Application of Multispectral Remotely Sensed Imagery for the Characterization of Complex Coastal Wetland Ecosystems of southern India: A Special Emphasis on Comparing Soft and Hard Classification Methods

Palanisamy Shanmugamt,Yu Hwan Ahn,Shanmugam Sanjeevi 大韓遠隔探査學會 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

This paper makes an effort to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms in order to achieve appropriate results for mapping, monitoring and preserving valuable coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/1D USS-Ⅲ and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted on these satellite image data to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of three contrast coastal wetland sites, Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and a discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. ISODATA classification resulted in maps with poor accuracy compared to MLC classification that produced maps with improved accuracy. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes was derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC. There were two principal factors for the decreased classification accuracy, namely spectral overlapping/confusion and inadequate spatial resolution of the sensors. Compared to the former, the limited instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of these sensors caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to deriving accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). In order to improve the classification accuracy, a soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) was described to calculate the spectral mixture and classify IRS-1C/1D LISS-Ⅲ and Landsat-5 TM Imagery. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra, followed by the determination of their nature and finally the decomposition of the spectra into their end-members. To evaluate the LSMM areal estimates, resulted fractional end-members were compared with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier (MLC). The findings revealed that NDVI values and vegetation fractions were positively correlated (r2=0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for Rameswaram, Vedaranniyam and Pitchavaram respectively) and NDVI and soil fraction values were negatively correlated (r2=0.53, 0.39 and 0.13), indicating the reliability of the sub-pixel classification. Comparing with ground truth data, the precision of LSMM for deriving moisture fraction was 92% and 96% for soil fraction. The LSMM in general would seem well suited to locating small wetland habitats which occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to representing continuous gradations between different habitat types.

Equivalent-Input-Disturbance-Estimator-based Control Design for Polynomial Fuzzy Systems

Palanisamy Selvaraj,Oh-Min Kwon 제어로봇시스템학회 2022 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

This paper deals with the disturbance rejection problem for polynomial fuzzy system based on the estimation of an equivalent-input-disturbance (EID) approach. The EID estimator approach is used to compensate the influences of unknown bounded exogenous disturbance and uncertainties on the output of the system. Precisely, EID-estimator approach contains polynomial state observer and low-pass filter, which helps to estimate unknown system states and influence of the unknown disturbance signals. To cope the stability and lumped disturbance estimation problems simultaneously, the augmented closed-loop system is constructed that includes dynamics of the system, observer, and low-pass filter. The required stability conditions of resulting augmented system are developed with the aid of Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, they are expressed in the form of sum-of-square (SOS) constraints that can be solved via Matlab SOSTOOLS. Finally, a numerical example is provided to demonstrate the viability of the design approach for synthesizing a stabilizing controller and disturbance rejections.

A Hysteresis Current Controller for PV-Wind Hybrid Source Fed STATCOM System Using Cascaded Multilevel Inverters

Palanisamy, R.,Vijayakumar, K. The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2018 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.13 No.1

This paper elucidates a hysteresis current controller for enhancing the performance of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) using cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. Due to the rising power demand and growing conventional generation costs a new alternative in renewable energy source is gaining popularity and recognition. A five level single phase cascaded multilevel inverter with two separated dc sources, which is energized by photovoltaic - wind hybrid energy source. The voltages across the each dc source is balanced and standardized by the proposed hysteresis current controller. The performance of STATCOM is analyzed by connecting with grid connected system, under the steady state & dynamic state. To reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and to improve the output voltage, closed loop hysteresis current control is achieved using PLL and PI controller. The performance of the proposed system is scrutinized through various simulation results using matlab/simulink and hardware results are also verified with simulation results.

Taguchi-based grey relational analysis for modeling and optimizing machining parameters through dry turning of Incoloy 800H

Palanisamy Angappan,Selvaraj Thangiah,Sivasankaran Subbarayan 대한기계학회 2017 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.31 No.9

The present research focused on the optimization of machining parameters and their effects by dry-turning an incoloy 800H on the basis of Taguchi-based grey relational analysis. Surface roughness (Ra, Rq and Rz), cutting force (Fz), and cutting power (P) were minimized, whereas Material removal rate (MRR) was maximized. An L 27 orthogonal array was used in the experiments, which were conducted in a computerized and numerical-controlled turning machine. Cutting speed, feed rate, and cut depth were set as controllable machining variables, and analysis of variance was performed to determine the contribution of each variable. We then developed regression models, which ultimately conformed to investigational and predicted values. The combinational parameters for the multiperformance optimization were V = 35 m/min, f = 0.06 mm/rev and a = 1 mm, which altogether correspond to approximately 48.98 % of the improvement. The chip morphology of the incoloy 800H was also studied and reported.

