6세기 금석문을 통해 본 신라 관등제의 정비과정

전덕재(Jeon Deog-jae) 한국목간학회 2010 목간과 문자 Vol.5 No.-

본 논고는 신라가 마립간시기에 干支관등을 설치한 과정과 아울러 520년 무렵에 고구려의 관등을 참조하여 大舍와 그 이하의 하위관등을 설치하였음을 살핀 것이다. 마립간시기에 처음으로 干支를 칭한 존재나 그에 버금가는 왕족 등을 及干支와 沙干支로 구분하여 位階化하고, 그 이후에 壹吉干支, 阿干支, 波珍干支, 壹干支, 壹伐干支를 단계적 또는 한꺼번에 사간지의 상위 관등으로 설치하였다. 일벌간지와 파진간지, 일길간지는 壹伐(一伐), 彼旦(彼日), 壹吉이란 관등에다 干支를 덧붙여 생성된 관등이고, 壹干支와 阿干支는 技能人에서 유래한 壹尺과 阿尺관등을 참조하여 설치한 것이었다. 이사금 시기에 이미 舒弗邯을 설치하였음이 확인되는데, 마립간시기에 새로이 일벌간지를 설치하면서 두 관등의 성격은 동일한 것으로 이해되었다. 520년(법흥왕 7)에 京位17관등과 외위 관등을 정비하였는데, 이때에 고구려의 使者, 兄, ?衣, 先人관등을 염두에 두고 대사와 그 이하의 하위관등을 새로 설치하였고, 이와 동시에 壹伐, 壹尺등을 外位관등으로 轉化시켜 새로이 지방의 지배세력에게 수여한 외위제를 정비하였다. 6부체제가 해체된 6세기 전반에 喙部와 沙喙部이외의 나머지 6부 지배자들을 17관등체계에, 지방의 지배층을 외위의 관등에 모두 편제하면서 비로소 국왕 중심의 일원적인 관등체계가 성립되었다. The Process for the Establishment of the Silla's Government Officials Ranking System Based on the sixth century Silla Monument Jeon Deog-jae This study is focused on the process for the establishment of the Silla's Ganji (干支) ranking system during the Maripgan Period and the introduction of Daesa (大舍) and lower ranks in about 520 following the system established by Goguryeo. It was during the Maripgan Period that Silla divided the ruling class in Ganji ranks and minor royals into Geup-Ganji (及干支) and Sa-Ganji (沙干支), and introduced, at a time or by stages, the five Ganji posts, Ilgil-Ganji (壹吉干支), A-Ganji (阿干支), Pajin- Ganji (波珍干支), Il-Ganji (壹干支) and Ilbeol-Ganji (壹伐干支) as higher ranks of Sa-Ganji. Among the new ranks, Ilbeol-Ganji, Pajin-Ganji and Ilgil-Ganji were formed by attaching a common term Ganji to the titles of Ilbeol (壹伐/一伐), Pidan (彼旦) or Piil (彼日) and Ilgil (壹吉) which refer to higher government posts while Il-Ganji and A-Ganji were conceived from Il-Cheok (壹尺) and ACheok (阿尺) originated from the technical expert. Records show that the rank of Seobulhan (舒弗 邯) was established during the Isageum Period and that it is the same rank as Ilbeol-Ganji established during the Maripgan Period. It was in 520, the 7th year of the King Beopheung, that Silla established 17 government officials ranking system for the capital and the local government officials ranking system, including Daesa (大舍) and its lower ranks conceived from the Goguryeo posts such as Saja (使 者), Hyeong (兄), Joui (.衣) and Seonin (先人). Records also show that Silla gave some of its central posts such as Ilbeol (壹伐) and Ilcheok (壹尺) to the local government officials ranks as a part of the effort for the centralizaiton of the kingdom. It was after the dissolution of the 6-Pu System in the early 6th century that Silla established a king-centered unitary government system via incorporating the rulers of 6-Pu excluding Hwebu (喙部) and Sahwebu (沙喙部) into the 17 Rank System and the local ruling class into the local government officials ranking system.

