Assessment of the Risk of Exposure to Chemical Carcinogens

Purchase, Iain F.H. Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2001 Toxicological Research Vol.17 No.-

The methods used for risk assessment from exposure to chemicals are well established. in most cases where toxicity other than carcinogenesis is being considered, the standard method relies on establishing the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in the most sensitive animal toxicity study and using an appropriate safety factor (SF) to determine the exposure which would be associated with an acceptable risk. For carcinogens a different approach is used because it has been argued there is no threshold of effect. Thus mathematical equations are used to extrapolate from the high doses used in ani-mal experiments. These methods have been strongly criticised in recent years on several grounds. The most cogent criticisms are a) the equations are not based on a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and b) the outcome of a risk assessment based on such models varies more as a consequence of changes to the assumptions and equation used than it does from the data derived from carcinogenicity experiments. Other criticisms include the absence of any measure of the variance on the risk assessment and the selection of default values that are very conservative. Recent advances in the application of risk assessment emphasise that measures of both the exposure and the hazard should be considered as a distribution of values. The outcome of such a risk assessment provides an estimate of the distribution of the risks.

CONCEPTUALIZING INTERACTION PROCESSES THROUGH THE LENS OF POSITION, IDENTITY AND ROLE

Sharon Purchase,Ray Da Silva Rosa 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.3

This research examines the influence of network position, identity construction and role playing within business to business (B2B) interactions processes. The framework used as the basis for considering interaction processes developed from the AAR model (Håkansson & Snehota, 1995) and includes: accessing resources; developing actor bonds and conducting activities. There has been little research conducted into network position (Abrahamsen et al., 2012; Schepis et al., 2014); identity construction (Huemer, 2013; Schepis et al., 2014) and role playing (Abrahamsen et al., 2012; Lowe et al., 2012). This research develops a framework for incorporating all three concepts into the interaction process, rather than investigating them individually or paired, commonly undertaken in previous research. The research is conducted within an interpretive paradigm with 20 interviews conducted within the junior mining industry in Western Australia. Interviews were analysed using Leximancer™ and a comparison of the perceptions from companies playing different roles within the network examined. Results highlight that network position is influenced through accessing resources and developing actor bonds; identity construction occurs through developing actor bonds and conducting activities and role playing occurs when conducting activities and accessing resources. A theoretical framework highlights each of the above concepts within the framework of interaction processes. The value of this paper is that the each of these concepts is influenced through different aspects of the interaction process. Thus, highlighting which aspects of the interactions processes managers can adapt to improve their network position, identity construction and role perceptions.

CONCEPTUALIZING INTERACTION PROCESSES THROUGH THE LENS OF POSITION, IDENTITY AND ROLE

Sharon Purchase,Ray Da Silva Rosa 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

This research examines the influence of network position, identity construction and role playing within business to business (B2B) interactions processes. The framework used as the basis for considering interaction processes developed from the AAR model (H?kansson & Snehota, 1995) and includes: accessing resources; developing actor bonds and conducting activities. There has been little research conducted into network position (Abrahamsen et al., 2012; Schepis et al., 2014); identity construction (Huemer, 2013; Schepis et al., 2014) and role playing (Abrahamsen et al., 2012; Lowe et al., 2012). This research develops a framework for incorporating all three concepts into the interaction process, rather than investigating them individually or paired, commonly undertaken in previous research. The research is conducted within an interpretive paradigm with 20 interviews conducted within the junior mining industry in Western Australia. Interviews were analysed using Leximancer™ and a comparison of the perceptions from companies playing different roles within the network examined. Results highlight that network position is influenced through accessing resources and developing actor bonds; identity construction occurs through developing actor bonds and conducting activities and role playing occurs when conducting activities and accessing resources. A theoretical framework highlights each of the above concepts within the framework of interaction processes. The value of this paper is that the each of these concepts is influenced through different aspects of the interaction process. Thus, highlighting which aspects of the interactions processes managers can adapt to improve their network position, identity construction and role perceptions.

Immunohistochemical study of constitutive neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of goat with natural listeriosis

Tae Kyun Shin,Daniel Weinstock,Marlene D. Castro,Helene Acland,Mark Walter,Hyun Young Kim,H. Graham Purchase 대한수의학회 2000 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.1 No.2

The Effects of Excluding Animal Products from the Diet on Sensory Properties of Pork from Pigs Grown in New Zealand as Assessed by Singaporean Panelists

Leong, Jasmine,Purchas, Roger W.,Morel, Patrick C.H.,Wilkinson, Brian H.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.1

Sensory analyses of pork samples from leg muscles of female pigs raised in New Zealand (n = 17) were conducted using trained and untrained Singaporean panelists. The New Zealand pigs included three dietary groups, with one diet including animal products (NZA), and two containing plant products only (NZP & NZP+), with the NZP+ diet containing a supplement (0.614%) containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), selenium, and vitamin E. The New Zealand pork was also compared with Indonesian pork as local reference samples (n = 6). Pork samples from the NZA group had the highest score for mutton flavour and aftertaste, and the lowest score for brothy aroma, brothy flavour, meaty flavour, lightness and juiciness by trained sensory panels. Samples from NZP and NZP+ were similar except the NZP+ group had a stronger stale flavour than the NZP group (1.34 vs. 0.57 on a 100-point scale; p<0.05). The first and second functions of a discriminant analysis based on trained-panel scores for 14 attributes accounted for 95.4% of the variance, with function 1 (83.7%) being related mainly to mutton aroma, mutton flavour and aftertaste. Based on a 20-member untrained panel, the NZA pork had the highest mutton aroma and mutton flavour intensities (p<0.01) and aroma and flavour that was less acceptable than that from the NZP group (p<0.05). The acceptability scores of Indonesian pork were not significantly different from those of New Zealand pork, but its scores for mutton aroma and mutton flavour were significantly lower than NZP. Overall acceptability was positively associated with acceptability of aroma (r = 0.906), juiciness (r = 0.888), and tenderness (r = 0.904), but negatively associated with intensities of mutton aroma (r = -0.478) and flavour (r = -0.551).

COMPARSION OF LIPID SYNTHESIS METABOLISM IN SHEEP, DEER AND GOATS

Ishida, M.,Barry, T.N.,Purchas, R.W.,Allsop, T.F. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

Evaluation of Three Pork Quality Prediction Tools Across a 48 Hours Postmortem Period

P. C. H. Morel,B. J. Camden,R. W. Purchas,J. A. M. Janz 아세아·태평양축산학회 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.2

Numerous reports have evaluated the predictive ability of carcass probes for meat quality using measurements taken early postmortem or near 24 h. The intervening time period, however, has been largely ignored. In this study, the capacity of three probes [pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and grading probe light reflectance (GP)] to predict pork longissimus muscle quality (drip and cooking losses, Warner-Bratzler shear, L*, n = 30) was evaluated at 45 min, 90 min, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h postmortem. The strongest relationships were observed between cooking loss and 6 h EC and GP (R2 = 0.66, 0.72), and L* and GP (R2 = 0.57-0.66, 12-48 h). pH was most valuable early postmortem (R2 = 0.63, 90 min with cooking loss). GP at 6 h most effectively (R2 = 0.84) predicted a two factor (cooking loss+L*) meat quality index. Results emphasize the predictive value of measures taken between 3 and 12 h postmortem.