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Spike-compensated Low-Voltage Unity-Gain-Reset Switched-Capacitor Cyclic Digital-to-Analog Converter
Kenji OHNO,HirokiMATSUMOTO,Kenji MURAO 대한전자공학회 2008 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2008 No.7
As the chip integration advances toward the CMOS VLSI integrated systems, on-chip Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) becomes more important building blocks. Key technologies in DAC is fabrication at low-cost and operation on high-performance. Highresolution and Low-Voltage DAC is required in many fields. Their advantage extends to mixed-signal systems where both frequency higher, the device shrinks into deep sub-micrometer. However the shrinking device dimensions also imply proportional scalling of power supply voltage. Advantages of Alogorithmic DAC using Switched-Capacitor (SC) are suitable to the above requirement. SC are small chip area, low consumption of electoric power, and compatibility to MOS IC. To operate under low supply voltage, terminal of NMOS analog switch should connect to ground or virtual ground. However, major performance of conventional algolithmic DAC is limited by offset voltage and spike. In this paper, it shows a Low-Voltage SC cyclic DAC. It is proposed which consists of a switch, capacitor, MOSFET and op-amp. Circuit operation is evaluated on SIMetrix.
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Kenji OHNO,Hiroki MATSUMOTO,Kenji MURAO 대한전자공학회 2009 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2009 No.7
As the chip integration advances toward the CMOS VLSI integrated systems, on-chip Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) becomes more important building blocks. Key technologies in DAC is fabrication at low-cost and operation on high-performance. Highresolution and Low-Voltage DAC is required in many fields. Their advantage extends to mixed-signal systems where both frequency higher, the device shrinks into deep sub-micrometer. However the shrinking device dimensions also imply proportional scalling of power supply voltage. Advantages of alogorithmic DAC using Switched-Capacitor (SC) are suitable to the above requirement. SC operates on small chip area, low consumption of electoric power, and is compatible to MOS IC. To operate under low supply voltage, terminal of NMOS analog switch should connect to ground or virtual ground.[1] However, major performance of conventional algolithmic DAC is limited by offset voltage and spike.[2] In this paper, they shows two Low-Voltage SC cyclic DACs. They are proposed which consists of a switch, capacitor, MOSFET and operational amplifier (op-amp). Circuit operation is evaluated on SIMetrix.
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OPTIMAL TIMING FOR POSTING A DIRECT PRICE UNDER CHANNEL CONFLICT
Kenji Matsui 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7
Multichannel sales strategies are now very popular owing to the prevalence of the Internet, which makes it much easier for manufacturers to engage in direct sales. Because direct channels, including catalogs and the Internet, compete against, substitute for, or complement conventional retail channels, finding the best way to utilize them in conjunction with retail channels continues to be a challenge for many firms. Specifically, multiple channels give rise to channel conflict when the channels compete for almost the same market with substitutable products. To avoid this channel conflict, some manufacturers, such as Daimler, Nikon, and Rubbermaid, have used the Internet as a medium to provide information about their products and/or to point users of the Internet to the nearest retailer carrying the product, but without offering the product for sale directly over the Internet. Dell, which is arguably the most successful Internet marketer in the personal computer market, opened kiosk locations in shopping malls across the US from 2002, and has operated full-scale manufacturer-owned stores since late 2006. However, in 2008, Dell shut down all of its kiosks in the US and instead expanded into retail stores, such as Wal-Mart and Best Buy. Furthermore, IBM redirects orders taken at ibm.com to its distributors in an attempt to mitigate the conflict, and HP gives their intermediaries a commission fee for orders placed online. In the context of multichannel management, the question of to what degree a manufacturer should set a direct price to coordinate all channels has commanded significant attention from both academic and practical viewpoints. However, marketing research addressing when a manufacturer should determine the direct price is missing from the existing literature, although it is a critical practical issue for manufacturers that adopt a multichannel sales strategy. Given the current status of the literature, this paper investigates the optimal timing of pricing by a manufacturer managing two types of marketing channel, a retail channel and a direct channel, using a dynamic noncooperative game framework. Traditionally, analytical marketing models describing channel conflict between these two channels examine price competition where the retail and direct prices are established simultaneously. In contrast to this conventional approach, our model