즈가 생각하는 산 자와 죽은 자 사이의 윤리학에서도 필요한 요소이므로 두 사상가의 몰개성적 윤리학을 이루는데 바탕이 된다. 엘리엇은 황무지, 텅빈 사람들 , 불멸의 속삭임 을 통하여 고착된 이분법적 사고에 저항하며 현재와 과거, 죽은 자와 산 자의 윤리학을 실현 시킨다. 본 논문은 이러한 엘리엇의 들뢰즈적 윤리학은 영원한 시간 속에서 현재태(the actual)와 분리되지 않고 “실재계”(the real) 속에 공존하는 “잠재태”(the virtual)의 역할이 그가 추구한 “전 통”을 실현하기 위한 필수불가결한 요소임을 설명하고 결과적으로 들뢰즈와 엘리엇의 몰개성적 윤리학을 통해서 실제적인 타자와의 관계가 아니라 개인이 몰개성화 세계를 경험에서 발생하는 윤리학임을 증명한다. Gilles Deleuze’s philosophical term, “the virtual” reminds us of T. S. Eliot’s poetic term, “tradition” in terms of Henri Bergson’s vitalistic ethics. Eliot’s poetics has something to do with Deleuzian ethics in that Eliot accomplishes his “tradition” to the extent which the past/the present echoes the dead/the living in the realm of the impersonal ethics based on historical sense. In his poetics, Eliot puts the emphasis on the value of tradition, not that of traditionalism. The poet opens the possibility of relationship between the dead and the living or death and life by dealing with such binary oppositions as death/life, the past/the present, wasteland/garden in his works, The Waste Land, “The Hollow Men,” and “Whispers of Immortality.” The ethical relationship between binary oppositions is fully fulfilled in those three poems in the perspective of Deleuzian ethics. For Deleuze, the impersonal death leads us to the field of the virtual and makes us meet the dead in times of Aion. The essay attempts to illustrate how Eliot’s “tradition” can be acquired in the realm of Deleuzian impersonal ethics which is based on the relationship between the self and the impersonalized self, not between the self and the other.

Memory and Trauma in Historical Materialism

Cheol-U Jang 한국비평이론학회 2012 비평과이론 Vol.17 No.2

This essay examines why image and trauma are engaged concepts to the extent that they work in terms of psychological effects. This idea of relating image to trauma illustrates how Walter Benjamin’s materialistic historiography works in interpreting the moment of trauma that gets crystallized among images. I explore the interrelationship between image and trauma through Alfred Hitchcock’s Spellbound (1945). In the film, an impostor who struggles with unidentified images finally recognizes underlying cause of his trauma by encountering his real identity. I argue that trauma holds images in suspension and then crystallizes images after shock. By virtue of suspension, the immanent power of “retention” helps develop and harness images. This essay focuses on the function of image which actualizes trauma within the mnemonic structure. This is why trauma can be called “the result” of the selection after a long “retention.” In other words, image and trauma are not any actual memories within the mnemonic structure, but they belong only to counter-memory against its original memory. In the case of trauma, the mnemonic constellation of images is identical with Benjamin’s “materialistic historiography” because the procedure of crystallizing trauma is analogous to that of the configuration of history. In Spellbound, the impostor experiences how trauma happens as a dialectical product between time and space. Traumas are born after the constellation of the first memory and the second or the later one. It is also to say that the crystallization of trauma is in line with that of Benjamin’s materialistic historiography. Furthermore, the moment of trauma echoes the Messianic time Benjamin welcomes with the window opened. In the film, the Messianic time finally arrives but it is not recognized because its presence is imminent within another time.

"Subjectivity" within Ideology: Blindness to Variety of "In the Penal Colony"

Cheol U Jang 동덕여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 人文科學硏究 Vol.23 No.-

이 글은 구조주의, 신역사주의, 후기 구조주의 또는 막시즘에 이르기까지 인간의 주체성에 대한 고민을 어떻게 상정하고 있는지를 연구하고자한 글이다. 인간이 언어를 사용한다는 점에서 동물과 구별되지만 인간이 언어를 구사하는 점에 의미를 찾기보다는 인간이 사용하고 있는 언어에 내재된 규칙에서 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 본 글에서는 카프카의 「유형지」에서 벌어지는 참혹한 상황을 통해서 인간의 개인적 주체성이 보이지 않는 힘에 의해서 어떻게 유린되고, 또 어떻게 주체성을 찾아가야 하고 어떤 것이 진정한 주체적 자아가 되는 것인지를 논의해 보았다. 자본주의가 만연한 현 사회에서 인간의 주체성 상실은 자기 파괴의 덫에서 벗어나지 못하는 인간의 한계를 경험하게 된다. This essay examines the status of subjectivity in a series of studies such as structuralism, New Historicism, poststructuralism, and Marxism. I attempt to find out the relationship between subjectivity and political power or institutionalized force. In Kafka's "In the Penal Colony," he undermines general idea of subjectivity by plunging deep into psycho -philosophic issues on the nature of subjectivity with the penal system. In the system, the prisoner is to lose his subjectivity by failing to function as a sentry and servant. The officer of the penal colony tells us that the prisoners are condemned to die because their existence is meaningless in the penal colony. This essay explores how subjectivity can be destroyed and how we are helpless to get our subjectivity in the face of losing our subjectivity in contemporary period.

