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Improving Color Accuracy of a Low-Cost Color Instrument
Eric Kirchner,Pim Koeckhoven,Keshav Sivakumar 한국색채학회 2017 AIC 2017 Jeju Vol.2017 No.10
Accurate measurements of reflectance and color require spectrophotometers with prices exceeding $3000. Recently, new "color instruments" became available with prices below $300, thus opening up new markets. We investigated the Node+ChromaPro (also available as Colour PIN from NCS) and the ColorMUSE, launched in 2015 and 2016 by Variable Inc. Both instruments are colorimeters, combining light from 3 to 4 different LEDs with one light sensor. Obviously, they do not provide full spectral reflectance. We investigated color accuracy compared to a high-end spectrophotometer, the BYK-mac from BYK-Gardner. With different sets of samples we find for the Node an average value of dECMC(1:1) = 1.50, and a maximum of 7.86, when comparing with the 45° geometry of the BYK-mac. Utilizing measurement data on the Spectral Power Distributions of the LEDs we developed three methods to improve color accuracy as compared to the BYK-mac data. We used these methods on different sets of samples with various degrees of gloss, both for training the models underlying the methods and for independent tests of model accuracy. Average color accuracy of the Node+ChromaPro improves from dECMC(1:1) = 1.82 to 1.16 with respect to BYK-mac data. The percentage of samples with dECMC(1:1) < 1.0 increases from 30.9% (uncorrected) to 64%.
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A. Kirchner,I.W.M. Brown,M.E. Bowden,T. Kemmitt,G. Smith 한국물리학회 2008 Current Applied Physics Vol.8 No.3,4
Porous anodic alumina discs supporting palladium lms as elements of hydrogen-purifying membranes have been examined for theirhigh-temperature behaviour. The method employed to fabricate the porous alumina support is the so-called ‘hard anodising’ technique,which oers substantially higher growth rates while producing mechanically robust lms. These alumina membranes were found to pos-sess a thermal stability better than commercial Anopore. membranes. Upon long-term exposure at 800.C they transform intoc-aluminawithout major deformation. Ultra-thin palladium lms deposited across the alumina pores by physical vapour deposition are continuousand stable in reducing atmospheres to at least 700.C but are oxidised and destroyed by heating in air.
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( Michael J. Kirchner ),( Mesut Akdere ) 한국국방연구원 2014 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.26 No.3
The existing literature presents ample studies on leaders and leadership development in the United States Army. The contribution of many great military leaders of theU.S. are widely recognized both by the military community and the society at large. Reviewing the history of leadership development (LD) in the U.S. Army provides an opportunity to analyze American soldiers’ development and transformation as strong leaders. Although U.S. Army training and its value systems, in many ways, have remained fundamentally the same with focus on hierarchy and structure, LD has been repeatedly refined, reframed, and redesigned based on the needs of the time and expectations of the leadership. This paper presents a review of the LD training in the U.S. Army to identify potential opportunities for the military of the Republic of Korea. It focuses on LD throughout critical periods in the history of the U.S. Army and illustrates how LD training has evolved historically. The paper also explores how Human Resource Development (HRD) as a discipline of study and its functions may be instrumental in LD by analyzing the U.S. Army’s approach to LD, leadership training, organizational culture, and career development. Implications of LD for security and defense strategies are also discussed.
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Relation between Multiple Markers of Work-Related Fatigue
Volker, Ina,Kirchner, Christine,Bock, Otmar L. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.2
Background: Work-related fatigue has a strong impact on performance and safety but so far, no agreed upon method exists to detect and quantify it. It has been suggested that work-related fatigue cannot be quantified with just one test alone, possibly because fatigue is not a uniform construct. The purpose of this study is therefore to measure work-related fatigue with multiple tests and then to determine the underlying factorial structure. Methods: Twenty-eight employees (mean: 36.11; standard deviation 13.17) participated in five common fatigue tests, namely, posturography, heart rate variability, distributed attention, simple reaction time, and subjective fatigue before and after work. To evaluate changes from morning to afternoon, t tests were conducted. For further data analysis, the differences between afternoon and morning scores for each outcome measure and participant (${\Delta}$ scores) were submitted to factor analysis with varimax rotation and each factor with the highest-loading outcome measure was selected. The ${\Delta}$ scores from tests with single and multiple outcome measures were submitted for a further factor analysis with varimax rotation. Results: The statistical analysis of the multiple tests determine a factorial structure with three factors: The first factor is best represented by center of pressure (COP) path length, COP confidence area, and simple reaction time. The second factor is associated with root mean square of successive difference and useful field of view (UFOV). The third factor is represented by the single ${\Delta}$ score of subjective fatigue. Conclusion: Work-related fatigue is a multidimensional phenomenon that should be assessed by multiple tests. Based on data structure and practicability, we recommend carrying out further studies to assess work-related fatigue with manual reaction time and UFOV Subtest 2.
