『淸俗紀聞』 연구 - 동아시아 상호인식의 관점에서

정훈식 ( Jung¸ Hun-sik ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2020 퇴계학논총 Vol.36 No.-

이 글은 에도시대 후기에 長崎奉行 나카가와 다다테루(中川忠英, 1753-1830)가 펴낸 『淸俗紀聞』의 전반적 성격을 살피고, 이를 연행록과 견주어보는 데 주안점을 두었다. 이는 궁극적으로 동아시아의 상호인식의 관점에서 텍스트를 이해하기 위한 과정이다. 우선 예비적 단계로 텍스트의 전반적 성격을 고찰하였는데, 이 책의 간행목적과 방식은 序跋과 附言을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 세 편의 서문에는 이 책의 간행목적을 잘 드러내고 있는데, 무엇보다 마쓰다이라 사다노부(松平定信, 1759-1829)가 추진하는 간세이 개혁의 중점 정책 중 하나인 무역정책을 집행하기 위한 자료라는 점이 잘 드러나 있다. 또한 어지러운 풍속을 바로잡기 위한 풍속교화도 간세이 개혁의 중요한 방향이었는데, 『청속기문』은 이러한 정책을 실현하는 데 유용한 자료를 확보하기 위해 간행되었음을 서문을 통해 알 수 있었다. 이 책은 당통사가 청 상인에게 직접 묻고 답한 내용을 정리하고, 여기에 삽화를 그려 함께 배치하는 방식으로 편집하여 간행했다. 문답의 방식은 『華夷變態』, 『淸朝探事』 등의 책에서 보듯이 막부가 대외정보를 취득하는 오래된 방식이며, 繪入의 방식은 에도시대 출판문화에서 그림이 삽입된 회본이 중요한 절대적인 비중을 차지하는 상황과 무관하지 않다. 다음으로, 구성과 내용 고찰을 통해 『청속기문』의 성격을 살폈다. 청대 민속의 전반적 내용을 포괄한 것으로 볼 수 있지만 크게 두드러진 성격은 우선 淸商人의 관점이 반영된 민속지라는 점이다. 또한 이 책은 당시 사다노부가 추진하고 있는 世敎, 즉 풍속교화 정책의 참고자료로서의 성격도 있다. 물론 기초자료는 청상인의 관점이 투영되어 있지만, 이를 편집하고 정리하는 과정에서 당시 사다노부가 실권을 쥐고 있던 시기의 일본이 중국을 바라보는 시각이 반영되었다. 이상과 같이 고찰한 『청속기문』의 전반적 성격을 바탕으로, 이를 연행록과 비교해 보면서 해당시기 조선과 일본의 중국 인식을 비교해보았다. 연행록과 『청속기문』은 그 저술 목적과 방식 그리고 성격에서 현저한 차이점을 드러낸다. 연행록에서 청 풍속을 기록하는 일은 청의 대륙 웅거에 따른 중화문명의 성격을 재해석하는 과정이다. 그 과정은 조선의 대외정책적 판단이라는 과제와 맞물려 있다. 그러나 『청속기문』은 무역관리의 참고자료 확보와 풍속 교화의 참고자료 수집이라는 당대 막부의 집권자의 정책과 관련된 한시적 목적에 의해 저술된 텍스트다. 따라서 이 책은 에도시대 일본의 중국인식이라는 거시적 관점에서 보면 18세기말이라는 매우 한정된 시기에 한정된 의도를 반영한 텍스트라고 규정할 수 있다. This article focuses on examining the overall character of the Chungsokgimun published by Nakagawa Tadateru(1753-1830) in the late Edo Period and comparing it to the Chinese travel records of the late Joseon Dynasty. This is ultimately a process to understand text from the perspective of East Asian mutual recognition. As a preliminary step, the overall nature of the text was considered, and the purpose and manner of the publication of this book was based on preface, introduction, and additional words. The three preamble illustrates the purpose of the book's publication, and most of all, it is to implement trade policies, one of the key policies of the Kansei reform promoted by Sadanobu Matsuda (1759-1829). In addition, customization was an important direction for the reform of Ganshei to correct the chaotic customs, and the way Edo Bakufu acquires foreign information is the old way to implement these policies, and the way paintings are inserted is the absolutely important part of the publishing culture of the Edo period. Next, we looked at the characteristics of the Cheongsokmun through the composition and contents of the book. It can be seen as a comprehensive coverage of the folklore of the Qing Dynasty, but its remarkable characteristic is that it is a folk paper that reflects the perspective of the Qing merchants. This book is also a reference to the customization policy pursued by Sadanobu at the time. Of course, the basic materials project the perspective of the merchants of the Qing Dynasty, but the editing and organizing of the materials reflected Japan's view of China when Sadanobu was in power at the time. Based on the overall characteristics of the Chungsokgimun, which was considered as above, we compared the Chinese perception between Joseon and Japan by comparing the Chungsokgimun with the Yeonhaengnok. Yeonhaengnok and the Chungsokgimun reveal significant differences in the purpose, manner, and character of its writing. The exploration of the customs of the Qing Dynasty by YeonHaengnok is the process of interpreting the changes in Chinese civilization following the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The process coincides with the task of foreign policy judgment in Joseon. However, the Chungsokgimun is a text written by a temporary purpose related to the ruling party's policy of securing reference materials for trade management and collecting reference materials for custom edification. Therefore, from the macro perspective of the Chinese style of the Edo period, this book can be defined as a text reflecting the limited intention of the end of the 18th century.

