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Penetration-enhancing effect as a synergy mechanism in rosemary essential oil constituents
Jun-Hyung Tak,Murray B. Isman 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.04
The penetration-enhancing effect of a binary mixture of rosemary essential oil constituents, and its correlation to increased toxicity were investigated. GC-MS analyses revealed that the major constituents of rosemary essential oil were 1,8-cineole and camphor, and a binary mixture of them showed synergistic insecticidal activity via topical application in third instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. In the mixture, penetration of camphor was significantly enhanced both in vivo and in vitro, whereas that of 1,8-cineole did not change much compared to individual application. Injection into hemocoel of fifth instar larvae indicated that camphor was more toxic than 1,8-cineole, although it was less toxic than 1,8-cineole when applied topically. A possible mechanism for enhanced penetration of camphor by 1,8-cineole is reduced surface tension of the mixture. Contact angles of 50% acetonic solutions on a layer of beeswax showed that the surface tension of 1,8-cineole was lower than that of camphor. Another probable reason is a change of camphor from solid to liquid status, when mixed with 1,8-cineole. This is the first report attempting to explain the synergistic insecticidal interaction of essential oil components, from a physiochemical perspective.
Mahnaz Khanavi,Pedram Laghaei,Murray B. Isman 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.4
Essential oils of Thymus kotschyanus, Pistacia atlantica and Bunium persicum were analyzed by GC–MS. Growth inhibitory and insecticidal effects of all oils were evaluated in the cabbage looper. Also, Bunium persicum essential oil and its major compounds were chosen for topical and fumigant applications. All essential oils were characterized by high levels of monoterpenoids with thymol and carvacrol as major constituents of T. kotschyanus, α-pinene as the main component of P. atlantica and ρ-cymene, limonene, γ-terpinene and cuminaldehyde as the main constituents of B. persicum essential oil. The oil of B. persicum and cuminaldehyle showed the most inhibition and toxicity on larval growth. In a contact toxicity assay, cuminaldehyde exhibited the highest activity (LD50= 68.8 and LD95=196.2 μg larva−1) and a notable additive interaction with other main compounds of the oil. ρ-Cymene was the most toxic component via fumigation (LD50 =39.8 and LD95=96.2 μg/ml). Also, a binary solution of ρ-cymene and γ-terpinene was synergistic in terms of fumigation toxicity with a synergy ratio of 1.6. Our results indicate that B. persicum essential oil merits further consideration for use in pest management. Also, the additive and synergistic activity of major compounds provides an opportunity to formulate a promising green pesticide