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Soil Air CO<sub>2</sub> Concentrations in a Spruce-Fir Forest, Maine, USA
Son, Yow Han,Fernandez, Ivan J.,Kim, Zin-Suh Korean Society of Forest Science 1992 한국산림과학회지 Vol.81 No.2
미국 Maine 주 저지대 가문비나무-젓나무 경제림 지역의 spodosol 토양의 2개의 토심(O와 B층)에서 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도를 측정하였다. $CO_2$ 농도 측정은 Draeger 직독(直讀) chromatography법과 가스주입기를 이용한 gas chromatography 법의 두 가지 방법을 사용하였다. 1991년 생육기 동안의 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도(%)의 평균값은 Draeger법으로 측정된 O층의 0.11로부터 gas chromatography법으로 측정된 B층의 0.29사이의 분포를 보였다. B층과 O층 모두에서 Draeger법에 의한 토양공기 $CO_2$의 농도가 gas chromatography법으로 측정된 값보다 낮은 수치를 보였다. 두 방법에 의해 측정된 값들 상호간에는 두 층 모두에서 고도의 상관관계 (p<0.01)를 보였으며, 시간변화에 따른 변화 유형 역시 평행적인 관계를 보여 주었다. 토양공기 $CO_2$ 농도는 토양온도와 고도의 정의 상관관계를 보였는데 상관계수의 값은 선발된 측정방법 및 토층에 따라 0.13-0.32의 값을 나타냈다. Soil air $CO_2$ concentrations were measured in two soil depths (O and B horizon) by (1) the use of the Draeger direct reading chromatographic tubes and (2) syringe gas collections with gas chromatographic detection in a Spodosol supporting low elevation, commercial spruce-fir forest, Maine, USA, Mean soil air $CO_2$ concentrations(%) during the growing season of 1991 ranged from 0.11 in the O horizon by the Draeger method to 0.29 in the B horizon by the gas chromatographic method. Soil air $CO_2$ concentrations by the Draeger method were lower than those obtained using the gas chromatographic method for both soil horizons. However, data from the two methods were significantly(p<0.01) correlated and paralleled each other relative to temporal patterns. Positive and highly significant correlations existed between soil air $CO_2$ concentrations and soil temperature, although correlation coefficients only ranged from 0.13 to 0.32, depending on the method and horizon chosen.
Soil Air CO2 Concentrations in a Spruce - Fir Forest , Maine , USA
Yow Han Son,Ivan J . Fernandez,Zin Suh Kim 한국산림과학회 1992 한국산림과학회지 Vol.81 No.2
N/A Soil air CO₂ concentrations were measured in two soil depths (O and B horizon) by (1) the use of the Draeger direct reading chromatographic tubes and (2) syringe gas collections with gas chromatographic detection in a Spodosol supporting low elevation, commercial spruce-fir forest, Maine, USA, Mean soil air CO₂ concentrations(%) during the growing season of 1991 ranged from 0.11 in the O horizon by the Draeger method to 0.29 in the B horizon by the gas chromatographic method. Soil air CO₂ concentrations by the Draeger method were lower than those obtained using the gas chromatographic method for both soil horizons. However, data from the two methods were significantly(p$lt;0.01) correlated and paralleled each other relative to temporal patterns. Positive and highly significant correlations existed between soil air CO₂ concentrations and soil temperature, although correlation coefficients only ranged from 0.13 to 0.32, depending on the method and horizon chosen.
강원도 고성군 소규모 신규조림/재조림 CDM 시범사업의 온실가스 감축량 산정 연구
손요환 ( Yow Han Son ),김지연 ( Ji Yeon Kim ),이수경 ( Sue Kyoung Lee ),노남진 ( Nam Jin Noh ),윤태경 ( Tae Kyung Yoon ),한새롬 ( Sae Rom Han ),( Gui Shan Cui ),이우균 ( Woo Kyun Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.3
Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province,Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton CO2-e and 165.5 ton CO2-e/ha. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.
