Heart Rate and Blood Lactate Responses during Execution of Some Specific Strokes in Badminton Drills

( Asok Kumar Ghosh ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2008 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.20 No.2

The present article is an attempt to investigate the physiological demand of the most popular strokes, like, over head smash, over head toss, over head drop and the shadow movements in badminton drills on the basis of heart rate and blood lactate concentration. The study will certainly help the coaches and other specialists in finding out the demands and intensities of these badminton strokes and movements on the court. In the 1st phase of the study, VO2max of all the players was determined in the laboratory following a graded exercise protocol on a bicycle ergometer, till exhaustion. The 2nd phase of the study consisted of playing over head smash, over head toss, over head drop and shadow movement on the court on different days. The player had to play on one side of the court and he was fed the shuttle from the opposite side. The heart rate was measured on a PE 3000 (Polar Electro, Finland) polar sport tester (heart rate telemetric device) for every 5 sec interval and the blood lactate concentration; on an YSI 1500 sport model lactate analyzer. The mean VO2max of the present players was 57.4±7.02 ml/kg/min. The mean heart rates during overhead smash, overhead drop, overhead toss and shadow movements were 183±5, 180±6, 178±8 and 182±7 beats/min, while the mean blood lactate were 11.6±1.9, 10.2±1.2, 10.7±1.1 and 12.2±2.1 mMol/L, respectively. The study indicated that the heart rate and blood lactate responses during execution of overhead smash, overhead drop, overhead toss and shadow movements were high and no differences existed among them. Theses popular and common badminton strokes exertedhigh cardiovascular and metabolic stress on the players. Repetitive execution of these strokes during training may develop both the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of the players.

Heart Rate, Oxygen Consumption and Blood Lactate Responses During Specific Training in Amateur Boxing

( Asok Kumar Ghosh ) 체육과학연구원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.1

The study was undertaken with a view to investigate the physiological responses of amateur boxers during specific activity in the boxing arena, with special reference to their physiological evaluation in the laboratory. The study was carried out on 6 elite Indian National boxers in 3 phases. In phase 1, the VO2max of the boxers was evaluated in the laboratory following a graded running protocol on a treadmill. In Phase 2, the boxers were evaluated in the boxing arena, during simulated boxing on a punching bag for 4 rounds of 2 min duration with 1 min rest pauses in between. The movements were kept similar to actual boxing and the punching frequencies were kept fast and individualized. The physiological variables were recorded on a COSMED K4 RQ portable telemetric gas analyzer (Cosmed, Italy). In Phase 3, heart rate and blood lactate responses of the boxers were observed during sparring for 2X6 rounds in the boxing ring, for 3 times during the training phase, to observe the lactate tolerance capacity. After the end of activity in each phase, a blood sample was collected from the fingertip for estimation of whole blood lactate on an YSI portable 1500 sport model lactate analyzer (YSI, USA). The mean VO2max of the boxers was 59.5±4.7 ml/kg/min on the treadmill. The mean peaks VO2 of the boxers in 2X4 simulated rounds were 56.1, 57.5, 57.7 and 59.3 ml/kg/min, respectively. The mean heart rate and blood lactate were 192 bpm and 13.6 mMol/L, and were observed to be higher than most of the intermittent team events. The present study highlighted that the amateur boxers participating in 2X4 rounds, should be able to tolerate a high blood lactate concentration (14-15 mMol/L) and a high heart rate (190-200 b/min) over a total duration of one bout (11 min). The on court training in amateur boxing imparted high demands on cardio-respiratory and metabolic variables.

Heart Rate, Oxygwn Consumption and Blood Lactate Responses During Specific Training in Amateur Boxing

Asok Kumar Ghosh 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.1

The study was undertaken with a view to investigate the physiological responses of amateur boxers during specific activity in the boxing arena, with special reference to their physiological evaluation in the laboratory. The study was carried out on 6 elite Indian National boxers in 3 phases. In phase 1, the VO2max of the boxers was evaluated in the laboratory following a graded running protocol on a treadmill. In Phase 2, the boxers were evaluated in the boxing arena, during simulated boxing on a punching bag for 4 rounds of 2 min duration with 1 min rest pauses in between. The movements were kept similar to actual boxing and the punching frequencies were kept fast and individualized. The physiological variables were recorded on a COSMED K4 RQ portable telemetric gas analyzer (Cosmed, Italy). In Phase 3, heart rate and blood lactate responses of the boxers were observed during sparring for 2X6 rounds in the boxing ring, for 3 times during the training phase, to observe the lactate tolerance capacity. After the end of activity in each phase, a blood sample was collected from the fingertip for estimation of whole blood lactate on an YSI portable 1500 sport model lactate analyzer (YSI, USA). The mean VO2max of the boxers was 59.5 ± 4.7 ml/kg/min on the treadmill. The mean peaks VO2 of the boxers in 2X4 simulated rounds were 56.1, 57.5, 57.7 and 59.3 ml/kg/min, respectively. The mean heart rate and blood lactate were 192 bpm and 13.6 mMol/L, and were observed to be higher than most of the intermittent team events. The present study highlighted that the amateur boxers participating in 2X4 rounds, should be able to tolerate a high blood lactate concentration (14-15 mMol/L) and a high heart rate (190-200 b/min) over a total duration of one bout (11 min). The on court training in amateur boxing imparted high demands on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables.