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive Chitosan-Poly[N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)aniline] Hybrid Submicrostructures

Palanisamy Gomathi,김한도,Dhanusuraman Ragupathy,김우년 한국고분자학회 2011 Macromolecular Research Vol.19 No.5

Conducting hybrid submicrostructures composed of chitosan (CS) and silica-based conducting poly[N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)aniline] (PTMSPA) were prepared by graft copolymerization. The spherical and fibrous morphologies of the CS-PTMSPA hybrid submicrostructures could be observed by optical and field emission electron microscopy. Under room temperature conditions, the CS-PTMSPA graft copolymers possessed the uniformly distributed spherical submicroparticles with diameters in the range of ca. 400-1,000 nm. On the other hand, under ice cold conditions (5 ºC), CS-PTMSPA showed the development of randomly oriented fiber bundles. The diameter of a single fiber was in the range of ca. 100-500 nm. These CS-PTMSPA fibers were obtained by a temperaturedriven template-free self-assembly pathway. Spectroscopic and thermal evaluations confirmed that CS-PTMSPA graft copolymer had been prepared by an oxidative polymerization method. The electrochemical performance of the CS-PTMSPA submicrostructures were compared with CS and PTMSPA by cyclic voltammetry with the Fe(CN)6^3-/4-system as a redox marker. The CS-PTMSPA submicrostructures showed high electrical conductivity (difference between the anodic and cathodic peaks = 0.24 and 0.29 V for CS-PTMSPA sphere and fiber, respectively) compared to those of CS (0.14 V) and PTMSPA (0.20 V), which was ascribed to the relatively high surface-to-volume ratios of these submicrostructures.

A comprehensive review on microbial fuel cell technologies: Processes, utilization, and advanced developments in electrodes and membranes

Palanisamy, Gowthami,Jung, Ho-Young,Sadhasivam, T.,Kurkuri, Mahaveer D.,Kim, Sang Chai,Roh, Sung-Hee Elsevier 2019 Journal of cleaner production Vol.221 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microbial fuel cells have gained great interest as an alternative energy conversion system for generating bioenergy. As a bioelectrochemical hybrid system, microbial fuel cells involved in electricity generation and wastewater treatment including nutrients recovery with tremendous benefits such as energy saving, reduced sludge generation and energy conversion. In this review, we mainly emphasize the developments and advancements of electrode and membrane materials for increasing the microbial fuel cell performances in recent years. We reviewed and discussed the different categories of electrode (anode and cathode) materials with various structural, dimensional, compositions and integrations. Moreover, it encloses the cost-effective, biocompatible and highly stable electrode materials with improved microbial fuel cell performance. Using hetero-atom doped 3-Dimensional porous carbon with ultra-fine metal nanoparticles, a large surface area of the electrode material with different dimensional, and new core@shell structure can considerably enhance the oxygen reduction reaction performance during the microbial fuel cell operation. Following this overview, development in membrane materials such as perfluorinated polymer, hydrocarbon polymer, organic-organic hybrid polymer, organic-inorganic hybrid composite, ceramics, and biopolymer membranes are explained in detail. Based on the physical, chemical, mechanical and biocompatible properties, the hybrid composite biopolymer membrane with organic and inorganic additives are recommended as a suitable membrane candidate for increasing the ion conductivity and rectifying the biofouling issues during the long term operation. Finally, the future viewpoints in the microbial fuel cell for effective wastewater treatment process with electricity generation are suggested through various aspects and strategies to afford clean energy and environment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Detail information about the advantages, applications and challenges of MFC system. </LI> <LI> A comprehensive review of microorganism, electrodes and membranes in MFC. </LI> <LI> Prospective suggestions for the advanced developments of MFC performance. </LI> <LI> Novel structured, composite and low-cost electrode materials are suggested. </LI> <LI> Biofouling issues and oxygen cross-over can be controlled by hybrid membranes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator-Based Tracking Control for Fuzzy Systems

Palanisamy Selvaraj,Boomipalagan Kaviarasan,Seung-Hoon Lee,Oh-Min Kwon 제어로봇시스템학회 2018 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

In this paper, a novel robust tracking control scheme is developed for a class of Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems subject to completely unknown perturbed dynamics and unknown external disturbances. The main objective of this paper is to simultaneously reject the lumped disturbance and asymptotically track a prescribed reference signal by the system states. First, the uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) algorithm is used to estimate and cancel out the unknown lumped disturbance effect. The concept behind the UDE algorithm is that a signal can be approximated and estimated by using a filter with the appropriate bandwidth. Then, the tracking control problem of considered fuzzy system is equivalently transformed into the stability problem of an error system. Finally, two numerical examples with simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and applications of the proposed control scheme.