대학생의 진로스트레스가 진로적응성에 미치는 영향: 그릿의 매개효과를 중심으로

정헌식 ( Hunsik Jung ),이병임 ( Byunglim Lee ) 인문사회 21 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.3

This research investigated the relationship among career stress of college students, Grit, and career adaptation, and was to learn the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between career stress and career adaptation. To do so, a self-reporting survey, regarding career stress, grit, and career adaptability, was conducted of college students at K university in Chungcheong-do. There were 207 respondents to the survey. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and SPSS Process macro (model 4) were used to analyze the data. The result of the study is as follows: first, Career stress showed a strong negative correlation with career adaptation and grit, and grit had a strong positive correlation with career adaptation. Second, Grit had a significant mediating effect on career stress and career adaptation. These results imply that college students can understand their grit and utilize it to improve career adaptability effectively. Therefore, the paper made some suggestions to increase career adaptability with educational intervention about grit utilization and included the limitation of this study and future research directions.

초등학교 교사의 과학 평가 전문성에 대한 자가진단 내용 분석

강훈식 ( Hunsik Kang ),강석진 ( Sukjin Kang ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2015 초등과학교육 Vol.34 No.2

In this study, we analyzed elementary school teachers’ self-diagnosis on their competency for assessment in science. A questionnaire was administered to 217 elementary school teachers and in-depth group interviews with 6 teachers were also conducted. The results revealed that the mean scores of five subcategories, ‘choosing assessment methods’, ‘developing assessment instruments’, ‘administering, scoring, and grading’, ‘analyzing, interpreting, using, and communicating assessment results’, and ‘recognizing ethics in assessment’, were 3.82, 3.50, 3.92, 3.76, and 4.09 on a scale of 5 points, respectively. Teachers having more teaching experience showed higher mean scores in all subcategories. However, only the teachers having more than 20 years of teaching experience were statistically better than those having less than 5 years of teaching experience in four subcategories except for ‘recognizing ethics in assessment’. There were no significant differences in terms of major, whereas the mean scores of the teachers having master’s degree were statistically higher than their counterpart in some subcategories. In addition, the teachers who had completed training for assessment exhibited statistically higher mean scores than their counterpart in four subcategories except for ‘recognizing ethics in assessment’. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

중등 예비 화학교사의 해결자·청취자 활동을 통한 지필평가 문항 제작 과정에서 언어적 행동 및 상호작용

강훈식 ( Hunsik Kang ) 한국과학교육학회 2018 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.38 No.5

