喩昌의 生涯와 醫學思想

金秀烈,尹暢烈 대한한의학원전학회 1990 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.4 No.-

At early Cheong (淸) dynasty, in medical aspect by dependent on practical studying attitude that must found a theory only by an evidence, there had been a tendancy that hoped direct research of sages' mind-eye by escaping the theory of individual classes since Geum-Won (金-元)dynasty. Yoo Chang(喩昌), born in Man-Ryeok(萬曆) 12th year of Myung(明) dynasty (A.D.1583) and dead in Gang-Hee(康熙) 3rd year of Cheong(淸) dynasty (A.D.1664). The results were as follows after studying his practical idea of medicine. 1. Yoo Chang, by recognizing the 《Sang-Han-Ron》 has lost its true meaning after commented by Wang hee(王熙), Lim Eog(林億), Seong Moo-I(成無己), etc. according to Bang Yoo-Jip's(方有執) Chak-Gan-Jung-Jeong(錯簡重訂) theory, he diversified the protocal of 《Sang-Han-Ron》 397 method and arranged under Six Meridian part.(六經) 2. The theory of Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip(三網鼎立) can be summerized Gye-Ji(桂枝) syndrome which is the case of WInd(風) has injured Wi(衛) stage, Ma-hwang(麻黃) syndrome which is the case of Cold(寒) ahs injured Yeong(榮) stage, Dae-Cheong-Ryong(大靑龍) syndrome which is the case both of Wind-Cold(風寒) ahs injured Yeong-Wi(榮衛) stage, and there has been Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip theory by anterior medical practitioners already but the person who formally used its Sam-Gang-Jeong-Rip term is Yoo-Chang. 3. Yoo Chang seized the On Byeng(溫病) by dividing three category and in Byon-Jeung-Si-Chi(辨證施治) he influenced to many aspect of establishment of later Byon-Jeung system On-Byong(溫病의 辨證體系) pertaining to Triple-Warmer by O-Dang(오당) introducing Triple-Warmer Theory.(三焦理論) 4. At Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論) of 《Eui-Moon-Beop-Ryol》, while 《Nae-Gyeong》 describing if humidity injury Lung, then occur a disorder in it, Yoo Chang recognized that of autuam when dryness injure Lung there occure a disorder is it so he insisted that at this case, must use Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye method (淸燥救肺法) with herbs, pertaing to Gam-Yoo-Ja-Yoon(甘柔滋潤性) property and he invented Cheong-Joe-Goo-Pye-Tang.(淸燥救肺湯) 5. You Chang', so called, Dae-Gi(大氣) indicates Yang-Gi(陽氣) of chest, he insisted that man's creation and every physiological activity depends on maintainence of Dae-Gi, and it integrate Yeong-Gi(榮氣), Wea-Gi(衛氣), Jong-Gi(宗氣), Jang-Boo-Ji-Gi(臟腑之氣), Gyeong-Rak-Ji-Gi.(經絡之氣) 6. Yoo Chang's expression about partical function and character of stomach, not only bolster its theory of historical physician's expression, that is stomach is foundatness of postnatal period, but also it has correponding aspect with modern medicine and clinic. 7. Yoo Chang emphasized "if one cure a disease, be must understood the character of disease first and use drugs later"(先議病 後用藥) phrase about of drug usage, and his theory of Geup-Rew-Man-Joo method(急流挽舟) and three therapy of Simple Ascite(單腹脹) are all unique opinion based upon this phrase mentioned above. 8. Yoo Chang's practical idea of medicine greatly influenced to Jang Ro(張??), Hwang Won-A(黃元御), Oh Eui-Rak(吳儀洛) ,Joo Yang-Joon(周??俊), etc. and theory of Sam-Gang-Jeng-Rip(三網鼎立), Thriple Warmer Theory of On Byong (溫疫의 三焦論治), Chu-Jo-Ron(秋燥論), Dae-Gi-Ron(大氣論) etc. became important object to student of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byeng.(溫病) 9. Yoo Chang's Writings has more practical meaning than other physician's, especially, later the idea of Sang-Han(傷寒) and On-Byong(溫病) greatly contributed to development of Sang-Han theory and formation of On-Byong theory.

RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 산림 탄소 동태 변화 추정 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손요환 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.1

산림은 많은 양의 탄소를 저장하고 있으며, 산림 탄소 동태는 기후변화에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 산림에서 가장 우점하는 침엽수종과 활엽수종인 소나무림과 참나무림을 대상으로 최근 개발 및 개선된 한국형산림토양탄소모델(Korean ForestSoil Carbon model; KFSC model)을 이용하여 두 가지 기후변화 시나리오(2012년 기온이 2100년까지 유지되는 시나리오(CT), Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 시나리오) 하에서의 산림 탄소 동태를 예측하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료로부터 소나무림과 굴참나무림 조사구들을 추출한 뒤, 이를 행정구역(9개 도, 7개 특별·광역시) 및 영급(1-5영급, 6영급이상)별로 분류하여 탄소 동태 모의 단위를 설정하였다. 탄소 저장고는 2012년을 기준으로 초기화하였으며, 모의 기간인 2012년부터 2100년까지 모든 교란은 고려하지 않았다. 모의 결과 산림 탄소 저장량은 시간이 경과함에 따라 전반적으로 증가하지만, CT 시나리오에 비하여 RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서 산림 탄소 저장량이 낮게 나타났다. 소나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 260.4에서 2100년에는 각각 395.3(CT 시나리오) 및 384.1(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 증가하였다. 굴 참나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 124.4에서 2100년에는 219.5(CT 시나리오) 및 204.7(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 각각 증가하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료와 비교한 결과, 고사유기물 탄소 저장량의 초기값은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 모의 기간 동안 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 연간 탄소 흡수율(g C m-2 yr-1)은 CT 시나리오 하에서 각각 71.1과 193.5, RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서 각각 65.8과 164.2로 추정된다. 따라서 우리나라 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 탄소 흡수잠재력은 지구 온난화에 의하여 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 비록 모델의 구조와 파라미터로부터 불확실성이 존재하지만 본 연구는 미래 산림 탄소 동태 파악에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and 164.2 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and 193.5 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.

간지(干支)의 의의(意義) 및 설문해자(說文解字)의 십간(十干)에 관한 연구(硏究)

윤창열 ( Yun Chang-yeol ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2017 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.30 No.4

Objective : Heavenly stems and Earthly branches is a tool used for understanding the virtue of Yin Yang and Five elements. Korean medicine understands the changes in Wuyun through the Ten Heavenly stems, and understand the changes of Liuqi through the Twelve Earthly branches. An accurate understanding of the definitions of Heavenly Stems and Earthly branches and the concept of each of the 10 stems is of vital importance. Method : The paper first reviews the origin, history, and significance of the Heavenly stems and Earthly branches before studying the definitions of the stems and branches as laid out in the works of Yu Onseo, Lee Samun, and Han Dongseok. The paper then reviewed the concept of the each of the ten stems through researching the texts of Seoulmunhaeja, the annotations of the four great Seolmuns, and the texts of Jeongyeokwonui. Result & Conclusion : Heavenly stems and Earthly branches have been in use since more than 6,000 years ago. The central numbers in the changes of Heaven and Earth are five and six. Each number functions with duality, yin and yang, meaning there are ten Heavenly numbers (5x2=10) and 12 Earthly numbers (6x2=12) which oversees all of the cosmic changes. Stems become the body and signifies water. Branches become the use and signifies divided fire. The meanings of the letters Gab Eul Byeong Jeong Mu Gi Gyeong Sin Im Gye originate from the one year life of a tree which grows, bears fruits, processes Yang qi, and awaits for the next spring. The reason a tree is used is because there is nothing better in studying in detail the changes of a living being through a year.

