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연구논문 : 지속가능한 토양환경 관리를 위한 토양질 지표의 선정과 평가체계
옥용식 ( Yong Sik Ok ),양재의 ( Jae E Yang ),박용하 ( Yong Ha Park ),정영상 ( Yeong Sang Jung ),유경열 ( Kyung Yoal Yoo ),박철수 ( Chol Soo Park ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2005 환경정책연구 Vol.4 No.1
토양의 질(Soil Quality)에 대한 개념은 과거 식량생산을 위한 기반으로서의 토양에 대한 연구부터 1970년대 후반 Warkentin and Fletcher(1977)에 의해 제안된 환경의 구성요소로서의 토양에 대한 연구에 이르기까지 수많은 변화를 거쳐 왔다. 토양의 질에 대한 개념은 그 관점에 따라 다르지만 토양이 본래의 기능을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있는 용량으로 요약할 수 있다. 국제경제협력개발기구(OECD)에서도 토양의 질을 농업환경의 주요지표로 설정하여 토양유실과 토양탄소를 토양질 평가의 세부지표로 제시하였으며, 각국가별로 활발한 연구가 수행 중에 있다. 본 논문에서는 현재까지 제안된 토양질의 주요 개념을 살펴보고 국내외의 토양질 평가체계를 비교·분석하고자 하였다. 토양질의 평가체계는 최소자료군(Minimum Data Set)을 이용한 토양질 지표의 선정, 선별된 지표의 표준점수화함수(Standard Scoring Function), 각 지표의 통합을 통한 토양질의 점수화의 세 단계로 구분하여 분석하였다. 토양의 질 지표는 물리·화학·생물학적 지표로 분류할 수 있으며, 이 중 토양침식, 전용적밀도, 토심, 입단안정화도, 토성, 수분보유력, 유효수분함량은 물리적 질 지표로 주로 사용된다. 화학적 질 지표로는 유기물, pH, 전기전도도, 질소·인산·가리, 중금속 등이 있고, 생물학적 지표로는 미생물탄소·질소, 무기화 가능한 질소, 토양호흡이 주로 사용된다. 또한, 토양질 지표의 직접적인 측정이 어려운 경우에는 토양특성 환산식(Pedotransfer Function)을 이용하여 각 지표의 값을 추정할 수 있다. 현재 선진국에서는 SINDY를 비롯한 다양한 프로그램을 구축하고 있으며, 국내에서도 국가적인 차원의 자료구축을 통해 선별된 최소자료군의 계량화모델을 확립하여 웹기반의 프로그램을 구축해야 할 것이다. 현재까지 토양질의 계량화에 대한 연구는 주로 작물의 수량을 중심으로 이루어졌지만 향후 지속가능한 토양환경의 관리를 위해서는 환경의 질과 인간의 건강을 종합적으로 고려한 토양의 질 지표 개발에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이다. Defining soil quality in scopes and applications is one of the prerequisite for the sustainable management of soil environment to orient researches, strategies and policies. However, definition of soil quality is controversial depending upon a viewpoint of soil science or soil environment. Soil quality can be, irrespective of the disciplines, defined as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. Common to all of the soil quality concepts can be summarized as the capacity of soil to function effectively at present and in the future. The OECD includes soil quality as one of the agri-environment indicators. This article intends to i) summarize the current soil quality research, and ii) provide information on protocol of soil quality assessment. A framework for soil quality was divided into three steps: indicator selection as minimum data set (MDS), scoring of the selected indicators, and integration of scores into soil quality index. Korean government suggested possible physical and chemical indicators such as bulk density and organic matter for paddy and upland soils to OECD. The framework of soil quality assessment is not yet implemented in Korea. Countries such as USA, Canada and New Zealand have constructed the framework on soil quality assessment and developed a user-friendly version of soil quality assessment tools to evaluate the integrated effects of various soil management practices. The protocol provided in this review might help policymakers, scientists, and administrators improve awareness about soil quality and understand the way of soil environment management.
홍기찬 ( Ki Chan Hong ),최봉수 ( Bong Su Choi ),주진호 ( Jin Ho Joo ),정영상 ( Yeong Sang Jung ),양재의 ( Jae E. Yang ),옥용식 ( Yong Sik Ok ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2010 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.22 No.-
In agricultural zones on highlands in Gangwon-do, mountains and forests are occasionally cleared for fields, which form steep slopes and are mostly left as bare lands without cultivation during non-farming seasons. Also, yearly soil dressing on those lands are considered to cause severe damage to soil quality such as aggregate stability. Soil erosion in highland agriculture is reported to exceed 11 MT?ha-1per annum. Further, the soil eroded and nutritious substances contained in soil are said to flow into the water system, having adverse effects on water ecosystem. Accordingly, the present study focused on the field soil in highlands to assess the correlation between the content of organic matter in soil and the stability of soil aggregates, which is known to influence the soil aggregate formation, and to establish basic data for managing soil in highlands where soil erosion is serious. From the analysis on organic matters and aggregate stability in soil, the field soil in highlands was found to contain organic matters within the range of 1~5% and the stability of aggregates was as low as 2~37%. For the forest soil, the organic matter content was 1~8% and the stability of aggregates was found 8~40%. The Pearson correlation analysis on each factors showed that the field soil in highlands had relatively low correlation (r=0.51**) between organic matter content and the stability of aggregates. The r value here was far lower than that in existing plastic film houses or forest soils(r=0.86***). This indicates that, in highlands, reckless cultivation, precipitation and winds have damaged soil aggregates and that such physical process as frequent soil dressing resulting from soil erosion has destroyed microscopic soil aggregates, leading to less stability of soil aggregates even when organic matters influencing aggregate formation exist. To conclude, soil management need be done in terms of improvement of soil aggregates in order to prevent the field soil in highlands from erosion.