demonstrates that such a simultaneous price competition never arises if the manufacturer and retailer can choose not only the level of price, but also the timing of pricing. If the manufacturer has sold products wholesale to a retailer presuming that the manufacturer will set the direct price before the retailer prices, the retailer accelerates the timing of retail pricing prior to the direct price setting by the manufacturer. Our findings suggest that the manufacturer should post the direct price before or upon, but not after, selling products wholesale to a retailer. Such upfront posting of the direct price not only constitutes the unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE) of the noncooperative game between channel members, but also maximizes profits for the manufacturer. The logic behind this outcome is as follows. If the manufacturer determines the Despite the significant amount of marketing research on multichannel management, an overview of the literature suggests that research incorporating the choice of optimal pricing timing into channel operation issues is completely lacking, despite the fact that the timing for posting the direct price is a crucial problem for manufacturers. That is, the existing marketing literature treats the order of moves of channel members as exogenously given, which is rather surprising because each member is expected to maximize its own profits in the context of a standard price-setting game. From a multichannel management perspective, this paper addresses the issue of the endogenous order of moves by adopting the established observable delay game framework (e.g., Hamilton and Slutsky 1990). Therefore, it is worth noting that the present paper is the first to introduce the idea of endogenous choice of decision timing in the field of marketing research. Our findings imply that the addition of a direct channel and the posting of a direct price after the sale of a substantial number of products through a traditional retail channel-a common multichannel strategy in practice-is inferior from the viewpoint of overall profit maximization. If a manufacturer employs such a strategy, it fails to coordinate the marketing channels and to maximize the channel profits. Indeed, as noted at the beginning of this section, many dominant manufacturers in various industries have withdrawn their direct channels. Our model effectively explains such real cases, providing useful managerial insights for business practitioners.
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Recent Trends and Issues of Device Integration Standardization
Kenji Suzuki,Satoshi Iwatsu,Tetsuo Ideguchi 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
Although there are many fieldbus technologies, the device integration of different fieldbuses has beena problem. In the device integration standardization, the generic application service interfaces are going to be standardizedfor integrating multi-device technologies. This paper gives an overview of the generic application service interfacefor the multi-device technologies integration. We show the device capability profiling method for the generic applicationservice interface. New standard of the generic application service interface for the power drive system is explained.Then, we show the recent trends and issues of the device integration standardization.
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Characteristics of Sagittal Spino-Pelvic Alignment in Japanese Young Adults
Kenji Endo,Hidekazu Suzuki,Hirosuke Nishimura,Hidetoshi Tanaka,Takaaki Shishido,Kengo Yamamoto 대한척추외과학회 2014 Asian Spine Journal Vol.8 No.5
Study Design: Radiological analysis of normal patterns of sagittal alignment of the spine. Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of normal sagittal spino-pelvic alignment in Asian people. Overview of Literature: It is known that there are differences in these parameters based on age, gender, and race. In order to properly plan for surgical correction of the spine for Asian patients, it is necessary to understand the normal spino-pelvic alignment parameters for this population. Methods: This study analyzed 86 Japanese healthy young adult volunteers (48 men and 38 women; age 35.9±11.1 (mean±standard deviation [SD]). The following parameters were measured on lateral standing radiographs of the entire spine: sagittal vertical axis (SVA), horizontal distance between the C7 plumb line and the posterior superior corner of the superior margin of S1, thoracic kyphotic angle (TK), lumbar lordotic angle (LLA), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI). Results: The values (mean±SD) of SVA, TK, LLA, SS, PT, and PI were 8.45±25.7 mm, 27.5±9.6°, 43.4±14.6°, 34.6±7.8°, 13.2±8.2°, and 46.7±8.9°, respectively. The Japanese young adults evaluated in this study tended to have a smaller PI, LLA, TK, and SVA than most Caucasian people. Regarding gender differences, SVA was significantly longer and TK was significantly smaller in men; however, there was no statistically significant difference in LLA, SS, PA, and PI. Conclusions: Japanese young adults apparently have smaller PI and LLA values than Caucasian people. When making decisions for optimal sagittal spinal alignment, racial differences should be considered.
