Challenges of Social Enterprises in Developing Country: Evidence from Nepal

Jeetendra Dangol(Jeetendra Dangol ),Kee-Seon Yoo(Kee-Seon Yoo),Sunil Chitrakar(Sunil Chitrakar ) KINFORMS 2022 Management Review Vol.17 No.2

This paper explores the challenges of social enterprises (SEs) in Nepal. The study is qualitative in nature and uses case studies, open-ended questionnaires and interviews of social entrepreneurs and experts. The Nepalese social enterprises are driven by social motives and social value creation rather than profit. They focus on bringing positive social impact. Absence of legal and other policies create confusions, thus poses challenges in sustaining social enterprises. Specific social enterprises promotion acts, financing policies, and business support services are some of the shortcomings for the sustainability and growth of social enterprises in Nepal. Comprehensive government policies and related regulations would be instrumental in promoting social enterprises in Nepal.

Fair Trade Practices, Social Innovation and Social Impact: A Case of Mahaguthi Craft with A Conscience

Jeetendra Dangol(Jeetendra Dangol ),Kee-Seon Yoo(Kee-Seon Yoo) 적정기술학회 2023 적정기술학회지(Journal of Appropriate Technology) Vol.9 No.3

This study presents the case of Mahaguthi Craft with a Conscience founded in 1984, a non-profit-distributing social enterprise that helps the marginalized small producers and generate employment. The main aim of this study is to evaluate fair trade practices, social innovation and social impact. This study is based on the primary data. This study analyzes data in the three different stages. First, evaluate the practices of fair trade by reviewing the existing documents, such as, self-declaration report of Mahaguthi and external social audit by World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO). That had been validated by an interview with the chief executive officer (CEO) of Mahaguthi Craft. Interview includes to evaluate social innovations and social impact Secondly, a structured survey questionnaire has been used to examine the social impact to beneficiaries, mainly, Mahaguthi employees. Results revels that Mahaguthi has been following ten principles of Fair Trade practices very effectively. Product innovation, supply chain management innovation, technology innovation, new business model and business ecosystem innovations are key points to Mahaguthi for positive change of social welfare of marginal group of peoples. Additionally, this study finds the major five components for measuring their impact to Mahaguthi staffs, such as, economic, self-confidence, organizational goal, social and leadership impact. Fair trade practices are the first stage of social innovation and positive impact to society. This case study may be the best example to practitioners and academia for operating social enterprise for social change through generation of employment.

Development and evaluation of glyceryl behenate based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using hot self-nanoemulsification (SNE) technique

Jeetendra Singh Negi,Pronobesh Chattopadhyay,Ashok Kumar Sharma,Veerma Ram 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.3

The purpose of this research was to improveoral bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drug lopinavirusing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Glyceryl behenatebased SLNs of lopinavir were prepared using hot selfnanoemulsification(SNE) technique. The hot isotropicmixture of glyceryl behenate, Poloxamer 407 and polyethyleneglycol 4000 was spontaneously self-nanoemulsify inhot water (80 C) and SLNs were subsequently formed withrapid cooling. Hot SNE ability of isotropic mixture wasvisually assessed by ternary phase diagram study. OptimizedSLNs were having particle size of 214.5 ± 4.07 nm,entrapment efficiency of 81.6 ± 2.3 % and zeta potential of-12.7 ± 0.87 mV. SLNs were evaluated by transmissionelectron microscopy and atomic force microscopy formorphological details. Further, differential scanning calorimetryand x-ray diffraction were also performed for solidstate characterization of SLNs. Higher oral bioavailability(3.56-fold) was found for lopinavir loaded SLNs in comparisonto bulk lopinavir due to higher lymphatic drugtransport (p\0.05). Results indicate that SLNs of glycerylbehenate can be successfully prepared by hot SNE technique.