The Fractional Utilisation of Maximal Oxygen Consumption during Execution of Ground Strokes and Simulated Match in 14 to 18 years Malaysian Singles Tennis Players

( Syahrul Ridhwan ),( Asok Kumar Ghosh ),( Chen Chee Keong ) 체육과학연구원 2010 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of the present study was to determine the fractional utilisation of maximum oxygen uptake capacity (% VO2max) during execution of ground strokes and tennis match play. Ten male Malaysian state-level tennis players participated in this study. Age, height, weight and VO2max of the players were 15.3 + 1.2 years, 164.0 + 7.4 cm, 52.3 + 11.5 kg and 51.7 + 7.3 ml·kg-1·min-1 respectively. This study was conducted in 3 phases: laboratory test (Phase I), on-court test (Phase II) and simulated match (Phase III). Fraction of VO2max during execution of forehand and backhand strokes were 71.6 + 10.9% and 72.3 + 8.8% respectively, whereas tennis match play demanded 69.3 + 9.8% of VO2max. Execution of forehand and backhand strokes led to a blood lactate concentration of approximately 6 mmol·L-1, indicating the involvement of anaerobic glycolysis. On the other hand, due to the intermittent nature of the game and the work-rest ratio of 1:2.2, the post-match blood lactate was found to be 3.21 + 0.2 mmol·L-1, reflecting an aerobic dominance in the game. The mean match heart rate (154.3 + 15.4 beats·min-1) was lower than mean anaerobic threshold heart rate (164.7 + 5.7 beats·min-1), signifying a lower blood lactate level less than 4.0 mmol·L-1 in a tennis match. It This might be due to the fact that long rest pauses caused removal of blood lactate as well as recovery of heart rate. Video analysis of the matches revealed that the players executed more forehand strokes (P<0.001) than the backhand strokes. Since similar heart rate and VO2 responses were observed for forehand and backhand strokes, it is suggested that the players should train themselves equally on both ground strokes. During the longest rally, mean heart rate of the players was 174.9 + 3.1 beats·min-1, which corresponded to 84.5 + 2.2% of VO2max. In addition, rallies per game, mean rally duration and strokes per rally were found to be 5.7 + 2.4, 4.5 + 1.5 seconds and 2.8 + 0.8 shots, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the Malaysian state-level tennis players possessed a moderately good aerobic capacity. This can be improved to the international standard through endurance and intermittent type of training. Improvement in VO2max may enhance the playing intensity of the match as well a better recovery in the rest pauses and also delay the onset of fatigue during a match. From video match analysis and heart rate VO2 relationship, it is suggested that the players should also improve the alactic anaerobic component through short bursts of repeated movements of 5-8 seconds durations.

Comparison of Long-term Effects of Two Types of Relaxation Techniques on Choice Reaction Time and Selected Psychophysiological Variables Following Repeated Sub-maximal Iintensity Exercises in School Level Athletes

( Hazwani Hanafi ),( Hairul Anuar Hashim ),( Asok Kumar Ghosh ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2011 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.23 No.1

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-termeffects of two relaxation techniques on choice reaction time (CRT), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) following intermittent high intensity exercise. Twenty-four physically active young male athletes were randomly divided into three groups, like, autogenic relaxation (AGR) group, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) group and a control group. The experimental session consisted of two sessions with a long-termfour-week relaxation training in between. Each experimental session involved four bouts of intermittent exercise, consisting of. cycling at 60% VO2max. for 10 minutes followed by 90% VO2max. for 2 minutes. In between each bout of cycling, a 3-minute rest was given when choice reaction time (CRT) was conducted. Furthermore, RPE, heart rate, and VO2 were measured at the last minute of each cycling bout Using 3(groups) x 2 (sessions) x 4 (trials) repeated measure ANOVA, the results revealed no significant interaction effects in any of the parameters. However, significant main effects for the session were found in heart rate, VO2 and CRT, whereas significant main effects for trials were found for heart rate, RPE, and CRT. Hence, it is concluded that there was no significant effect of both the relaxation training on CRT and psychophysiological parameters, but moderately high intensity intermittent activity improved the reaction time performance.