Antibacterial efficacy of a fucoidan fraction (Fu-F2) extracted from <i>Sargassum polycystum</i>

Palanisamy, Subramanian,Vinosha, Manoharan,Rajasekar, Periyannan,Anjali, Ravichandran,Sathiyaraj, Ganesan,Marudhupandi, Thangapandi,Selvam, Samayanan,Prabhu, Narayanasamy Marimuthu,You, SangGuan Elsevier 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Vol.125 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study therapeutic potential of fucoidan fraction-2 (Fu-F2) isolated from <I>Sargassum polycystum</I> was evaluated for the development of antibacterial agent against the human and animal pathogenic bacteria by <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> analysis. The Fu-F2 contained 51.12 ± 0.86% of total sugar and 20.41 ± 0.91% of sulfate. The structural characterization of Fu-F2 was performed by HPLC, FTIR and NMR analysis and reported in our earlier study. The <I>in vitro</I> antibacterial assays such as MIC, MBC, killing kinetics, disk diffusion, protein leakage, ROS and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrate that Fu-F2 possesses the highest antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens. Among the tested pathogens, the highest antibacterial activity (21 ± 1.0 mm) was recorded at the concentration of 50 μg/ml against <I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> and the lowest activity (16 ± 0.53 mm) was registered against <I>Staphylococcus aureus.</I> In the <I>in vivo</I> analysis, the pre-treatment group with Fu-F2 at the concentration of 15 mg/0.1 kg through feed exhibited the highest survival (83.4%) and antioxidant activities (<I>p</I> < 0.05) than the fish infected with pathogen. Thus, the present findings suggest that the Fu-F2 of <I>S. polycystum</I> encompasses significant antibacterial properties and that can be used as a therapeutic agent for controlling the bacterial disease.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The fucoidan fraction-2 (Fu-F2) was successfully isolated from <I>Sargassum polycystum</I>. </LI> <LI> The antibacterial activity of Fu-F2 was tested by various <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> assays. </LI> <LI> The Fu-F2 shows higher antibacterial activity against <I>P. aeruginosa</I> than the other bacteria. </LI> <LI> The <I>in vivo</I> studies confirmed that Fu-F2 treated zebrafish shows excellent antioxidant properties and improved the histological architecture. </LI> </UL> </P>

Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.): A Renowned Commercial Timber Species

Palanisamy, K.,Hegde, Maheshwar,Yi, Jae-Seon Institute of Forest Science 2009 Journal of Forest Science Vol.25 No.1

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most valuable timber yielding species in the world, with predominant distribution in tropical or sub-tropical countries. However, natural teak available only in few countries like India, Myanmar, Laos People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with pH ranges from 6.5-7.5. Teak is cultivated in many Asian, African and South American countries for timber production. The global teak plantations are estimated to be three million hectare with major share in India (44%) followed by Indonesia (33%). India is considered as richest genetic resources of teak with large areas of natural teak bearing forests (8.9 million ha), plantations (1.5 million ha), clonal seed orchards (1000 ha) and seed production areas (5000 ha). The studies on diversity of teak populations showed that teak is an out crossing species with major portion of diversity present within the populations. The productivity and quality of teak timber varies depending upon the site and environmental conditions. Teak wood is moderately heavy, strong and tough,straight grained, coarse textured and ring porous with specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.70. The sapwood is white to pale yellow in colour and clearly demarcated while heartwood is dark brown or dark golden yellow in colour. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world, practically, impervious to fungus and white ant attack and resistant to decay. Teak wood is used in ship and boat constructions, furnitures and aesthetic needs. Genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Thailand, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The programme includes provenance identification and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and controlled hybridization. Several aspects like phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting and marketing, wood properties and future tree improvement strategy to enhance productivity have been discussed in this paper.

Reactive Power Control and Neutral Current Elimination of Four Wire Five Level NPC Inverter based STATCOM using 3D-SVPWM Technique

Palanisamy R.,Karthikeyan D.,Vidyasagar S.,Kalyanasundaram V.,Selvakumar K.,Vijayakumar K.,Selvabharathi D. 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.4

In this paper, three phase four wire fi ve level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (NPCI) based Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is implemented for reactive power control and neutral current elimination. Three dimensional Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (3D-SVPWM) control strategy is developed to control this 5-level NPC inverter. The behaviour of static synchronous compensator is analyzed and reactive power control is done using constant DC voltage. The objective of this compensating method is to provide balanced and sinusoidal source currents under unbalanced and nonlinear load conditions and reactive power control. The 3D-SVPWM technique provides reduced harmonic content in output voltage and current, controlled source current, minimized common mode voltage and improved output voltage. In 3D-SVPWM, switching pulses are generated with non-redundant switching states, which lead to reduce the complexity in switching time calculation and computational time is less. The highlights of the paper includes the neutral current is reduced to 0.25A, source current harmonics is minimized and it provides balanced and sinusoidal source currents with help of STATCOM compensation. The simulation and experimental results demonstrates the sinusoidal and harmonics free source current and minimized neutral current for four wire fi ve level NPCI based STATCOM.