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A Study on Ship Assignment Strategies of Shipping Companies Accounting for Shipper Time Value
Kenji Tanaka,Heng Wang,Takaaki Kawanaka,Jing Zhang 대한산업공학회 2020 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.19 No.2
The three major shipping companies consolidated their liner business. However, the global share of the newly consol-idated company was a low 6.5%, making it only the 6th largest in the world. Thus, the Japanese shipping industry still remain in a disadvantageous position in terms of competing with more efficient large-scale shipping companies. Hence, Japanese shipping companies require a strategy not based upon price competition in order to survive. In this study, we propose a method for formulating vessel assignment plans accounting for inter-company competition. The flow of research is as follows: 1) Estimates time value accounting for shipper demand fluctuation risk, 2) Evaluates vessel assignment plans in terms of shipping company container transport volume and profit, 3) As an example, fo-cuses on a regional dominance strategy for Japanese shipping company vessel assignment, conducts a case study through simulation, and then evaluates it. From the simulation results, a regional dominance strategy based on the vessel assignment plan formulation method proposed in this study is thought to be superior in the long term as a strat-egy for The Alliance in Southeast Asia.
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( Kenji Furukawa ),( Pham Khac Lieu ),( Hiroyuki Tokitoh ),( Ritsuko Hatozaki ),( Takao Fujii ) 한국물환경학회 ( 구 한국수질보전학회 ) 2005 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2005 No.-
Cultivation of extremely slow growing anammox bacteria was succeeded using up-flow column reactor packed with novel polyester non-woven as biomass carrier. Characterization of an anammox community on a polyester nonwoven attachment medium revealed an organism with a 16S rDNA sequence similarity of 92.2% to the archetypal Candidatus B. anammoxidans. The newly discovered strain (KSU-1, AB057453) was dominant (72.8%) among detectable members of a biofilm community. By fluorescence imaging, KSU-1 was shown to form spherical granular clusters wrapped in a thin layer of Zoogloea sp. This type of anammox reactor was successfully scale-up to the working volume to 50 L. Maximum total volumetric nitrogen removal rate of 1.68kg-N/㎥/d was achieved for the 4 months continuous operation. For the application of anammox reaction to the nitrogen removal process, half of influent NH4-N must be converted to NO2-N as a preceding step for anammox reaction. Operational conditions for this partial nitritation treatments using newly designed attach-immobilized reactor with the volumetric loading rate of 0.48 kg-N/㎥/d. were determined to be pH 7.5 to 7.7 at 35℃ experimentally. Anammox bacteria grew inside of the attach-immobilized sludge during the long term treatment of partial nitritation and influent NH4-N was successfully removed to dinitrogen gas only in one reactor. This newly discovered one stage NH4-N removal process was named as Single-Stage Nitrogen Removal Using Anammox and Partial Nitritation (SNAP) process. This SNAP reactor was operated under operational conditions of pH 7.5-7.7, 35℃ and DO 2-3㎎/ℓ, and 60 to 80% of influent NH4-N were removed under NH4-N loading rate of 0.4kgN/㎥/d. Through the DNA analysis of the sludge attached on net type acryl fiber biomass carrier, it was made clear that ammonium oxidizers and anammox bacteria coexisted in the same attach-immobilized sludge on biomass carriers. Favorable cultural condition for the growth of anammox bacteria was created inside attach-immobilized nitrifying sludge. Two kinds of anammox bacteria and two kinds of ammonium oxidizers were detected in the SNAP sludge. Exiting ratios of anammox and ammonium oxidizing bacteria were estimated to be 15% and 8.7%, respectively, based on the obtained clone numbers in the PCR analysis for SNAP sludge. This coexisting condition was confirmed by the confocal scanning electron microscope on the FISH image of SNAP sludge.
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