Die „Zeitschrift für Geopolitik“ zwischen 1951 und 1968 : Korea-, Vietnam- und Kalter Krieg aus deutscher und eurasischer Sicht

Jörg Michael Dostal 한독사회과학회 2017 한독사회과학논총 Vol.27 No.4

본 논문은 지정학논총(Zeitschrift für Geopolitik)의 세 번째 출판시기를 연구한 것이다. 1951년부터 서독에서 출간된 이 시기의 잡지 편집자는 1951년부터 1955년까지 칼 하인츠 페퍼(Karl Heinz Pfeffer)였고, 1956년부터 1968년까지는 롤프 힌더(Rolf Hinder)였다. 물론 이 잡지는 이미 바이마르공화국과 나치독일에서 출간된 바 있다. 본 논문의 서론에서는 편집자이자 사회학 박사인 페퍼박사와 힌더박사에 대해 짧게 소개한다. 제2장에서는 고전적인 지정학자인 알프레드 T. 마한(Alfred T. Mahan), 핼포드 J. 맥킨더(Halford J. Mackinder), 지정학논총의 창간시기인 1924년에서 1944년까지의 편집자 인 칼 하우스호퍼(Karl Haushofer)와 니콜라스 J. 스파이크맨(Nicholas J. Spykman) 의 4명의 사상가에 대해 설명한다. 여기서 이들의 냉전에 대한 때로는 모순적인 생각들이 어떻게 이용 되었는지 보여줄 것이다. 제3장과 제4장에서는 서독의 “내셔널 중립주의”의 발전시도를 다루고, 이어서 부분적으로 냉전 중의 한국전쟁과 베트남전쟁의 경험에 반응하여 형성된 권력비판적이고 평화적인 입장에 대한 지정학논총의 관심을 다룬다. 결론 부분에서는 한편으로 유라시아 대륙의 블록 아이디어의 의미와 다른 한편에서는 미국, 러시아와 중국 사이의 현재진행중인 갈등 속에서 글로벌한 헤게모니 요구 (고전적인 지정학의 사고형태)의 지속적인 중요성을 강조하고자 한다. This article examines the third publishing period of the ‘Journal of Geopolitics’ (Zeitschrift für Geopolitik) following its re-founding in the Federal Republic of Germany under the editorship of sociologists Karl Heinz Pfeffer (1951 to 1956) and Rolf Hinder (1956 to 1968). The monthly journal had already been published in two earlier periods, namely in Weimar Republic Germany and under the Nazi regime (1924-1944). The first section provides some biographical background on the two editors Pfeffer and Hinder. The second part discusses four classical geopolitical thinkers, namely Alfred T. Mahan, Halford J. Mackinder, Karl Haushofer (the founding editor of the Journal of Geopolitics in charge of the publication between 1924 and 1944), and Nicholas J. Spykman. This section further examines how their often rather contradictory geopolitical ideas were applied during the Cold War period. The third and fourth parts deal with efforts to develop a West German ‘national neutralism’ during the Cold War, examining shifts in the journal’s political line away from power politics and in favor of pacifism, which was at least partially motivated by the experience of the wars in Korea and Vietnam. The conclusion highlights the ongoing relevance of ideas of a Eurasian continental bloc, on the one hand, and of demands for global hegemony on the other – major themes of classical geopolitical thinking – in contemporary conflicts between the USA, Russia, and China.

Die „Zeitschrift für Geopolitik“ zwischen 1933 und 1944: Vom eurasischen Kontinentalblock zum Zweiten Weltkrieg

