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Ichinohe, T.,Tamura, T.,Ueda, K.,Okubo, M.,Asahida, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.3
The differences in rumen particle pool size, passage rate and rumen degradability in sheep receiving three varieties of orchardgrass hay harvested at pre-heading (H1), early-bloom (H2) and late-bloom (H3) were investigated using four ruminal-cannulated wethers (68 kg) fed 1,300 g of the hay once a day. Representative samples of whole rumen contents were collected at different times after feeding and the quantities of rumen particle pools [large particle pool (LPP), retained on a $1,180{\mu}m$ sieve; small particle pool (SPP), retained on a 47 but passed a $1,180{\mu}m$ sieve; and soluble fraction (SOL), passed a $47{\mu}m$ sieve (SOL)] were determined by a wet-sieving technique. The fullowing results were obtained: 1) The dry weight of whole rumen contents were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for HI than for H2 or H3. The reduction rate of whole rumen contents was slightly but significantly greater for HI that, the other hay varieties. 2) The LPP disappearance rates were 26.2, 25.3 and 21.7 g DM/h for H1, H2 and H3, respectively, and no statistical differences were found among the hay varieties. Appreciable changes were not observed with SPP and SOL throughout measurements for all hay varieties; however the SPP was markedly greater (p <0.05) for H2 and ill than for HI, while SOL did not differ among hay varieties. 3) The SPP passage rate (g DM/h) and effective rumen degradability (%) for HI, H2 and ill were, respectively, 9.7, 56.6; 16.9, 42.3; and 18.0, 28.9. The ruminal tum-over rate for SPP appeared to be higher for HI than for the other hay varieties.
EATING AND RUMINATION BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP FED A HAY DIET WITH AN ORAL SUPPLEMENT OF UREA
Fujihara, T.,Ichinohe, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.4
The effect of orally supplemented urea on eating and rumination behaviour of sheep fed a low-quality hay was investigated in this study. Daily time spent eating was not influenced by ruminal addition of urea, thus the eating rate (g DM/min) also did not change with urea supplementation. The rumination appearance (the lag time after eating) tended to be shorted with urea supplement than without supplement, but not significantly (p>0.05). Daily time spent ruminating was in the range of 600-630 min/d, and rumination index (ruminating time/100 g DM ingested) was 85 min. on the average for all the treatments, but there were no significant differences among the values in each treatment. Daily number of rumination periods tended to be smaller with urea supplement than with no urea, but not significantly (p>0.05), and cyclic rate was almost constant in all the treatments. From these results, it may be concluded that an administration of urea in sheep receiving hay diet could have little effect on eating and rumination behaviour, when it was given at two times a day.
Fujihara, T.,Ichinohe, T.,Nakao, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5
The effects of formic acid and formaldehyde treatment and methionine supplementation to ladino clover fibrous residue silage on eating and rumination behaviour were studied in sheep. From the ladino clover fibrous residue, two silage were prepared, either untreated or treated with formic acid and formaldehyde. Four experimental diets: untreated silage, treated silage, untreated silage with supplementation of methionine and treated silage with supplementation of methionine, were offered to four sheep at a restricted level of DM intake (2% of BW/d) twice daily in a two-way layout design. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) reduced daily time spent eating, and consequently, markedly increased rate of eating. However, there was little effect of methionine supplementation on the daily time spent eating and eating rate for sheep offered untreated silage. Methionine supplementation with the treated silage reduced daily time spent ruminating, although the same effect was not observed for untreated silage. The rumination index (time spent ruminating/100 g DM eaten) was remarkably smaller (p < 0.05) with methionine supplement in feeding treated silage, although it did not differ for sheep offered untreated silage. There were no clear effect of methionine supplementation on the rumination efficiency (i.e. number of chews/bolus, bolus time and rumination chewing rate) both feeding untreated silage and treated silage.
