Photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in nitrate aqueous solutions

Dong Ren,Tingting Bi,Shumei Gao,Xukun Li,Bin Huang,Xuejun Pan 대한환경공학회 2016 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.21 No.2

17α-Ethynylestradiol (Ee₂) has gotten growing concerns due to its widely detected in the environment and high estrogenic potency. However, the knowledge on the photochemical behaviors of Ee₂ in natural waters is still limited. Herein, the photodegradation and estrogenic potency variation of Ee₂ induced by nitrate were studied using a sunlight simulator consisted by a 300 W medium pressure mercury lamp and 290 nm cut-off filters. It was found that Ee₂ could be photodegraded at a rate of 0.0193 h-1 in pure aqueous solutions, and the photodegradation of Ee₂ could be significantly promoted by nitrate. The photodegradation removal rate of Ee₂ was increased from 9% in Milli-Q water to 85% in 2.0 mM nitrate solutions. Reactive species scavenging experiments demonstrated that the photogenerated HO? contributed about 55% to Ee₂ degradation. Fe(III), Cl- and dissolved humic acid (DHA) could inhibit the photodegradation of Ee₂ by competing the incident light and photogenerated HO?, while HCO₃ - had no influence on Ee₂ photodegradation. Ee₂ was determined to be phototransformed into organic chemicals without estrogenic potency by GC-MS and MCF-7 cell proliferation toxicity tests. These findings could extend our knowledge on the photochemical behaviors of steroid estrogens and provide information for ecological risk assessment.

Spatiotemporal Variations and Possible Sources of Ambient PM10 from 2003 to 2012 in Luzhou, China

Dong Ren,Youping Li,Hong Zhou,Xiaoxia Yang,Xiaoman Li,Xuejun Pan,Bin Huang 대한환경공학회 2014 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.19 No.4

Descriptive statistics methods were used to study the spatiotemporal variations and sources of ambient particulate matter (PM10) in Luzhou, China. The analyzed datasets were collected from four national air quality monitoring stations: Jiushi (S1), Xiaoshi (S2), Zhongshan (S3), Lantian (S4) over the period of 2003-2012. This city was subjected serious PM10 pollution, and the long-term annual average PM10 concentrations varied from 76 to 136 μg/m3. The maximum concentration was more than 3-fold of the annual average (40 μg/m3) issued by EPA-China for the ambient air quality. General temporal pattern was characterized by high concentrations in winter and low concentrations in summer, and general spatial gradient was in the reduction order of S2 > S4 > S3 > S1, which were both due to different particulate contributors and special meteorological conditions. The source apportionment indicated that vehicular emissions, road dusts, coal burning and chemical dusts were the major contributors of the identified PM10 pollution, and the vehicular emissions and the road wear re-suspended particles dominated the heavy PM10 pollution in recent years. Two other potential sources, agricultural and celebration activities could decrease the air quality in a short term. Finally, some corresponding suggestions and measures were provided to improve the air quality.