Jörg Michael Dostal 한독사회과학회 2019 한독사회과학논총 Vol.29 No.4

본 논문은 나치 독일 당시(1933-1944) 발행된 “Journal of Geopolitics”(Zeitschrift für Geopolitik)에 실린 “유라시아(Eurasia)” 관련 내용을 분석하고 있다. 분석의 초점은 히틀러의 참모이자 학자이기도 했던 카를 하우쇼퍼(Karl Haushofer)와 그의 동료들이 나치 독일과 소련의 협력 및 동아시아에서의 일본의 역할에 대해 논한 내용에 맞춰져 있다. Journal of Geopolitics는 전반적으로 1930년대 세계 세력 관계에 대해 현실주의적 시각을 나타내면서 나치 독일과 미국, 소련 간 전쟁에 대해 독자들에게 명확한 경고를 한다. 본 논문은 이와 더불어 할포드 맥킨더(Halford J. Mackinder), 니콜라스 스파이크만(Nicholas J. Spykman)과 같은 영미 학자들과 하우쇼퍼의 지정학적 견해의 유사성도 검토한다. 결론에서는 세계 정치에서 유라시아의 역할, 특히 유라시아 해안지역(림랜드, Rimland)에 대한 역사적 논쟁은 21세기 지정학적 사상 발전에 유용한 통찰을 제공할 수 있음을 시사한다. This article analyzes the content of the “Journal of Geopolitics” (Zeitschrift für Geopolitik) regarding the theme of “Eurasia” as published during the Nazi period and until the closure of the journal (1933-1944). Particular attention is paid to ideas originating with Karl Haushofer and his fellow authors on cooperation between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and on the role of Japan in East Asia. Overall, the journal put forward a realistic view of the global relationship of forces during the 1930s and clearly warned readers against war between Nazi Germany and the USA and/or the Soviet Union. In addition, similarities between the geopolitical ideas of Haushofer and Anglo-American authors, such as Halford J. Mackinder and Nicholas J. Spykman, are examined. The conclusion suggests that historical debates concerning Eurasia’s role in world politics and particularly with regard to Eurasia’s coastal areas (rimland) might still offer useful insights for the development of critical geopolitical thought in the 21st century.

Die neue Lust der Leser an der Lyrik

Jörg-Ulrich Fechner 계명대학교 인문과학연구소 1977 東西文化 Vol.10 No.-

Engineering of Anti-CD133 Trispecific Molecule Capable of Inducing NK Expansion and Driving Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

Jörg U. Schmohl,Martin Felices,Felix Oh,Alexander J. Lenvik,Aaron M. Lebeau,Jayanth Panyam,Jeffrey S. Miller,Daniel A. Vallera 대한암학회 2017 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.49 No.4

Purpose The selective elimination of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumor patients is a crucial goal because CSCs cause drug refractory relapse. To improve the current conventional bispecific immune-engager platform, a 16133 bispecific natural killer (NK) cell engager (BiKE), consisting of scFvs binding FcRIII (CD16) on NK cells and CD133 on carcinoma cells, was first synthesized and a modified interleukin (IL)-15 crosslinker capable of stimulating NK effector cells was introduced. Materials and Methods DNA shuffling and ligation techniques were used to assemble and synthesize the 1615133 trispecific NK cell engager (TriKE). The construct was tested for its specificity using flow cytometry, cytotoxic determinations using chromium release assays, and lytic degranulation. IL-15–mediated expansion was measured using flow-based proliferation assays. The level of interferon (IFN)- release was measured because of its importance in the anti-cancer response. Results 1615133 TriKE induced NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity and NK expansion far greater than that achieved with BiKE devoid of IL-15. The drug binding and induction of cytotoxic degranulation was CD133+ specific and the anti-cancer activity was improved by integrating the IL-15 cross linker. The NK cell–related cytokine release measured by IFN- detection was higher than that of BiKE. NK cytokine release studies showed that although the IFN- levels were elevated, they did not approach the levels achieved with IL-12/IL-18, indicating that release was not at the supraphysiologic level. Conclusion 1615133 TriKE enhances the NK cell anti-cancer activity and provides a self-sustaining mechanism via IL-15 signaling. By improving the NK cell performance, the new TriKE represents a highly active drug against drug refractory relapse mediated by CSCs.