Historical Materialism of Go Down, Moses: Hunting/Haunting in Time

장철우(Cheol-U Jang) 한국아메리카학회 2019 美國學論集 Vol.51 No.3

This essay explores how historical materialism’s perspective of time is beneficial to read William Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses, especially in three stories of six, “Was,” “The Fire and the Hearth” and “The Bear.” Walter Benjamin’s key concept, “Messianic time,” is appropriate terminology for Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses, especially in “Was” and “The Bear.” Tomey’s Turl and Issac are inheritances of the American slavery system which overarches hunting/haunting of antebellum South. Their family bondage is much stronger enough to undermine slavery history and to reshuffle time sequences; Issac becomes familiar with welcoming Messianic time. This essay also explains why Faulkner attempts to let them (Issac, Tomey’s Turl, and Lucas) rewrite not merely the American slavery history but their own family history by employing hunting/haunting “old bear” which bears the traces their family left.

Eliot and Stevens: The Emptiness and The Nothingness in “The Hollow Men” and “The Snow Man”

장철우(Cheol-U Jang) 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2015 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.25 No.1

본 논문은 T. S. 엘리엇의 「텅 빈 사람들」에 나타난 “허공” 의미가 엘리엇이 주장하는 “전통”의 의미와 어떻게 연관관계를 지니고 있고 그 의미가 확장되어 모더니즘 측면에서 스티븐스의 「눈사람」에 나타난 “무”의 의미와 연결시켜 보고자한다. 두 시인이 말하고자했던 “무”가 단순히 비어있음이 아니고 실재를 둘러싸고 있는 조건이거나 또는 제한된 인간의 시각으로는 규정지울 수 없는 범위를 표현하는 방식임을 증명하고자한다. 엘리엇은「텅 빈 사람들」에서 “텅 빈 것”과 “채워짐”의 관계를 상호 보완적 차원에서 “허공”의 의미를 보여주고 스티븐스는「눈사람」에서 잠재성이 있는 무와 존재하지 않는 무로 구분하여 실재에 다가가는 방법을 제시한다. 두 시인의 목소리가 표면적으로는 다른 것처럼 보이나 결과적으로 두 편의 시에서 독자는 같은 것을 고민하는 두 시인의 목소리를 들을 수 있게 된다. This essay illustrates how the emptiness appears in T. S. Eliot’s poem, “The Hollow Men,” and what the value of the nothingness in Wallace Stevens’s poem, “The Snow Man,” exploring two poets’ poetics in terms of modernism. In “The Hollow Men,” Eliot attempts to overcome the binary opposition by grasping the still point in juxtaposing “the hollow” and “the stuffed.” “The hollow men” and “the stuffed men” are leaning together to assist the other. On the other hand, Stevens describes the emptiness not as nothing itself, but as the nothing which gives us a potentiality. The potentiality brings out the ontological value of the reality. The former poet focuses on the whisper of “the hollow” with “the stuffed” because he adopts “the shadow” which serves as the hollow’s liaison with the stuffed while the latter differentiate the nothingness from the nothingness by highlighting the realm of unperceived in the world. Eliot makes use of a constant companionship between the binary oppositions, but Stevens ontologically approaches the nothingness against nothingness.

The Gospel through Healthy Bodies: Vaccinations and American Foreign Missionaries to Korea in the Late Nineteenth Century to the Mid-Twentieth Century

이현주(Cheol-U Jang) 한국아메리카학회 2019 美國學論集 Vol.51 No.3

By the mid-twentieth century, various vaccines were available and considered as useful preventative medicine. However, though vaccination technology had developed into an advanced state, the safety and efficacy of these vaccines were doubted and vaccination policy in the United States was controversial. This study delves into how American foreign mission boards managed the health of missionaries through vaccinations during this highly controversial era. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, some American Christian denominations stipulated mandatory vaccinations for their foreign mission candidates and their family members. Following the trajectory of these changes, this paper discusses how American Christian mission boards employed vaccination technology as a method of protection for their foreign missionaries and what experience the missionaries, especially those in Korea, had regarding vaccination at the practice level.