신라 中古期 結負制의 시행과 그 기능

전덕재 한국고대사학회 2001 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.21 No.-

This thesis aims to explain when the land surveying system(結負制) enforced first time and what was it's social function in Silla Dynasty. The differentiation of social strata was made an active progress from the 4th century to 6th century, then the Silla State made a supreme effort to attain an increase in populatoon that was the basis of the collection of tax. The Silla State supplied with a piece of land to the poor peasants who wandered to manage to live, and demanded forcibly them to cultivate the soil. At this time the Silla State propelled a operation of land surveying and confirming of landowner in the state level in order to supply with a piece of land. The result of this operation was the basic data of a rule of Jeon-sa (佃舍法), which legislated all matters in regard of land about the year of A.D. 520. Before or after about this time, the Silla State fixed Bu (負) and Sok (束). which was utilized as a unit to measure the area of land on the basis of yield of crop, into definite the area of land, therefore indicated the area of land by a measure of length(Bo, 步). And the Silla State provided that 100Bu (負) is equal to 1Gyeol (結) on the basis of the indicating the area of land by a measure of length (Bo). The Silla State grasped in detail the landowners of each piece of land in order to effectively restrain overamass of land by the rich and the noble. and managed the area of land by the unit of Gyeol-Bu-Sok(結-負-束) in order to confirm the change on the realations of landownership.

삼국 및 통일신라의 지배구조와 수취제의 성격

전덕재 한국역사연구회 2003 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.50

In this article, the nature of the ruling group members of the ancient societies in the Korean history, and the taxation system they employed, are examined. During the so-called 'Bu/部-system' stage, the ruling group held the supreme position, and acted upon collective superiority over the societies which were being ruled. Even after the Bu-system was dismantled, such position and authority were maintained. The government of the Unified Silla dynasty maintained a ruIing mechanism which was virtually identica1 to that of the Three-dynasty period. The refugees from the late Koguryo and Baekjae dynasties, and also the descendants of those refugees, all comprised subordinate communities and were ruled by the Silla nobility members and the descendants from the Original 6-Bu communities. The taxation system of the Three-dynasty peripd was based on individual human numbers. During the Unified Silla dynasty period, a household rank determined by the economic feature and property status of the component members was utilized in taxation(especially in taxation of cereals/Jo·租 and other special items/Jo·調). But basing taxation upon household numbers was also essentially an extension of the habit of basing taxation upon human numbers. This habit was an age-old tradition of the ancient societies. In the later periods, starting with the Taebong dynasty, taxation methods based upon the size of the land were established, and the practice of granting the officials a certain amount of taxation authority far their salary was enabled. Yet this kind of practice was still in its early phase, and during the Unified Silla dynasty period taxation from the land was only serving as a supplemental resource for the social relief programs. The members of the ruling group in the Three-dynasty and Unified Silla dynasty periods were usually an exception and were not required to pay taxes. During the Unified Silla dynasty period they were asked to pay taxes from their lands, but it was only for compensational usages in administrative activities and therefore was not a serious requirement on the part of the required. Because the subordinate groups were the main source which will provide the needed materials through general taxation, the ruling figures could have been spared from such efforts and burdens. Situation like this was also the reason for the age-old human number-based taxation practices. The local figures of the original Silla dynasty and same of the Goguryo and Baekjae refugees were added to the ruling group of the Koryo dynasty. This meant that with the foundation of the Koryo dynasty, the traditional ruling mechanism which had the descendants of the original 6-Bu members(who transformed themselves into Golpum/骨品 figures) role the descendants of the refugees from the other late dynasties, was completely dismantled, In taxational terms, this kind of change was a very significant one. Unlike the ruling figures of the earlier periods, the members of the ruling group of the Koryo dynasty were required to pay taxes which were calculated and determined by the size of their lands. This marked a stark contrast between the nature of those two ruling groups.