Surgical Causes of Significant Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Signal Changes in Three-Column Spinal Surgery

Wi Seung Myung,Park Sang-Min,Chang Sam Yeol,Lee Jeongik,Kim Sung-Min,장봉순,Kim Hyoungmin 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.6

Study Design: Retrospective case series. Purpose: To evaluate the risks and causes of neurologic complications in three-column spinal surgery by analyzing intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) data. Overview of Literature: Three-column spinal surgery, which may be required to correct complex spinal deformities or resection of spinal tumors, is known to carry a high risk of neurologic complications. However, few studies reported a specific surgical procedure related to a significant IONM signal change during surgery. Methods: Multimodality IONM data, including somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP), were reviewed in 64 patients who underwent three-column spinal surgery from 2011 to 2015. Surgical procedures included posterior vertebral column resection, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, total en bloc spondylectomy, piecemeal spondylectomy, and corpectomy with laminectomy (n=27) in three cervical, 34 thoracic, and 31 lumbar procedures. Results: Significant IONM signal changes occurred in 11 of 64 (17.1%) patients. SSEP and MEP were changed in 11 patients. Postoperative neurologic deterioration occurred in 54.5% (6 of 11) of the patients, and two of them were permanent. There was no postoperative neurologic deterioration in patients without significant signal change. Suspected causes of IONM data changes are as follows: adhesion/tethering, translation, contusion, and perfusion. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, to enhance neurologic safety in three-column spinal surgery, surgeons should pay attention to protect the spinal cord from mechanical insult, especially when the spinal column was totally destabilized during surgery, and not to compromise perfusion to the spinal cord in close cooperation with a neurologist and anesthesiologist.

Rheological Properties of Native Maize, Waxy Maize, and Acetylated Maize Starches, and Applications in the Development of Food Products

Song, Chang-Geun,Baik, Moo-Yeol,Kim, Byung-Yong 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.1

Feasibility of using native and modified maize starches in various food systems such as surimi, soup and noodle was investigated. The viscosity of native maize starch (NMS) increased dramatically with an increase in the starch concentration and a decrease in the temperature, whereas that of of waxy maize starch (WMS) showed no significant change. The acetylated maize starch (AMS) had a lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy than NMS and WMS. NMS had the highest storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G"), whereas WMS had the lowest G' and G". The G' values of all of the surimi increased from $55^{\circ}C$, and the G' of surimi paste with NMS added was greater than that of the surimi mixed with WMS and AMS. The viscosity of soup containing WMS showed a lower increase than with NMS and AMS. Noodles mixed with AMS had the shortest cooking time, indicating that each starch had typical characteristics that could be applied to food manufacturing.

A Prospective Study with Cage-Only or Cage-with-Plate Fixation in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Interbody Fusion of One and Two Levels

Kim, Sam Yeol,Yoon, Seung Hwan,Kim, Dokeun,Oh, Chang Hyun,Oh, Seyang The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2017 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.60 No.6

Objective : The authors prospectively analyzed the effect of one-level or two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), comparing stand-alone cages and cage-with-plate fixation constructs with respect to clinical outcomes and radiologic changes. Methods : A total of 84 patients who underwent one-level (n=52) or two-level ACDF (n=32) for cervical disc disease and who completed 2 years of follow-up were included in this study. The patients were divided by cervical level and grouped into ACDF-Cage-only and ACDF-Cage-with-plate groups. The following parameters were assessed using radiographs : subsidence, C2-C7 lordosis angle, fusion segment angle, adjacent disc space narrowing, and fusion status. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the neck disability index (NDI) and visual analog scale scores for arm pain. Results : In the comparison of one-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, the NDI score was better in the cage-only group at the 3-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups : however, no significant difference in clinical outcomes was observed. In the comparison of two-level ACDF-cage-only and ACDF-cage-with-plate groups, no difference in any clinical outcome was observed between the two groups. At the 24-month follow-up, subsidence was observed in 45.8% of patients in the one-level cage-only group and 32.1% of patients in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate between the two groups (p=0.312). Subsidence in the two-level cage-only group (66.6%) was significantly more frequent than in the two-level cage-with-plate fixation group (30%; p=0.049). The fusion rate for patients in the one-level cage-only group was not significantly different from that in the one-level cage-with-plate fixation group (cage-only, 87.5%; cage-with-plate fixation, 92.9%; p=0.425) ; fusion rate in the two-level patients were also similar between groups (cage-only, 83.3%; cage-with-plate fixation, 95%; p=0.31). Conclusion : Our clinical results showed that for single-level cases, plate fixation had no additional benefit versus cage-only; for two-level ACDF cases, the fusion rate and clinical outcomes were similar, although the cage-with-plate fixation group had a lower incidence of cage subsidence than did the cage-only group. We conclude that physicians should be aware of this possible disadvantage associated with using cervical plates in one-level ACDF. However, in two-level ACDF, subsidence is more likely to occur without plate fixation, and thus the addition of plate fixation should be considered.