실외 실험적 온난화 처리에 대한 활엽수 3종 묘목의 광합성 반응
한새롬 ( Sae Rom Han ),윤태경 ( Tae Kyung Yoon ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),윤순진 ( Sun Jin Yoon ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),조민석 ( Min Seok Cho ),황재홍 ( Jae Hong Hwang ),손요환 ( Yow Han Son ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-
기후변화에 따른 산림생산성의 변화를 예측하기 위해서는 기온 증가에 대한 수목 광합성 반응을 파악하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 활엽수 3종 묘목에 대하여 실외 실험적 온난화 처리에 의한 광합성 반응을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 2013년 4월, 묘포장에 굴참나무, 거제수나무, 물푸레나무 종자를 파종하고 온난화 처리구의 대기 온도를 대조구에 비하여 지속적으로 3℃ 높게 유지한 후, 2013년 6월부터 10월까지 매월 묘목의 순광합성율을 측정하였다. 조사기간 평균 순광합성율(μmol CO2 m-1 sec-1)은 굴참나무는 온난화 처리구(11.40±0.58)에서 대조구(8.52±0.56)에 비하여 증가하였고(p<0.05), 거제수나무는 반대로 온난화 처리구(6.20±0.64)에서 대조구(7.74±0.54)에 비하여 감소하였다. 한편 굴참나무는 6.8월, 물푸레나무는 9.10월에 월별 순광합성율이 온난화 처리구에서 대조구에 비하여 증가한 반면, 거제수나무는 6.7월에 온난화 처리에 의하여 감소하였다. 즉 온난화에 의한 순광합성율의 변화가 수종에 따라 상이하였고, 각 수종 내에서도 계절적 반응에 차이가 있는데, 이러한 결과는 선행 연구를 바탕으로 한 예측과 일치하는 것으로 보인다. 따라서 기온 증가에 따른 산림생산성 및 광합성량 변화를 정확하게 예측하기 위해서는 다양한 수종에 대하여 종 특이적 및 계절적 반응 특성을 밝히는 것이 중요할 것으로 사료된다. Understanding photosynthetic response of tree species to temperature increase is needed to predict the change in productivity of forest ecosystems under climate change. This research was conducted to examine the photosynthetic responses of three deciduous seedlings to open-field experimental warming. In Apr. 2013, seeds of Quercus variabilis (Qv), Betula costata (Bc), and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (Fr) were sown in a nursery site and the air temperature of warmed plots (W) has been regulated 3℃ higher than that of control plots (C) constantly. Net photosynthetic rates of seedlings were measured every month, from June through Oct. 2013. Mean net photosynthetic rates (μmol CO2 m-1 sec-1) of Qv were increased in W (11.40±0.58) than C (8.52±0.56) and those of Bc were decreased in W (6.20±0.64) than C (7.74±0.54). Monthly net photosynthesis rates of Qv in June.Aug. and Fr in Sep..Oct. were increased in W than C, however, those of Bc in June.July were decreased by warming. The different responses according to species and seasons in this study agree with the prediction of the previous review study. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the species and seasonal specific responses of various tree species to determine the photosynthetic responses to warming.
일본잎갈나무 , 잣나무 , 신갈나무 임분 토양의 층위별 토양수의 화학적 특성
손요환,류성렬 한국환경농학회 1998 한국환경농학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Soil solutions were collected by zero-tension lysimeters at Kwangju, Kyunggi Province to estimate differences in ion concentration among species and horizons. Zero-tension lysimeters were installed in O, A, and B horizons in Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, and Quercus mongolica stands. Soil solution samples were collected from September 1996 through August 1998 and analyzed for K^+, Na^+, NH₄^+, Mg^(2+), Ca^(2+), Al^(3+), Cl^-, SO₄^(2-), NO₃^-, and PO₄^(3-). The experimental site had high nitrogen loading from the atmosphere, and N03 was positively correlated with K^+ and Mg^(2+). However, N03^- and NH₄^+ showed a positive correlation only in the O horizon of Q. mongolica stand. Mg^(2+) deficit in the soil was predicted owing to the positive relationship of Mg^(2+) with NO₃^-. Concentrations of K^+ and Ca^(2+) in soil solution were estimated higher in L. leptolepis than in other stands because of high leaching from the plant. Concentration of Al^(3+) in soil solution was negatively correlated with soil solution pH. Mean soil solution pH of A and B horizons in P. koraiensis was lower than 4.7, however the Al^(3+) concentration was lower than the toxic level to plants.
Noh, Nam-Jin,Son, Yow-Han,Koo, Jin-Woo,Seo, Kyung-Won,Kim, Rae-Hyun,Lee, Yoon-Young,Yoo, Kyung-Seun 한국식물학회 2010 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.53 No.1
The nitrogenase activity, root nodule biomass, and rates of nitrogen (N) fixation were measured in 25-year-old pure north- and south-facing Robinia pseudoacacia stands in an urban forest of Seoul (Kkachisan Mountain) in central Korea. The nitrogenase activity was estimated using an acetylene reduction (AR) assay, which showed an increasing trend during the early growing season, with sustained high rates from June through to September with a decrease thereafter. July had the highest nitrogenase activity rate (micromoles $C_2H_4$ per gram dry nodule per hour), averaging 95.8 and 115.1 for the north- and south-facing stands, respectively. The maximum root nodule biomass (kilograms per hectare) was 45.7 and 9.1 for the north- and south-facing stands in July, respectively. The AR rate appeared to be strongly correlated to the soil temperature ($r^2$=0.68, P<0.001) and soil pH ($r^2$=0.59, P<0.001) while root nodule biomass was correlated to the soil temperature ($r^2$=0.36, P<0.01) and water content ($r^2$=0.35, P<0.05). The soil temperature showed clear differences between seasons, while there was a significant difference in soil pH, organic matter, total N concentrations, and available phosphorus between the north- and south-facing stands. The $N_2$ fixation rates during the growing season varied from 0.1 to $37.5\;kg\;N\;ha^{-1}month^{-1}$ depending on the sampling location and time. The annual $N_2$ fixation rate (kg N per hectare per year) was 112.3 and 23.2 for the north- and south-facing stands, respectively. The differences in $N_2$ fixation rate between the two stands were due mainly to the differences in total nodule biomass.