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The 4Cs Framework as an Alternative to the Traditional 7Cs for Effective Communication
Irfan Amir 한국경영커뮤니케이션학회 2023 Business Communication Research and Practice Vol.6 No.2
This article reexamines the conventional 7Cs framework for effective communication (Broom & Sha, 2013). An alternative 4Cs framework is advocated. The 7Cs include: completeness, correctness, clarity, conciseness, concreteness, consideration, and courteousness. The proposed 4Cs framework retains two of the Cs in the conventional 7Cs framework (namely, concreteness and consideration) and adds two attributes (context and creativity). Concreteness subsumes completeness, correctness, clarity, and conciseness; consideration subsumes courtesy. It does not seem possible for a piece of communication to be concrete, yet lack in completeness, correctness, clarity, and conciseness. Similarly, any communication that reflects consideration is also courteous. It is further argued that of the proposed 4Cs, the context is the most critical element. It is the central theme or purpose around which the message is composed. See Figure 1. Each of the proposed four elements of effective communication is explained with examples.
Irfan Yulianto,Heidi Retnoningtyas,Dwi Putra Yuwandana,Intan Destianis Hartati,Siska Agustina,Mohamad Natsir,Mochammad Riyanto,Toni Ruchimat,Soraya Gigentika,Rian Prasetia,Budy Wiryawan 한국수산과학회 2023 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.26 No.10
Harvest control rules have been recently developed for some fisheries in Indonesia, including grouper fisheries, and are expected to reverse the trend of declining stocks. One of the proposed options of the harvest control rules is to implement the catch size limit. The catch size limit approach, however, is challenging, unless it is supported also with strong fisheries surveillance, law enforcement, and innovation. The catch size limit approach can be done by implementing changes in fishing methods and gear, including the application of different hook sizes in the hook and line fishing gear. This study examines the impact of different hook sizes on the length at first capture (Lc) and on the bell-shaped maximum selectivity using various selectivity models of the two targeted grouper species (Plectropomus leopardus and Plectropomus maculatus) in the Saleh bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. We found that increasing hook size influences the grouper’s catch size, increasing the Lc and the bell-shaped maximum selectivity of both species. Based on our findings, hook size can be used as one of the practical tools for grouper management measures, as part of harvest control rules to improve grouper stock in Indonesia.
Irfan Ajmal Khan,Junghyun Woo,Ji-Hoon Seo,Jin-Tak Choi 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.11
Text mining is a specific method to extract knowledge from structured and unstructured data. This extracted knowledge from text mining process can be used for further usage and discovery. This paper presents the method for extraction information from unstructured text data and the importance of Association Rules Mining, specifically for of Korean language (text) and also, NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools are explained. Association Rules Mining (ARM) can also be used for mining association between itemsets from unstructured data with some modifications. Which can then, help for generating statistical thesaurus, to mine grammatical rules and to search large data efficiently. Although various association rules mining techniques have successfully used for market basket analysis but very few has applied on Korean text. A proposed Korean language mining method calculates and extracts meaningful patterns (association rules) between words and presents the hidden knowledge. First it cleans and integrates data, select relevant data then transform into transactional database. Then data mining techniques are used on data source to extract hidden patterns. These patterns are evaluated by specific rules until we get the valid and satisfactory result. We have tested on Korean news corpus and results have shown that it has worked well, and the results were adequate enough to research further.
Irfan, Muhammad,Jeong, Dahye,Kwon, Hyuk-Woo,Shin, Jung-Hae,Park, Sang-Joon,Kwak, Dongmi,Kim, Tae-Hwan,Lee, Dong-Ha,Park, Hwa-Jin,Rhee, Man Hee Elsevier 2018 Vascular pharmacology Vol.109 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background & purpose</B></P> <P>Ginseng (<I>Panax ginseng</I> C.A. Mayer) contains saponin fractions called ginsenosides, which are thought to be the main components responsible for its various pharmacological activities. Ginsenosides have cardioprotective and antiplatelet effects. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of ginsenoside Rp3 (G-Rp3) on platelet function.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>The <I>in vitro</I> effects of G-Rp3 were evaluated on agonist-induced human and rat platelet aggregation, while [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]<SUB> <I>i</I> </SUB> mobilization, granule secretion, integrin α<SUB>IIb</SUB>β<SUB>3</SUB> activation, and clot retraction were assessed in rat platelets. Its effects on vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) expression, phosphorylation of MAPK signaling molecules, and PI3K/Akt activation were also studied. Moreover, the tyrosine phosphorylation of components of the P<SUB>2</SUB>Y<SUB>12</SUB> receptor downstream signaling pathway was also examined. The <I>in vivo</I> effects of G-Rp3 were studied using an acute pulmonary thromboembolism model and lung histopathology.