Free Paper Presentation : OS-53 ; Factors Associated with Smokers` will for Smoking Cessation in Korea

( Ah Young Leem ),( Chang Hoon Han ),( Chul Min Ahn ),( Tae Hoon Jung ),( Yu Il Kim ),( Jae Yeol Kim ),( Sang Haak Lee ),( Eun Mi Chun ),( Kwang Ha Yoo ),( Ji Ye Jung ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2014 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.118 No.-

Background: Smoking is known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Understanding of factors that contribute to smoking cessation may help to develop strategies for smoking behavior change. Methods: Pooled cross-sectional data of 11,924 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II-V were analyzed. The stages of change in smoking cessation were categorized into pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation. Baseline characteristics, socioeconomic factors, quality of life, psychological characteristics, and tobacco-related factors were compared between the groups. Results: The study population consisted of 32.4% in pre-contemplation, 54.4% in contemplation, and 13.1% in preparation group. While the proportion for pre-contemplation group (37.4% to 28.4%) tended to decrease from 2001 to 2012, that of preparation group (6.4% to 18.1%) tended to increase. The mean age of pre-contemplation group (48.4±16.2) is higher than comtemplation and preparation group (42.2±13.9 and 44.4±15.3; P=0.02). As levels of education and income status increased, the proportion of pre-contemplation tended to decrease, and that of preparation tended to increase. Proportion of blue collar job in pre-contemplation group was higher than in preparation group (67.9% vs 58.1%; P<0.001). In pre-contemplation group, percentage of suicidal ideation within 1 year was higher than contemplation and preparation group (19.3% vs 16.0% and 16.1%). Upon adjusting analysis, the proportion of pre-contemplation group increased with increasing age (OR=1.01; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), and smoking amount (OR=1.04; 95%CI 1.03-1.05). People of pre-contemplation group (vs. preparation) are be less educated (OR=1.99; 95% CI 1.51-2.62), are in single marital status (OR=1.25; 95%CI 1.04-1.50), have lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease (OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.31-0.76), and do less exercise walking (OR=1.36; 95%CI 1.09-1.69) and weight training (OR=1.59; 95%CI 1.35-1.85). Conclusions: We demonstrated a significant association between the stages of change in smoking cessation and age, education, marital status, cardiovascular disease, and amount of exercise.

핑거프린트를 이용하는 클라이언트 기반 실내 측위 시스템의 설계 및 구현

황원영,최창열 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2008 産業技術硏究 Vol.28 No.A

Recently, interests on positioning system for location-based services have been significantly increased. Many indoor environment systems using fingerprint scheme have been designed to take more accuracy of positioning, but they are inefficient in adapting to change of environments. In this paper, we focus on a client-based positioning system over WLAN for decreasing installation cost and adapting to change of environments. In the proposed system, APs with stable RSSI are selected as base APs independently for each reference point. Experimental results show that proposed system expands service area approximately 20% much than traditional systems using K-NN algorithm and needs only 20% modification process to fingerprint data compare with traditional systems whenever environment conditions are changed.