Some Rather Prefatory Musings on the Role of Dhāraṇī in East Asian Hua-yen/Hwaŏm Circles and Beyond

Jörg Plassen 동국대학교 불교학술원 2013 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.21 No.-

The use of dhāraṇī in T'ang dynasty Ch'an Buddhism is usually interpreted as due to the influence of a newly arising “Esoteric Buddhism.” However, there is growing awareness that various uses of dhāraṇī had been widespread before, and several scholars have shown that dhāraṇī play an important role both in the Pŏpkyedo ki and the Haein sammae non. Thus, in the former text the very notion of mutual interpenetration and virtual identity, a core concept of Hwaŏm/Hua-yen thought, is associated with the “Dhāraṇī Dharma of the One vehicle.” A synopsis of pertinent passages from these texts and the Hwaŏmgyŏng mundap shows that certain “one is all, all is one” formulae referred to by this and similar weighty expressions indeed may be considered the very core of 7th century Silla Hwaŏm thought and practice. Interestingly enough, these formulae later reoccur in Chan texts, and the use of the term dhāraṇī in Hwaŏm anticipates the particular use of dhāraṇī which Kūkai defines as mantra and claims to be unique to the “esoteric” tradition.

A mesoscale model for concrete to simulate mechanical failure

Jörg F. Unger,Stefan Eckardt,Carsten Könke 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2011 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.8 No.4

In this paper, a mesoscale model of concrete is presented, which considers particles, matrix material and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) as separate constituents. Particles are represented as ellipsoides, generated according to a prescribed grading curve and placed randomly into the specimen. In this context, an efficient separation procedure is used. The nonlinear behavior is simulated with a cohesive interface model for the ITZ and a combined damage/plasticity model for the matrix material. The mesoscale model is used to simulate a compression and a tensile test. Furthermore, the influence of the particle distribution on the loaddisplacement curve is investigated.

Auf der Suche nach dem Dreh- und Angelpunkt der Geschichte : Die Eurasien-Debatte der Zeitschrift für Geopolitik (1924-1932)

Jörg Michael Dostal 한독사회과학회 2016 한독사회과학논총 Vol.26 No.4

이 글은 바이마르공화국 시대에 독일에서 전개된 지정학적 사고의 역사를 연구한다. 논의의 순서에 대해 말하자면, 우선 몇 가지 지정학적 기본개념을 소개한다. 이어서 유라시아에 놓여 있는 역사의 지리적 중심점에 대한 마킨더의 영향력 있는 논문(1904)을 분석한다. 그 다음 바이마르 시대에 가장 중요한 독일어권 지정학 관련 정기간행물인 “지정학논총”의 주요 발행인이었던 하우스호퍼와 옵스트의 지정학적 아이디어에 관해 논의한다. 하우스호퍼는 1913년 이래 ‘동․유라시아 미래블록’이라는 개념을 주장하였다. 이 개념은 러시아․일본과의 동맹을 함축하고 있었으며, 아마도 중국과의 지정학적 동맹도 역시 포함하고 있었다. 그러한 동맹을 통하여 그는 앵글로색슨 해상강국을 유라시아에서 격리시키고자 하였다. 이와는 대조적으로 옵스트는 러시아에 대하여 부정적인 견해를 갖고 있었으며 동쪽에 대한 독일의 지향에 별 다른 전망이 없다고 보았다. 그 다음 부분에서는 1924-1932년 동안 지정학논총에 게재되었던 여러 기고문을 보기로 하여 독일의 유라시아 토론에서 나타난 이와 같은 대립적인 입장에 대해 더 자세하게 논의한다. 거기서 제시된 아이디어, 특히 토의 참여자들이 러시아에 대해 갖고 있던 대립적인 심상은 오늘날에도 역시 유의미하고 중요한 것으로 보인다. 왜냐하면 21세기에도 해상강국 사이에서 이해관계의 대립이 계속 존속하고 있기 때문이다. This study examines the history of geopolitical thinking in Germany during the Weimar Republic period (1919-1933). The first section introduces some basic geopolitical concepts. The second part analyzes Halford Mackinder’s influential article ‘The geographical pivot of history’ (1904) in the context of his vision of Eurasian history. The third section scrutinizes geopolitical concepts of two main editors of Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, namely Karl Haushofer and Erich Obst, who both edited this most significant German-language geopolitical journal during the Weimar era. Since 1913, Haushofer advocated for his strategic concept of an ‘East-Eurasian bloc of the future’, based on a suggested geopolitical alliance of Germany, Russia, Japan, and potentially including China. This alliance was intended to block access of the Anglo-Saxon maritime powers to the Eurasian landmass. In contrast to Haushofer, Obst advanced a negative interpretation of Russian history. He did not believe that a German geopolitical alliance with the eastern powers was promising. These conflicting views in Weimar German debates on Eurasia are further examined in the fourth part based on a case study of relevant articles published in Zeitschrift für Geopolitik between 1924 and 1932. The ideas voiced during these debates – especially major differences in the interpretation of Russian history and statehood–still have contemporary significance, not least in terms of ongoing conflicts of interest between land powers and sea powers in the 21st century.