</P> <P><B>Key results</B></P> <P>G-Rp3 significantly inhibited collagen, ADP, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. G-Rp3 elevated cAMP levels and VASP phosphorylation and suppressed agonist-induced [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]<SUB> <I>i</I> </SUB> mobilization, ATP release, and P-selectin expression along with fibrinogen binding to integrin α<SUB>IIb</SUB>β<SUB>3</SUB>, fibronectin adhesion, and clot retraction. G-Rp3 also attenuated the phosphorylation of MAPK, Src, and PLCγ2 as well as PI3K/Akt activation. Furthermore, it inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation of the Src family kinases (Src, Fyn, and Lyn) and PLCγ2 and protected mice from thrombosis.</P> <P><B>Conclusion and implication</B></P> <P>G-Rp3 modulates agonist-induced platelet activation and thrombus formation by inhibiting granule secretion, integrin α<SUB>IIb</SUB>β<SUB>3</SUB> activation, MAPK signaling, and Src, PLCγ2, and PI3K/Akt activation, and VASP stimulation. Our data suggest that G-Rp3 has therapeutic potential as a treatment for platelet-related cardiovascular disorders.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Irfan Coskun 국제구조공학회 2010 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.34 No.3
The dynamic response of a finite Bernoulli-Euler beam resting on a tensionless Pasternak foundation and subjected to a concentrated harmonic load is investigated in this study. This load may be applied at the center of the beam, or it may be offset from the center. Since the elastic foundation is assumed to be tensionless, the beam may lift off the foundation, resulting in contact and non-contact regions in the system. An analytical/numerical solution is obtained from the governing equations of the contact and non-contact regions to determine the coordinates of the lift-off points. Although there is no nonlinear term in the equations, the problem appears to be nonlinear since the contact regions are not known in advance. Due to that nonlinearity, the essentials of the problem (the coordinates of the lift-off points) are calculated numerically using the Newton-Raphson technique. The results, which represent the symmetric and asymmetric responses of the beam, are presented graphically in this work. They illustrate the effects of the forcing frequency and the beam length on the extent of the contact regions and displacements.
Irfan Waris Muhammad,Muhammad Kaleem Ullah Rana,Wang Man-Qun 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.3
The insect olfactory system is sensitive to the complicated chemical environment. Insect’s chemosensory proteins (CSPs) supposedly act as transport of plant volatiles across the sensillar lymph and competitive fluorescent binding assay was commonly used to test the binding affinities with various plant volatiles. However, extensive research to determine the physiological role of CSPs is necessary and helpful through binding interaction of a protein with the plant volatiles. In this comparative study, we employed phylogenetic analysis, fluorescence spectra, quenching mode, and thermodynamic force to characterize Nilaparvata lugens CSP3 (NlugCSP3). The phylogenetic tree revealed that amino acid sequence of NlugCSP3 showed extremely close similarities with Laodelphax striatella (LstrCSP10 & LstrCSP11) and Sogatella furcifera (SurCSP3). The Stern-Volmer (SV) curve of NlugCSP3 fluorescence quenching indicated that nonadecane and 2-tridecanone clearly quenched NlugCSP3 fluorescence as a stable static quenching mode. Meanwhile, α-terpinene and farnesene collided with NlugCSP3, instead of forming stable complexes. The thermodynamic analysis of NlugCSP3 revealed that spontaneous binding interaction occurred in nonadecane and 2-tridecanone and is driven primarily by hydrophobic in teractions. This study not only provides the information about the binding interaction of protein with the vol atiles, but also improves the efficient recognition of behaviorally elicited volatiles that could be used in the management of brown planthopper.
Irfan Qamruddin,Mohammad Khursheed Alam,Habiba Abdullah,Muhammad Abdullah Kamran,Nausheen Jawaid,Verda Mahroof 대한치과교정학회 2018 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.48 No.2
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of a single application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on spontaneous pain and pain on chewing after placement of initial archwires. Methods: Forty-two patients (26 women, 16 men) were randomly recruited for this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Each patient received super-elastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) initial archwires (0.012, 0.014, 0.016, and 0.018-inch [in]) in the maxilla for leveling and alignment for an interval of 4 weeks between archwires. One side of the mouth was randomly designated as experimental, while the other side served as placebo. After insertion of each archwire, the experimental side was irradiated with a diode laser for 3 seconds each on 5 points facially and palatally per tooth, from the central incisor to first molar. On the placebo side, the laser device was held the same way but without laser application. A numerical rating scale was used to assess the intensity of spontaneous and masticatory pain for the following 7 days. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare pain scores between sides. Results: Patients in the LLLT group exhibited significantly lower mean scores for spontaneous pain after insertion of the initial two archwires (0.012-in and 0.014-in NiTi; p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for 0.016-in and 0.018-in wires between the LLLT and placebo groups. LLLT significantly reduced chewing pain scores (p < 0.05) for all archwires. Conclusions: A single dose of LLLT considerably lessened postoperative pain accompanying the placement of super-elastic NiTi wires for initial alignment and leveling.