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Body Sway as a Possible Indicator of Fatigue in Clerical Workers
Volker, Ina,Kirchner, Christine,Bock, Otmar Leo,Wascher, Edmund Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2015 Safety and health at work Vol.6 No.3
Background: Fatigue has a strong impact on workers' performance and safety, but expedient methods for assessing fatigue on the job are not yet available. Studies discuss posturography as an indicator of fatigue, but further evidence for its use in the workplace is needed. The purpose of the study is to examine whether posturography is a suitable indicator of fatigue in clerical workers. Methods: Thirty-six employees (${\emptyset}$ 34.8 years, standard deviation = 12.5) participated in postural tasks (eyes open, eyes closed, arm swinging, and dual task) in the morning and afternoon. Position of their center of pressure (COP) was registered using a Nintendo Wii Balance Board and commercial software. From registered COP time series, we calculated the following parameters: path length (mm), velocity (mm/s), anterior-posterior variance (mm), mediolateral variance (mm), and confidence area ($mm^2$). These parameters were reduced to two orthogonal factors in a factor analysis with varimax rotation. Results: Statistical analysis of the first factor (path length and velocity) showed a significant effect of time of day: COP moved along a shorter path at a lower velocity in the afternoon compared with that in the morning. There also was a significant effect of task, but no significant interaction. Conclusion: Data suggest that postural stability of clerical workers was comparable in the morning and afternoon, but COP movement was greater in the morning. Within the framework of dynamic systems theory, this could indicate that the postural system explored the state space in more detail, and thus was more ready to respond to unexpected perturbations in the morning.
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Attitude and Spin Period of Space Debris Envisat Measured by Satellite Laser Ranging
Kucharski, Daniel,Kirchner, Georg,Koidl, Franz,Cunbo Fan,Carman, Randall,Moore, Christopher,Dmytrotsa, Andriy,Ploner, Martin,Bianco, Giuseppe,Medvedskij, Mikhailo,Makeyev, Andriy,Appleby, Graham,Suzuk IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing Vol.52 No.12
<P>The Environmental Satellite (Envisat) mission was finished on April 8, 2012, and since that time, the attitude of the satellite has undergone significant changes. During the International Laser Ranging Service campaign, the Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) stations have performed the range measurements to the satellite that allowed determination of the attitude and the spin period of Envisat during seven months of 2013. The spin axis of the satellite is stable within the radial coordinate system (RCS; fixed with the orbit) and is pointing in the direction opposite to the normal vector of the orbital plane in such a way that the spin axis makes an angle of 61.86° with the nadir vector and 90.69° with the along-track vector. The offset between the symmetry axis of the retroreflector panel and the spin axis of the satellite is 2.52 m and causes the meter-scale oscillations of the range measurements between the ground SLR system and the satellite during a pass. Envisat rotates in the counterclockwise (CCW) direction, with an inertial period of 134.74 s (September 25, 2013), and the spin period increases by 36.7 ms/day.</P>
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Kucharski, D.,Kirchner, G.,Otsubo, T.,Lim, H.C.,Bennett, J.,Koidl, F.,Kim, Y.R.,Hwang, J.Y. The Committee by Pergamon Press] ; Elsevier Scienc 2016 ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH Vol.57 No.4
<P>The high repetition rate Satellite Laser Ranging system Graz delivers the millimeter precision range measurements to the corner cube reflector panels of Ajisai. The analysis of 4599 passes measured from October 2003 until November 2014 reveals the secular precession and nutation of Ajisai spin axis due to the gravitational forces as predicted by Kubo (1987) with the periods of 35.6 years and 116.5 days respectively. The observed precession cone is oriented at RA = 88.9 degrees, Dec = -88.85 degrees (32000) and has a radius of 1.08 degrees. The radius of the nutation cone increases from 1.32 degrees to 1.57 degrees over the 11 years of the measurements. We also detect a draconitic wobbling of Ajisai orientation due to the 'motion' of the Sun about the satellite's orbit. The observed spin period of Ajisai increases exponentially over the investigated time span according to the trend function: T= 1.4 92277.exp(0.0148388. Y) [s], where Y is in years since launch (1986.6133), RMS = 0.412 ms. The physical simulation model fitted to the observed spin parameters proves a very low interaction between Ajisai and the Earth's magnetic field, what assures that the satellite's angular momentum vector will remain in the vicinity of the south celestial pole for the coming decades. The developed empirical model of the spin axis orientation can improve the accuracy of the range determination between the ground SLR systems and the satellite's center-of-mass (Kucharski et al., 2015) and enable the accurate attitude prediction of Ajisai for the laser time-transfer experiments (Kunimori et al., 1992). (C) 2015 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>
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