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The role of maternal effect genes, Gas6 and Sebox
Kyeoung-Hwa Kim,Kyung-Ah Lee 한국발생생물학회 2017 한국발생생물학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2017 No.8
The conserved The oocytes acquire competence to undergo complex processes, oocyte growth and oocyte maturation, and the capacity for fertilization and preimplantational embryo development, by accumulating RNAs and proteins in the ooplasm. Therefore, the identification of the genes expressed in the oocyte and its functional analysis will provide valuable resources to study molecular regulatory mechanism of oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryogenesis. To better understand these mechanisms, a decade ago, we identified a list of differentially expressed genes between GV and MII oocytes using annealing control primer (ACP)-PCR technology. Among these genes, we selected two genes, Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6), and Sebox (skin-embryobrain- oocyte homeobox) that expressed significantly higher levels in GV than MII and analyzed its functions by using RNA interference (RNAi). Unexpectedly, and fortunately, it turned out that both of genes are new candidate of maternal effect genes (MEGs) that is important for fertilization and/or early embryogenesis but not crucial for oocyte meiotic maturation. In particular, Gas6 is essential in maintaining the proper mitochondrial function, and biosynthesis of heparan sulfate and glutathione, which are required for normal sperm chromatin decondensation, pronuclear formation, and mainly for the sufficient cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. We suggest that the correction in the Gas6 signaling network in oocytes may improve the embryonic developmental capacity caused by deterioration of the mitochondrial functions and/or contents during oocyte maturation. Meanwhile, Sebox is crucial for zygotic genome activation (ZGA) required for subsequent embryonic development beyond the 2-cell stage by coordinating the expression of other maternal factors, such as c-mos, Gdf9, Ube2a and Wee1. In conclusion, the observed failure of fertilization after Gas6 RNAi and the embryonic development at the 2-cell stage after Sebox RNAi was similar to the loss-of-function of the previously well-known MEGs. Based on these findings, we added Gas6 and Sebox as new mammalian MEGs. Findings of our research would broaden our knowledge regarding MEGs and a field of maternal programming in oocytes.
Kyeoung-Hwa Kim,이상은,이경아 한국발생생물학회 2012 발생과 생식 Vol.16 No.3
Recently, we reported growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) as a new maternal effect gene (MEG), that expressed in the oocytes but functioned principally during embryogenesis. Gas6 RNAi-treated oocytes developed to metaphase II (MII) stage but they have affected M-phase promoting factor (MPF) activity and incurred abnormal pronuclear (PN) formation during fertilization. Gas6 is a ligand of TAM family members (Tyro3, Axl and Mertk) of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of Tyro3, Axl and Mertk transcripts in oocytes and early embryos. Expression of Gas6 and Mertk mRNA was detectable in oocytes and follicular cells, while Tyro3 and Axl mRNA was expressed only in follicular cells. Expression of Mertk mRNA was relatively constant during oocytes maturation and embryogenesis, but the other receptors, Tyro3 and Axl, were not expressed in oocytes and PN stage of embryos at all. Knockdown of Mertk mRNA and protein by using sequence-specific Mertk double strand RNA (dsRNA)did not affect oocytes maturation. In this case, however, contrary to the ligand Gas6 RNA interference (RNAi), MPF activity had not been changed by Mertk RNAi. Therefore, we concluded that the Gas6-Mertk signaling is not directly related to the oocyte maturation. It is still required to study further regarding the function of Mertk as the receptor of Gas6 during preimplantational early embryogenesis.
Maternal effect genes: Findings and effects on mouse embryo development
Kim, Kyeoung-Hwa,Lee, Kyung-Ah The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 2014 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.41 No.2
Stored maternal factors in oocytes regulate oocyte differentiation into embryos during early embryonic development. Before zygotic gene activation (ZGA), these early embryos are mainly dependent on maternal factors for survival, such as macromolecules and subcellular organelles in oocytes. The genes encoding these essential maternal products are referred to as maternal effect genes (MEGs). MEGs accumulate maternal factors during oogenesis and enable ZGA, progression of early embryo development, and the initial establishment of embryonic cell lineages. Disruption of MEGs results in defective embryogenesis. Despite their important functions, only a few mammalian MEGs have been identified. In this review we summarize the roles of known MEGs in mouse fertility, with a particular emphasis on oocytes and early embryonic development. An increased knowledge of the working mechanism of MEGs could ultimately provide a means to regulate oocyte maturation and subsequent early embryonic development.