Germany’s Post-Reunification Effort to Achieve National Reconciliation: Muddling Through,Routinization, and Policy Failure

Jörg Michael Dostal 통일연구원 2019 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.28 No.2

This article reexamines the track record of German unification after three decades. The focus is placed on economic issues, while cultural, social, and geopolitical dimensions are dealt with more briefly. Following the introduction, Section II briefly examines the history of Germany’s national division and the East German political events in late 1989 and early 1990 that produced the unification of the two Germanies on 3 October 1990. Sections III to V subsequently discuss the major political and economic events during the Kohl, Schröder, and Merkel Chancellorships, respectively. Section III focuses on the high political and social costs of the initial economic disruption in the East due to the near single-minded focus on the rapid privatization of the former GDR enterprises. In Section IV, the negative feedback of the economic shock is discussed, namely high unemployment, the fiscal crisis of the welfare state, and the demographic collapse in the East. Section V sketches how the Great Recession of 2007-2008, the subsequent Euro currency, and the southern EU states’ debt crises collectively crowded out the topic of intra-German reconciliation. The emerging overall picture advanced in Section VI is that a combination of muddling through, routinization (here also termed as “reconciliation by accident”), and policy failure most adequately describes the outcome of Germany ’s unification experience. Finally, Section VII puts forward some policy suggestions for Korean audiences deriving from the German case. It is argued that the geopolitical situation of the two Koreas is fundamentally different. Thus, South Korea ’s main focus must be placed on patient inter-Korean engagement, focusing on conflict prevention while also engaging with all relevant external stakeholders.