The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases : Slide Session ; OS-053 : COPD ; Factors Associated with Smokers` will for Smoking Cessation in Korea

( Ah Young Leem ),( Chang Hoon Han ),( Chul Min Ahn ),( Tae Hoon Jung ),( Yu Il Kim ),( Jae Yeol Kim ),( Sang Haak Lee ),( Eun Mi Chun ),( Kwang Ha Yoo ),( Ji Ye Jung ),( Korean Smoking Cessation Stud 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Smoking is known to increase the risk of chronic disease. Understanding of factors that contribute to smoking cessation may help to develop strategies for smoking behavior change. Methods: Pooled cross-sectional data of 11,924 subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II-V were analyzed. The stages of change in smoking cessation were categorized into pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation. Baseline characteristics, socioeconomic factors, quality of life, psychological characteristics, and tobacco-related factors were compared between the groups. Results: The study population consisted of 32.4% in pre-contemplation, 54.4% incontemplation, and 13.1% in preparation group. While the proportion for pre-contemplation group (37.4% to 28.4%) tended to decrease from 2001 to 2012, that of preparation group (6.4% to 18.1%) tended to increase. The mean age of pre-contemplation group (48.4±16.2) is higher than comtemplation and preparation group (42.2±13.9 and 44.4±15.3; P=0.02). As levels of education and income status increased, the proportion of pre-contemplation tended to decrease, and that of preparation tended to increase. Proportion of blue collar job in pre-contemplation group was higher than in preparation group (67.9% vs 58.1%; P<0.001). In pre-contemplation group, percentage of suicidal ideation within 1 year was higher than contemplation and preparation group19.3% vs 16.0% and 16.1%). Upon adjusting analysis, the proportion of pre-contemplation group increased with increasing age (OR=1.01; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), and smoking amount (OR=1.04; 95%CI 1.03-1.05). People of pre-contemplation group (vs. preparation) are be less educated (OR=1.99; 95% CI 1.51-2.62), are in single marital status (OR=1.25; 95%CI 1.04-1.50), have lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease OR=0.48; 95%CI 0.31-0.76), and do less exercise walking (OR=1.36; 95%CI 1.09-1.69)and weight training (OR=1.59; 95%CI 1.35-1.85). Conclusions: We demonstrated a signifi cant association between the stages of changesmoking cessation and age, education, marital status, cardiovascular disease, and amount of exercise.

Effects of the Aromatherapy Program Using Fir Needle Essential Oil on Stress, Sleep Quality and Fatigue in Middle-Aged Women

Jong-Suk Hong,Woo-Yeol Kim,Chang-Duck Koo 인간식물환경학회 2018 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.21 No.5

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy program using fir needle essential oil on stress, sleep quality, and fatigue of middle aged women. Twenty middle-aged women were divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group inhaled the fir needle fragrance for 5 minutes and received a back massage with sunflower oil mixed with fir essential oil for 20 minutes. The control group took a rest for 5 minutes instead of inhaling the fragrance of essential oils and received a back massage with only sunflower oil. The experiment was conducted total eight times (twice a week) for four weeks. For the measurement of stress, fatigue, and sleep quality, questionnaires were used to collect data in the pre-test survey and post-test survey. As a result, the scores of physical and psychological stress in the experimental group and the control group were significantly decreased. However, the physical stress was more decreased in the experimental group treated with fir oil aromatherapy. In addition, both groups showed a significant difference in the quality of sleep. Fatigue measurements showed significant changes in both groups, but the fatigue reduction was more significant in the experimental group. These results suggest that massage therapy for the middle-aged women has a positive effect on relieving physical and psychological stress, improving sleep quality and reducing fatigue by assisting metabolism and blood circulation. This study proved that fir needle essential oil can be a good material for aromatherapy to promote health of middle aged women undergoing physical, psychological, and social changes.