活性슬러지 混合液의 流動層 凝集分離(Ⅰ) : Floc 密度의 特性 Characteristics of Floc Density

羅德寬,朱宰佑 순천대학교 공업기술연구소 1991 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.5 No.-

When the concentrated activated sludge was separated by the Fluidized Bed added cationic polymer, the characteristics of formated floc density was investigated with the plant experiment. Fluidized Bed was operated under varying conditions of polymer dosage, mixing intensity and superficial velocity. Floc density was increased with the increase of polymer dosage and the critical polymer dosage existed at 20-30㎎/ℓ. The mixing intensity provided during floculation did not affect floc density significantly, but if affects the formated floc sharp and the mixing pattern within Bed. The influential order of floc density was polymer dosage, mixing intensity and superficial velocity.

整流方式에 따른 醫療用 X-線 裝置의 特性

김재문,권덕문,최세곤 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 1995 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.23 No.2

The output characteristics on various rectification methods of X-ray equipments for the purpose of medical use are investigated by means of X-ray multimeter. in comparison the measured values with setting values, the accuracy of X-ray tube voltage and illumination time was varied in the range of +70% in case of three phase type including inverter type. The inverter type also showed a good reproducibility. As the experimental results, it is desirable that the inverter type X-ray equipment will be widely used in the near future.

치과 Implant 보철 수복시 자연지대치와의 연결형태에 따른 응력분석의 유한요소법적 분석

鄭載悳,曺仁鎬 단국대학교 치의학연구소 1992 논문집 Vol.4 No.-

Dental prosthodontics, of which primary objective is the rehabilitation of mastication, esthetice and phonetics etc. caused by the loss of teeth and their supporting structures, has a new vista in which the studies of making fixed or removable prosthesis by implanting artificial roots into jaw one are actively under progress. In the early phase, osseo-integrated implants were mostly used for the treatment of fully edentulous patients byt recently various methods of rehabilitation partial edentulous jaws has been studied and are actually applied to the clinical use. Clinicians have much interest in the connection modalities of the natural abutments and implants, and he fact which type of connection brings about the most favorable results is a very important question. As a part of biomechanical study of biofunction, stress analysis using finite elements were applied to compare and analyse stress produced in adjacent bone tissue to the natural abutments and dental implants. Experimental models have dental implants in partial edentulous areas in the lower arch, where 1st and 2nd molars were unilaterally lost. 4 finite models(free standing, rigid, semi-rigid, and telescopic connector) were designed. Load of 1.5Kg and 30Kg were applied to each experimental group respectively. After the models were checked and results were calculated by the transformation procedures following results were obtained. The stress occuring along the interface of cortical bone and supporting structures of the abutments, and along the cancellous bone, were compared according to the model types. 1. In the free standing implant prosthesis, which is not connected to the natural abutment tooth, high stress distributions were observed in the distal third area of natural abutment apex, mesio-cervical area of 1st implant and in disto-cervical area of 2nd implant in all of experimental groups. 2. In the case of rigid and telescopic models of 3 unit bridge, using one natural abutment and one implant fixture, stress distribution and amount were similar in both group 1(1.5㎏) and group 2(30㎏). High stress distributions were observed in the mesio-apical third of natural abutment and cervical region of implant fixture. 3. In the semi-rigid model, high stress distributions were observed in the cervical region of natural abutment and cervical third of implant fixture in group 1.Stresses were more concentrated in implant fixtures. In group 2, high stress distributions were observed in the apical third of natural tooth and in the mesio-apical third and disto-middle third of implant fixtures. The stress was concentrated more from mesio-apical third to the disto-middle third in the implant fixture than natural abutment tooth. 4. In the cancellous bone under the interface of cortical bone, natural abutment and implant fixtrue, stresses were concentrated on underlyingapex of natural abutment tooth in free standing model. Stree distribution was high in disto-middle third of natural abutment in rigid and telescopic model, and it was relatively high in each underlying apex of natural abutment. In group 1 of semi-rigid model, high stress distributions were observed in the disto-middle third of abutment tooth and in the mesial surface of implant fixtures. Stress distributions were high in the disto-middle third natural abutment and mesial and apical region of implant fixtures in group 2. 5. Under the limits of elasticity, the pattern of stress distribution was almost unaffected by the differences in the load applied, but resultant stress amounts were affected by the magnitude in the forces applied.