Forest Fire Risk Zonation in Madi Khola Watershed, Nepal

Jeetendra Gautam Institute of Forest Science 2024 Journal of Forest Science Vol.40 No.1

Fire, being primarily a natural phenomenon, is impossible to control, although it is feasible to map the forest fire risk zone, minimizing the frequency of fires. The spread of a fire starting in any stand in a forest can be predicted, given the burning conditions. The natural cover of the land and the safety of the population may be threatened by the spread of forest fires; thus, the prevention of fire damage requires early discovery. Satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) can be used effectively to combine different forest-fire-causing factors for mapping the forest fire risk zone. This study mainly focuses on mapping forest fire risk in the Madikhola watershed. The primary causes of forest fires appear to be human negligence, uncontrolled fire in nearby forests and agricultural regions, and fire for pastoral purposes which were used to evaluate and assign risk values to the mapping process. The majority of fires, according to MODIS events, occurred from December to April, with March recording the highest occurrences. The Risk Zonation Map, which was prepared using LULC, Forest Type, Slope, Aspect, Elevation, Road Proximity, and Proximity to Water Bodies, showed that a High Fire Risk Zone comprised 29% of the Total Watershed Area, followed by a Moderate Risk Zone, covering 37% of the total area. The derived map products are helpful to local forest managers to minimize fire risks within the forests and take proper responses when fires break out. This study further recommends including the fuel factor and other fire-contributing factors to derive a higher resolution of the fire risk map.

Implementation of Memristor Towards Better Hardware/Software Security Design

Jeetendra Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.1

The latest electronic devices are seeking much smaller CMOS devices but limitless scaling down of CMOS transistor leads to degradation in its performance. The classical security systems designed with CMOS devices are prone to physical and side-channel attacks. The missing element “Memristor” whose concept was proposed by Leon Chua is becoming the best choice for emerging hardware security design. Few characteristics of memristor which observed at the beginning seem to be problematic have turned into a blessing for security design and these characteristics are bi-directionality, process variation, non-volatility, and radiation hardness. Due to ultralow power consumption and high computational speed, memristors are drawing the attention of researchers as it also is useful in digital memory design, neuromorphic systems, logic circuits, and hardware security systems. In this manuscript, various memristor applications in hardware and software security systems will be focused on. It comprises a memristor-based physically unclonable function (PUF), which became novel security primitive. Memristor applications are also explained in a true random number generator by which the security of the digital transaction can be improved. The tamper detection circuits developed with memristors are capable to detect the tampering of the secret information in smart cards and therefore memristor-based tamper sensitive circuits are also briefed here to protect the secret data. Finally, the utilization of the memristor in the forensics, crypto architecture, and neuromorphic security systems are explained which will enhance the memristor applicability in the designing of advanced information protection digital circuits and systems.

Development and evaluation of glyceryl behenate based solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) using hot self-nanoemulsification (SNE) technique

Negi, Jeetendra Singh,Chattopadhyay, Pronobesh,Sharma, Ashok Kumar,Ram, Veerma 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.3

The purpose of this research was to improve oral bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drug lopinavir using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Glyceryl behenate based SLNs of lopinavir were prepared using hot self-nanoemulsification (SNE) technique. The hot isotropic mixture of glyceryl behenate, Poloxamer 407 and polyethylene glycol 4000 was spontaneously self-nanoemulsify in hot water ($80^{\circ}C$) and SLNs were subsequently formed with rapid cooling. Hot SNE ability of isotropic mixture was visually assessed by ternary phase diagram study. Optimized SLNs were having particle size of $214.5{\pm}4.07nm$, entrapment efficiency of $81.6{\pm}2.3%$ and zeta potential of $-12.7{\pm}0.87mV$. SLNs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy for morphological details. Further, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction were also performed for solid state characterization of SLNs. Higher oral bioavailability (3.56-fold) was found for lopinavir loaded SLNs in comparison to bulk lopinavir due to higher lymphatic drug transport (p<0.05). Results indicate that SLNs of glyceryl behenate can be successfully prepared by hot SNE technique.