This study investigated verbal behaviors and interactions in the processes of making written test items using paired think aloud problem solving for pre-service secondary chemistry teachers. The processes of making written test items using paired think-aloud problem solving in four small groups consisting of two pre-service chemistry teachers were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the results revealed that ‘item making’ for ten subcategories for solver’s verbal behaviors were most frequently exhibited regardless of ‘integration’ among the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The solver’s ‘provide’, ‘modify’, ‘require agreement’, ‘ask’, ‘agree’, and ‘justify’ were also frequently exhibited although fewer than ‘item making’. Especially, the solver’s ‘ask’ was more frequently used in ‘non-integration’, whereas ‘justify’ was more frequently used in ‘integration’. In listener’s verbal behaviors consisted of eight subcategories, ‘point out’, ‘ask’, and ‘agree’ were frequently exhibited regardless of ‘integration’. Listener’s ‘ask’ and ‘agree’ were exhibited more in ‘non-integration’, whereas ‘point out’ was exhibited more in ‘integration’. Many verbal interactions were analyzed to be in ‘symmetrical type’ more than ‘solver-dominant type’ or ‘listener-dominant type’. ‘Symmetrical type’ was also more frequently exhibited in ‘integration’, whereas ‘solver-dominant type’ was more frequently exhibited in ‘non-integration’. There were little differences between ‘integration’ and ‘non-integration’ in ‘listener-dominant type’. In 23 subcategories of ‘symmetrical type’, ‘ask-provide’ and ‘point out-justify’ were most frequently found. Especially, ‘ask-provide’ was more frequently found in ‘non-integration’, whereas ‘point out-justify’ was more frequently found in ‘integration’. ‘Point out-modify’ was the most frequent in 4 subcategories of ‘listener-dominant type’, while ‘item making-agree’ in three subcategories of ‘solver-dominant type’ regardless of ‘integration’. However, only a little of other subcategories of the three types were found.

2009 개정 교육과정에 따른 초등학교 과학 교과서의 글과 삽화에 나타난 성역할 고정관념 실태 분석

강훈식 ( Kang Hunsik ),이재원 ( Lee Jaewon ),김현호 ( Kim Hyunho ),노태희 ( Noh Taehee ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2016 초등과학교육 Vol.35 No.4

In this study, the gender-role stereotyping of the texts and the illustrations in the elementary science textbooks developed under the 2009 Revised National Curriculum was analyzed, and the results were compared with those of the 2007 Revised National Curriculum. In the texts, there were significant differences between boys and girls in the frequencies of texts, two types of learning activities such as scientific inquiry and emotional expression, and housekeeping activity. Women outnumbered men in housekeeping activity, but they were much less than men to perform outdoor and professional activities. In the illustrations, there were not significant differences by gender in pupils, and these results are desirable in terms of achieving balance between boys and girls. However, the textbooks were found to favor the illustrations of men especially in outdoor and professional activities. Women also performed more in housekeeping activity. Compared with the adult results of previous curriculum, these results were not improved at all.

초등 일반 학생과 과학영재 학생의 과학 학업적 열정 비교

강훈식 ( Kang¸ Hunsik ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2021 초등과학교육 Vol.40 No.4

This study compared science academic passion between elementary general and science-gifted students. A science academic passion test was conducted for fifth-sixth graders at an elementary school, and two gifted science education institutes in Seoul, with 95 and 92 students selected for the test. The result analysis revealed that the science-gifted students’ science intellectual passion was significantly higher than general students, regardless of grade and gender. Also, the scores of general students were high in the order of “harmonious passion,” “importance,” “like,” “time/energy investment,” and “obsessive passion.” The differences in scores between all sub-domains were statistically substantial. Moreover, there were no considerable differences in scores of the science-gifted students among the “important,” “like,” and “harmonious passion.” However, the scores in these three domains were higher than that of “time/energy investment” and “obsessive passion.” In addition, the “time/energy investment” score was higher than that of “obsessive passion.” The differences in science academic passion by grade and gender were not statistically significant regardless of whether or not a student was science gifted. These results suggest that science academic passion characterizes science-gifted students rather than personal characteristics such as grade or gender.

초등 과학영재교육 담당교사의 과학영재수업에 대한 반성의 특징

강훈식,Kang, Hunsik 대한화학회 2013 대한화학회지 Vol.57 No.6

This study investigated the characteristics of elementary science-gifted education teachers' reflection on their science teaching. To do this, the reflective journals of 33 elementary science-gifted education teachers were analyzed in terms of 'productive reflection'. The results revealed that most of reflective journals included the aspects of 'instructional strategies and instruction for science-gifted education (100.0%)' and 'science-gifted students (90.9%)'. 'Curriculum for science-gifted education (42.4%)' was also frequently included although fewer than two previous aspects. However, 'subject matter knowledge' and 'assessment in science-gifted education' were included less than 10%. The mean score of the inclusion scores was 2.48 on a scale of 5 points and was not significantly correlated with the teaching careers in science-gifted education. 18.2% of the journals showed no integrations, which were unproductive reflection. 66.7% of the journals integrated only two aspects and 24.2% of the journals integrated three aspects. Only 6.1% of the journals integrated four aspects and no journals integrated all five aspects. Especially, the integrations between 'science-gifted students (81.8%)' or 'instructional strategies and instruction for science-gifted education (81.8%)' and the other aspects were most frequent. The integrations between 'Curriculum for science-gifted education (30.3%)' and the other aspects were also frequently included. However, the integrations between 'subject matter knowledge (6.1%)' or 'assessment in science-gifted education (0.0%)' and the other aspects were hardly included. The mean score of the integration scores was 2.12 on a scale of 5 points and was not significantly correlated with the teaching careers in science-gifted education.