신경회로망에서 뉴런간의 연결도를 이용한 4색 배치 문제 해결 알고리즘

임재윤,이기태,김덕주,현해진,강부식 濟州大學校工科大學附屬産業技術硏究所 1993 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.4 No.-

In this paper we have proposed a method for solving a four-coloring problem using adjusted information transmission between adjacent neurons in neural networks. These algorithms are based on McCclloch-Pitts binary neuron model neural networks. If a map shares n regions, a 4×n neural array is used to color a map of n regions where each neuron as a processing element performs it. By programming these algorithm by a C-language in IBM PC 486 DX and adapting it to various examples, we have showed the ability of our system. If one neuron is selected among four neurons, the strength of order three neurons is wakened. So, by transmitting the information of selected neuron, adjacent neurons cannot share the same color.

特別設計構成의 都市設計 規制

羅元才,吳德成 충남대학교 지역개발연구소 2000 地域開發論叢 Vol.12 No.-

This study aims to understand concept and characteristics of Special Zoning District and to suggest more rational urban design control by means of analyzing guidelines and performing condition of Special Zoning District. This study consists of three parts. First part reviews conceptions and characteristics of Special Zoning District and theoretical backgrounds on the urban design guidelines. In second part, author inspects that what role did play and what contents did contain the zoning and the urban design, by means of case studies which are urban design institution of American and Japanese. In third, part, the case study of 10-cases, has been analyzed in terms of district, urban design guidelines and process.

점핑활동 프로그램이 다운증후군 아동의 하지 근력 및 자세조절 전략에 미치는 영향

정덕조,이방재,노형규 한국특수체육학회 2003 한국특수체육학회지 Vol.11 No.1

The purpose of this study was to suggest jumping activity program for increasing the leg strength and postural control strategy and to identify the effects of jumping activity program. Participants were twelve male elementary school students with Down syndrome(exercise group: n=6, non-exercise group: n=6). The jumping activity program administrated during 8 weeks, 3 times a week, for 70 minutes at a time. The isokinetic strength variables and postural control strategy data were analyzed using t-tests(a=.05) to identify difference of means within each group. In conclusion, most of all the isokinetic strength and postural control strategy variables of participants in the exercise group were increased. Therefore, this study suggests that through the participation of jumping activity program children with Down syndrome at the age of 7~13 will stabilize their joints surrounded by muscles, increase the strength of their lower limb, and maintain the posture by increasing muscle reaction speed between lower limb and trunk.

生分解性 共重合體의 重合 및 物性에 관한 硏究(I)

崔乘載,吉德洙,趙壬元 단국대학교 1995 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

The graft ploymerization of methyl methacrylate onto starch initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate. The grafted polymer was identified by using IR spectroscopy. Four copolymer samples with grafting percents of 34.29%, 48.71%, 57.89% and 67.89% were tested for their microbial susceptibility in a synthetic medium employing a inoculum of aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride. Starch-g-poly(methyl methacrylate)copolymer films show excellent susceptibility to fungal growth, some samples losing more than 14% of their weight after 15days of incubation with aspergillus niger. There was initial rapid weight loss accompanied by the exponential increase in bacterial population and pH of the culture medium during the second week. The extent of degradation seems to decress with increasing grafting percent.