Livelihoods Strategies of Squatter Settlements and Crisis Management in Kathmandu Valley

Gajendra Sharma,Jeetendra Khadka 위기관리 이론과 실천 2018 Journal of Safety and Crisis Management Vol.8 No.2

Migration from rural areas of Nepal has resulted in the formation of squatter settlements in the urban Kathmandu Valley. High unemployment and day-to-day struggles is the major crisis to survive that has compelled people living in rural areas to leave their places of birth in search of a better life in the city. This paper explores different livelihood strategies adopted by the poor residing as squatters in Manohara squatter and crisis management issues using Department for International Development’s (DFID) livelihood framework. The paper further provides a better picture of the state of affairs which has been used by the urban poor to support their urban livelihoods along with various coping strategies to deal with different kinds of risks and vulnerabilities in absence and presence of different kinds of capital asset. The findings of the study show that squatters are employed in formal (15%) informal (30%) as well as self-employed (45%) where 34% of the residents who are solely dependent upon wage labour are living under extreme poverty. Greater (56%) building material contains brick and block with roof Tin. Social assest is the determinant of all other remaining assets (financial, human, physical as well as natural). Poor people suffer from risk of social exclusion unemployment, uncertainty of income and indebtedness, food insecurity, deteriorating health and tenure insecurity also characterize poorest life in Manohara squatter.

Design and Investigation of Junctionless DGTFET for Biological Molecule Recognition

Girish Wadhwa,Priyanka Kamboj,Jeetendra Singh,Balwinder Raj 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.3

This work utilizes the dielectric modulated detection technique within a junctionless tunnel fi eld-effect transistor (JLTFET) to detect various charged and neutral biomolecules. The electrostatic properties of the proposed dielectric modulated junctionless double gate JLTFET (DM-JL DGTFET) are observed and analyzed to determine the biomolecules like uricase(k = 1.54), Glucose oxidase (k = 3.46), APTES (k = 3.57), keratin (k = 8) and gelatin (k = 14) lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and protein, etc. The SiO 2 (gate oxide) is etched and a cavity is shaped under the gate electrode in which the analytes are injected and thus the eff ective dielectric of the gate oxide is modulated. The injected charge or neutral analytes of the various biomolecules in the immobilized states are responsible to change the electrostatic characteristics of the DM-JL DGTFET device by varying the gate capacitance. The drain current, I ON /I OFF , subthreshold slope, and sensitivity of the DM-JL DGTFET are estimated to recognize the biomolecules. The DM-DGJLTFET shows noticeable sensitivity outcomes 15.2 × 10 11 for the charged biomolecules, especially the positively charged analytes.

CLASS OF MAPPINGS BETWEEN R_z-SUPERCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS AND R_δ-SUPERCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

( A. R. Prasannan ),( Jeetendra Aggarwal ),( A. K. Das ),( Jayanta Biswas ) 호남수학회 2017 호남수학학술지 Vol.39 No.4

A new class of functions called R_θ-supercontinuous functions is introduced. Their basic properties are studied and their place in the hierarchy of strong variants of continuity, which already exist in the literature, is elaborated. The class of R_θ-supercontinuous functions properly contains the class of R_z-supercontinuous functions [39] which in turn properly contains the class of R_cl-supercontinuous functions [43] and so includes all cl-supercontinuous (clopen continuous) functions ([38], [34]) and is properly contained in the class of R_δ-supercontinuous functions [24].

A class of mappings between $R_{z}$-Supercontinuous functions and $R_{\delta}$-Supercontinuous functions

A.R. Prasannan,Jeetendra Aggarwal,A.K. Das,Jayanta Biswas 호남수학회 2017 호남수학학술지 Vol.39 No.4

A new class of functions called $R_{\theta}$-supercontinuous functions is introduced. Their basic properties are studied and their place in the hierarchy of strong variants of continuity, which already exist in the literature, is elaborated. The class of $R_{\theta}$-supercontinuous functions properly contains the class of $R_{z}$-supercontinuous functions \cite{refjdb1} which in turn properly contains the class of $R_{\emph{cl}}$-supercontinuous functions \cite{reftks1} and so includes all \emph{cl}-supercontinuous (clopen continuous) functions (\cite{refds2}, \cite{refrv1}) and is properly contained in the class of $R_{\delta}$-supercontinuous functions \cite{refjdj3}.