과학관련 정의적 영역 검사도구에 대한 조사 연구

신영준 ( Youngjoon Shin ),강훈식 ( Hunsik Kang ),곽영순 ( Youngsun Kwak ),김희경 ( Heekyong Kim ),이수영 ( Soo-young Lee ),이성희 ( Sunghee Lee ) 한국생물교육학회 2017 생물교육 Vol.45 No.1

The goal of this study is to explore the components of students` achievement in affective domains by analyzing test tools that assess students` affective achievement in science education. In order to achieve this goal, we extracted 116 research articles on science-related affective characteristics from `Journal of the Korean Association for Research in Science Education` and `Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education` published for the past 10 years, from June 2006 to May 2016. Six experts majoring science education categorized and analyzed these research articles in light of science-related attitude, science learning motivation, science-related self-concept, emotion, and career aspiration. According to the results, previous studies used 11 test tools measuring science-related attitude with 18∼70 test items, 12 test tools measuring science learning motivation with 35 ∼78 test items, 4 test tools measuring science-related self-concept with 25∼36 test items, 8 test tools measuring science emotions with 24∼36 test items, and 2 test tools measuring science-related career aspiration and science & engineering career motivation with 4∼32 test items. Discussed in the conclusion are the necessity of standardization of affective achievement assessments, and ways to develop affective achievement test tools that reflect the scope of affective achievement and the range of test items for the appropriate school levels.

과학관련 사회쟁점(SSI) 토론 수업에서 스마트 기기의 활용 방식과 수업의 특징

남혜인 ( Hyein Nam ),강훈식 ( Hunsik Kang ),노태희 ( Taehee Noh ) 한국과학교육학회 2017 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.37 No.5

In this study, we investigated the features of using smart devices in socioscientific issues (SSI) debate classes. Twenty-seven high school students in Gyeonggi-do participated in this study. The processes of the SSI debate classes with smart devices were classified into five stages: data searching, data sharing, summary and organization of data, debate in the classroom, and online debate. Then some features at each stage were identified. It was found that they collected self-directed and in-depth data while reflecting their knowledge and experience, and selected data which were easy to understand at the stage of data searching. The specificity and validity of the evidences gathered and the clarity of the sources were improved at the stage of data sharing, although they shared more data offline than online. They organized their data by using paper rather than smart devices at the stage of summary and organization of data. Most of them failed to use the summary in debate. They argued and refuted based on concrete grounds at the stage of debate in the classroom, which raised students’ interest in debate and led students to participate actively. At the stage of online debate, they were able to rearrange and review the arguments of both sides, and the participation of the students who were passive in classroom debate was enhanced. Based on these results, we suggest some effective teaching methods for SSI debate classes using smart devices.

해결자ㆍ청취자 활동이 예비 화학교사의 지필평가 문항 제작 과정에서 고려된 교과교육학 지식(PCK) 구성 요소 사이의 상호작용에 미치는 영향

박재성 ( Jaesung Park ),강훈식 ( Hunsik Kang ),한재영 ( Jaeyoung Han ) 한국과학교육학회 2017 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.37 No.3

This study investigated the influence of paired think-aloud problem solving on interactions among the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) components considered in the processes of making written test items by pre-service chemistry teachers. The processes of making written test items using paired think-aloud problem solving in four small groups consisting of two pre-service chemistry teachers were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the results revealed that the `assessment in science education` of the five PCK components, regardless of the roles (solver or listener), was most frequently used in making written test items. `Subject matter knowledge` and `students` were also frequently used although less than the previous component. However, `curriculum for science education` and `instructional strategies and instruction for science education` was a little used. In the aspects of integration, the integrations between two or three components of various types were frequently found. The integrations among four or five components were also slightly found. However, the integrations of `curriculum for science education` with the other components were less frequently found. The integrations of `instructional strategies and instruction for science education` with other components were hardly found. The usefulness, limitations, and effective use of paired think-aloud problem solving as a strategy improving competency to make written test items and the PCK of pre-service teachers were discussed on the basis of the results.