Kim, Kyeoung-Hwa,Kim, Eun-Young,Lee, Su-Yeon,Ko, Jung-Jae,Lee, Kyung-Ah S. Karger AG 2018 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.45 No.1
<P><B><I>Background/Aims:</I></B> Previously, we found that silencing of growth arrest-specific gene 6 (<I>Gas6</I>) in oocytes impaired cytoplasmic maturation, resulting in failure of sperm chromatin decondensation (SCD) and pronuclear (PN) formation after fertilization. Thus, we conducted this study to determine the effect of <I>Gas6</I> RNAi on downstream genes and to elucidate the working mechanism of <I>Gas6</I> on oocyte cytoplasmic maturation and SCD. <B><I>Methods:</I></B> Using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, the expression levels of various target genes and the localization of heparan sulfate (HS) were analyzed after <I>Gas6</I> RNAi. The roles of Gas6 in HS biosynthesis, production of ATP and GSH, ROS generation and ΔΨm were also investigated. SCD and micrococcal nuclease (MNase) analyses were used to examine the effects of HS on the open chromatin state in sperm and somatic cell nuclei, respectively. <B><I>Results:</I></B><B><I></I></B> Disruption of <I>Gas6</I> expression led to the inhibition of HS biosynthesis through the reduction of several HS biosynthetic enzymes. The rescue experiment, HS treatment <I>in vitro</I>, significantly recovered SCD and PN formation, confirming that HS had the ability to induce sperm head remodeling during fertilization. Interestingly, excessive mitochondrial activation in <I>Gas6</I>-depleted MII oocytes caused ROS generation and glutathione (GSH) degradation via mitochondrial activation, such as elevated ΔΨm and ATP production. Indeed, HS-treated NIH3T3 cell nuclei showed an open chromatin state, as determined by diffuse DAPI staining and increased sensitivity to MNase. <B><I>Conclusion:</I></B> We propose that the addition of HS to sperm and/or oocyte maturation would improve the efficiency of <I>in vitro</I> fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reprogramming.</P>
Kim Kyeoung-Hwa,Lee Sang-Eun,Lee Kyung-Ah 한국발생생물학회 2012 발생과 생식 Vol.16 No.3
Recently, we reported growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) as a new maternal effect gene (MEG), that expressed in the oocytes but functioned principally during embryogenesis. Gas6 RNAi-treated oocytes developed to metaphase II (MII) stage but they have affected M-phase promoting factor (MPF) activity and incurred abnormal pronuclear (PN) formation during fertilization. Gas6 is a ligand of TAM family members (Tyro3, Axl and Mertk) of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of Tyro3, Axl and Mertk transcripts in oocytes and early embryos. Expression of Gas6 and Mertk mRNA was detectable in oocytes and follicular cells, while Tyro3 and Axl mRNA was expressed only in follicular cells. Expression of Mertk mRNA was relatively constant during oocytes maturation and embryogenesis, but the other receptors, Tyro3 and Axl, were not expressed in oocytes and PN stage of embryos at all. Knockdown of Mertk mRNA and protein by using sequence-specific Mertk double strand RNA (dsRNA) did not affect oocytes maturation. In this case, however, contrary to the ligand Gas6 RNA interference (RNAi), MPF activity had not been changed by Mertk RNAi. Therefore, we concluded that the Gas6-Mertk signaling is not directly related to the oocyte maturation. It is still required to study further regarding the function of Mertk as the receptor of Gas6 during preimplantational early embryogenesis.
하경주 ( Kyeoung-ju Ha ),구교민 ( Kyomin Ku ),이영화 ( Lee Young Hwa ) 한국정보처리학회 2009 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.16 No.1
본 연구개발은 ZigBee 리더기와 단말기 사이의 통신 프로토콜을 설정, ZigBee 단말기에서 전송하는 데이터를 호스트에서 수집/가공/처리할 수 있는 정보시스템을 설계하고 구축하는 것을 목표로 한다.
Windows CE 기반의 Navigation 부가기능 개발
하경주 ( Kyeoung-ju Ha ),구교민 ( Kyomin Ku ),이영화 ( Lee Young Hwa ) 한국정보처리학회 2009 한국정보처리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.16 No.1
본 연구개발은 Windows CE 기반의 Navigation에 탑재될 부가 기능의 개발을 목표로 한다. Music Player, Photo viewer, World clock, Calendar, Currency/Unit converter, Calculator로 구분되는 각각의 기능을 개발하고, 이를 네비게이션에 장치에 탑재하여 네비게이션의 활용도와 가치를 높이고자 한다.
관계 데이터베이스 시스템 기반의 XQuery 질의 처리기 설계
장형화(Hyung-Hwa Chang),홍의경(Eui-Kyeoung Hong) 한국정보과학회 2003 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.30 No.2Ⅱ
XML은 고유의 확장성과 문서 관계성의 우수성을 활용하여 새로운 정보 공유 환경의 표준으로 자리잡고 있다. XML 문서의 사용이 많아지면서 대용량의 XML 문서를 효과적으로 저장, 관리 및 검색하기 위한 시스템이 필요하다. 본 연구는 관계 데이터베이스 시스템(RDBMS)을 기반으로 XML 문서를 저장하고 검색할 수 있게 하기 위해서 Numbering 기법에 의한 XML문서 저장 기법을 사용하였다. XQuery 질의를 SQL문장으로 변환시켜서 수행함으로써 XML데이터에 대한 검색을 가능하게 하였다.