중국 전쟁화의 표현 주체와 국가 이미지

리동인(Li dongren) 사회와철학연구회 2014 사회와 철학 Vol.0 No.28

이 연구의 목적은 중국 전쟁화의 표현 주체가 변화함에 따라 작품 속 국가 이미지가 어떻게 변했는지 고찰하는 것이다. 필자는 중국 전쟁화의 표현 주체를 개인, 국가, 자본으로 나눈다. 첫째, 중국 전쟁화는 개별 작가의 표현의지에 의해 자발적으로 표현된다. 중화인민공화국의 성립 전(1919-1949년) 국가의 이미지는 개인의 필연적 삶의 지반으로서 보호자, 은신처로 등장한다. 둘째, 중국 전쟁화는 국가권력의 표현의지에 의해 표현된다. 성립기(1949-1979년)의 중화인민공화국은 작가들로 하여금 공산당의 승리와 집권을 선포하게 한다. 전쟁화는 국가 성립의 정당성을 선전하는 도구가 된다. 이때 국가의 이미지는 위대한 승리자, 영웅으로 나타나고 탁트인 고지, 광장, 지평선이 보이는 드넓은 공간으로 표현된다. 셋째, 중국 전쟁화는 자본의 표현의지에 의해 표현된다. 개혁개방시기(1979-2010년)에 해당하는 이 시기 자본은 권력과 결탁한다. 자본은 국가를 앞세워 점차 실질적 지배자가 되어 가는 것을 감추며 국가주의를 표방하는 전쟁화를 대대적으로 지원한다. 거대 전쟁화 프로젝트와 현상 공모전이 자본의 적극적 도움 속에서 더 이상 현재성이 없는 전쟁표현을 조장한다. 작가는 자본의 논리에 따라 스스로 더 크고 실감나는 전쟁화를 생산한다. 이때 국가 이미지는 대형화, 공감각화를 연출해 냄으로써 압도적이고 스펙터클한 공간으로 재구성 된다. 국가는 개인의 필연적 삶의 지반이지만 개인의 희생을 강요하는 권력일 수 있다. 더구나 자본과 결탁한 권력은 공적 성격을 내세워 사적 이익을 은폐한다. 중국 전쟁화의 세 가지 표현 주체의 변화에 따른 국가 이미지는 이러한 국가의 성격을 보여준다. This study aims to examine changes in the national image in Chinese war paintings as the expressive subjects in Chinese war paintings have changed. The expressive subjects were divided into individuals, the nation and capital. First, Chinese war paintings were spontaneously represented by the expressive intention of each painter. Before the establishment of The People’s Republic of China(1919~1949), the national image appeared as a protector and shelter which is the basis of inevitable life (Chapter 2). Second, Chinese war paintings were represented by the expressive intent of national power. The People"s Republic of China when it was established(1949~ 1979) asked painters to declare the win and take over in power of the communist party. War paintings became an instrument to promote the legitimacy with the foundation of the state. At this time, the national image was expressed as a great successor and hero, and heights, plazas and spaces with the horizon visible were shown. Third, Chinese war paintings were shown by expressive intent of capital. Capital at the time of reform and opening up(1979~2010) was in collusion with power. Capital supported war paintings which advocated nationalism as an actual ruler while hiding behind the nation. Huge war painting projects and contests encouraged war expression which did not have any more currency with the active help of capital. Painters produce larger and more graphical war paintings according to the logic of capital. Then, the national image was reorganized as a dominating and spectacular space through large sizes and synesthesia. The state could be a force to encourage the sacrifice of the individual while it is the basis of inevitable life. In addition, power in collusion with capital concealed private interests with public nature. This nature of the state is shown through the national image according to changes in the three expressive subjects of Chinese war paintings.

Production of Transgenic Pigs with an Introduced Missense Mutation of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type IB Gene Related to Prolificacy

Zhao, Xueyan,Yang, Qiang,Zhao, Kewei,Jiang, Chao,Ren, Dongren,Xu, Pan,He, Xiaofang,Liao, Rongrong,Jiang, Kai,Ma, Junwu,Xiao, Shijun,Ren, Jun,Xing, Yuyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.7

In the last few decades, transgenic animal technology has witnessed an increasingly wide application in animal breeding. Reproductive traits are economically important to the pig industry. It has been shown that the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IB (BMPR1B) A746G polymorphism is responsible for the fertility in sheep. However, this causal mutation exits exclusively in sheep and goat. In this study, we attempted to create transgenic pigs by introducing this mutation with the aim to improve reproductive traits in pigs. We successfully constructed a vector containing porcine BMPR1B coding sequence (CDS) with the mutant G allele of A746G mutation. In total, we obtained 24 cloned male piglets using handmade cloning (HMC) technique, and 12 individuals survived till maturation. A set of polymerase chain reactions indicated that 11 of 12 matured boars were transgene-positive individuals, and that the transgenic vector was most likely disrupted during cloning. Of 11 positive pigs, one (No. 11) lost a part of the terminator region but had the intact promoter and the CDS regions. cDNA sequencing showed that the introduced allele (746G) was expressed in multiple tissues of transgene-positive offspring of No.11. Western blot analysis revealed that BMPR1B protein expression in multiple tissues of transgene-positive $F_1$ piglets was 0.5 to 2-fold higher than that in the transgene-negative siblings. The No. 11 boar showed normal litter size performance as normal pigs from the same breed. Transgene-positive $F_1$ boars produced by No. 11 had higher semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate than the negative siblings, although the differences did not reached statistical significance. Transgene-positive $F_1$ sows had similar litter size performance to the negative siblings, and more data are needed to adequately assess the litter size performance. In conclusion, we obtained 24 cloned transgenic pigs with the modified porcine BMPR1B CDS using HMC. cDNA sequencing and western blot indicated that the exogenous BMPR1B CDS was successfully expressed in host pigs. The transgenic pigs showed normal litter size performance. However, no significant differences in litter size were found between transgene-positive and negative sows. Our study provides new insight into producing cloned transgenic livestock related to reproductive traits.