From terms to schemata

Jö,rg Plassen 한국불교연구원 2012 불교연구 Vol.36 No.-

不然 李箕永 연구의 철학적, 문헌학적 경향은 교리 분류와 개념의 연구가 강조되어 있으므로 유럽 선생님들인 Étienne Lamotte와 Paul Demiéville의 상당한 영향을 보인다. 현대 종교학에서 이기영 교수의 불교에 대한 이성적인 접근은 20세기 서양 종교의 영향으로 다소 구식이라고 여겨진다. 다만 지금의 문화적인 전환이 얼마나 오래 지속될지 모르므로 한국불교학은 여러 다른 시도를 하며 철학적, 문헌학적 유산의 장점을 잘 지키고 보전하는 것이 바람직하다. 이에 대한 하나의 접근 방법은 불교 사상역사에서 텍스트 이미지의 역할에 대한 의식을 깨우는 것이다. 본고는 Kant가 처음 도입하고 후에는 철학, 심리학, 인지과학에서 발달된 스키마의 개념이 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지 힌트를 주는 것이 목적이다. 이 시도에서 두 가지 경우가 간단히 논의되겠다. 하나는 Michael Kimmel의 전 작품을 통하여 ‘이미지 스키마타를 이용함으로써 화엄 수행과 철학에서의 이미지 사용을 좀 더 정확히 이해하는 것이다. 더 중요하는 것은 Gilles Fauconnier과 Mark Turner의‘개념의 결합’을 사용하여 은유 스키마타가 Peter N. Gregory에 의해 제기된 질문을 (왜 기신론이 동아시아 화염에서 중요하게 되었는가?) 해결할 열쇠를 제공할 수 있다고 주장 한다. 두 텍스트는 개념 병렬이 아니라 오히려 (원효의 논소 안에서) 두 은유 스키마타의 병렬로 연관된다. The philosophical and philological bent of Puryŏn Rhi Ki-young’s 不然 李箕永 research, emphasizing very much on the study of doctrinal differentiations and philosophic terms, clearly shows the influence of his European teachers Étienne Lamotte and Paul Demiéville. Within contemporary Religious Studies, Prof. Rhi’s to some extent also theologically informed approach usually is considered somewhat outdated. And yet, we do not know how long the current wave of cultural studies will last, and Korean Buddhology might be well advised to continue to preserve and build upon its precious philosophical and philological heritage. As this essay argues, to this avail one might draw upon a in the given context hitherto somewhat neglected method complementary to the study of philosophic terms and concepts, the analysis of the impact of textual images on the history of religious thought. In particular, this essay is intended to give a perspective on how the concept of schemata, first invented by Kant and then taken up in Philosophy, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, might be employed to this avail. After a short introduction to the use of imagery in Hwaŏm Buddhism, we draw upon Michael Kimmel’s application of the notion of “image schemas” to the “golden lion”. Kimmels’s analysis does not only give an accurate model of how this dynamic textual image actually functions, but also provides a methodological yardstick enabling us to distinguish between more “soteriologically” and rather “philosophically” oriented usages of imagery, and thus as some potential also for the philological task of (re)grouping East Asian Hwaŏm texts by authors, resp. workshops. Subsequently, it is demonstrated how an analysis of the interaction of metaphor schemata may help to provide an answer to a long standing question initially raised by Peter N. Gregory, i.e. how it came about that the Ch’i-hsin fun was linked to the Hua-yen-ching and achieved its prominent position in the doctrinal classification scheme of later Hua-yen. Applying Gilles Fauconnier’s and Mark Turner’s notions of “Conceptual blending”, it is argued that rather than philosophical concepts, it were two metaphors employed to circumscribe the Buddha’s mind which, due to unification in a conceptual (or, perhaps better, schematic) blend, lead to the association of the texts.

Germany’s Corona Crisis: The State of Emergency and Policy (Mis)learning

Jörg Michael Dostal 한독사회과학회 2021 한독사회과학논총 Vol.31 No.1

본 연구에서는 2020년 1월부터 2021년 3월까지의 독일의 코로나 위기관리정책을 분 석하였다. 이 논문에서는 두 가지의 이론적인 전망을 제시하였다. 첫째, “위기상황”의 국 가의 개입과 자유민주주의 정치에 대한 그 영향력에 관한 것으로서, 공론장이 폐쇄되고 탑다운 방식의 행정명령적인 정치로의 대체를 꼽을 수 있다. 둘째, 위기환경에서 정치적 인 학습의 다양한 형태를 다루었다. 정치적인 학습이 이루어져야 하는 장이 폐쇄되었기 때문에, 독일 정부 위기관리는 효율적인 정책 실행에는 실패했다는 점이 요지이다. 이로 써 위기는 비효율성과 연결된 권위주의와 결합되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 독일 연방정부, 주정부, 지방자치단체의 ‘슬로우’에 대한 다양한 분석틀이 소개되고 평가된다. This article analyzes Germany’s policy-making in response to the Corona crisis between January 2020 and March 2021. Two theoretical perspectives are advanced. The first concerns how the government’s imposition of a ‘state of emergency’ affects liberal democratic policy-making resulting in the closure of deliberation in favor of top-down imposition. The second perspective looks at different types of policy learning under crisis conditions. The central thesis is that Germany’s emergency regime failed to facilitate effective policy-making since it closed down venues in which policy learning could occur. Thus, the state of emergency combined authoritarianism and inefficiency. A variety of explanations are advanced to clarify causes for the sluggishness of the German federal, regional, and local government levels to meet Corona-related challenges.