Fariani, Armina,Warly, L.,Ichinohe, T.,Fujihara, T.,Harumoto, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.3
Three stages of growth of Italian ryegrass (pre-blooming, P-B; early-blooming, E-B; and late-blooming, L-B) were used to evaluate the effect of maturity on in vitro digestion of dry matter, fiber components and gas production. The rumen digestibility and gas production values were obtained by incubation of each sample in the rumen fluid of sheep for 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr, respectively. The results showed that digestibility of dry matter (DM) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) as advancing maturity of the grass. Similarly, the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) also significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with advancing maturity at all incubation times. However, the effect of maturity on digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose was only detected when the samples were incubated more than 36 hr, where L-B was lower than P-B and E-B. Potential digestibility of nutrients, the maximum digestibility attainable in the rumen theoretically, was also higher at P-B than those of E-B and L-B. The amount of gas produced by microbial fermentation was closely related to the extent of DM digestion, and it was negatively correlated with advancing maturity of the grass.
Photoluminescence of Modulation-Doped ZnSe:Te Grown by Using MBE
K. Imai,Y. Ichinohe,M. Kanamori,K. Kyoh,K. Honma,Na. Kimura,No. Kimura,T. Sawada,K. Suzuki,G. Shigaura 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.5
Modulation-doped ZnSe:Te samples, which indicate quite strong emissions at 2.68 (S1) and 2.42 (S2) eV at low temperatures, have been grown by using MBE. The samples consist of a ZnSe-ZnTe superstructure with ultra-thin ZnTe layers. The sample, which has S1 and S2 emission bands simultaneously, has a carrier transfer process from the S1 to the S2 state. The process leads to a super-linear dependence of the intensity of the S1 emission on the excitation intensity. We predict that the S1 and the S2 band construct a double well potential in the sample which indicates both emissions simultaneously. Modulation-doped ZnSe:Te samples, which indicate quite strong emissions at 2.68 (S1) and 2.42 (S2) eV at low temperatures, have been grown by using MBE. The samples consist of a ZnSe-ZnTe superstructure with ultra-thin ZnTe layers. The sample, which has S1 and S2 emission bands simultaneously, has a carrier transfer process from the S1 to the S2 state. The process leads to a super-linear dependence of the intensity of the S1 emission on the excitation intensity. We predict that the S1 and the S2 band construct a double well potential in the sample which indicates both emissions simultaneously.
Rubanza, C.D.K.,Shem, M.N.,Ichinohe, T.,Fujihara, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.7
Forages from grazing lands comprise conventional feed resources for ruminants in the tropical region. A study was conducted to assess fodder productivity and nutritive potential of deferred forages of six silvopastoral traditional fodder banks in central northwest Tanzania, traditionally known as Ngitiri. The grazing lands were dominated by low quality increaser grass species: Eragrostis spp., Aristida spp., Urochloa spp., Rottboellia exaltata, Cenchrus spp., Cynodon spp. and Chloris spp., and forbs species. The grazing lands had low vegetative basal cover that varied (p<0.05) from 34.7 to 75%, and low forage biomass productivity that varied (p<0.05) from 0.76 to 3.69 tones (t) dry matter (DM)/ha. The forages contained low crude protein (CP) that varied (p<0.05) from 16 to 27 g/kg DM; and had high fibre contents, which varied (p<0.05) from 702-725, 497-573 and 119-225 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL), respectively. The forages were poorly degraded in sacco, and showed low DM degradability (DMD) characteristics of 74, 473 and 576 g/kg DM for DM washing losses (a), slowly degradable feed fraction (b) and potential degradability, (a+b), respectively; and low DMD at 48 h incubation, which varied from 317-345 g/kg DM, and contained low metabolizable energy (ME), (4.2-4.36 MJ/kg DM). The herbage forages would not meet protein and energy requirements for maintenance and production, which could be reflected through low animal productivity. Further work is needed to assess animal productivity (growth, milk, draft force) from conserved forages in traditional fodder banks in the dry season.