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Determination of Adrenosterone and its Metabolites in Human Urine by LC/APCI/MS and GC/MS
Eunjung Han,Okkyoung Yim,Sun-young Beak,Jaeyeon Chung,Ji-hye Lee,Jungahn Kim,Yunje Kim 대한화학회 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.7
This study was done for the determination and excretion profile of adrenosterone and its metabolites in human urine using both liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. drenosterone and its two metabolites were detected in human urine after administration a healthy volunteer with 75 mg of adrenosterone. We found that adrenosterone-M1 (C19H26O3) was a reduction and adrenosterone-M2 (C19H26O4) was a hydroxylation at C-ring, which did not know the exact position of the C-ring. The adrenosterone parent was detected by GC/TOF-MS, but not detected by LC/APCI/MS because of low intensity. Adrenosterone and its two metabolites were excreted as their glucuronided fractions. The recovery of this method ranged from 100.7 to 118.4% and the reproducibility and accuracy test were 85.5 to 112.0% and 1.1 to 8.4%, respectively. The excretion studies showed that adrenosterone and its metabolites were detectable in human urine during a 48 h period after oral administration, with maximum level of excretion at 4.1 h. The glucuro-/sulfaconjugated ratio of adrenosterone, M1 and M2 was 0.73 ± 0.03, 0.96 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.03 (n = 6), respectively. The amounts of adrenosterone excreted in urine were 14.75 ng for 48 h. Also, the maximum level of androsterone and 11β-hydroxy androsterone, which were endogenous steroids, were reached 4.1 h after the oral administration of adrenosterone.
Eunjung Lee,Sujin Yim,이승기,Hyunsung Park 한국분자세포생물학회 2002 Molecules and cells Vol.14 No.1
At a low-oxygen tension, cells increase the expression of several genes (such as erythropoietin, the vascular endothelial growth factor, and glycolytic enzymes) in order to adapt to hypoxic stress. A common transacti-vator, named the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates these genes. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric trans-activator that is composed of a and b subunits. HIF-1 activity is primarily determined by the hypoxia-induced stabilization of the a subunit, whereas the HIF-1b subunit is expressed constitutively. Our previ-ous observation implied that the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK pathway is involved in the hypoxia-induced transactivation ability, but not in the stabilization and DNA binding of HIF-1a. In this paper, we dissected the transactivation domain of HIF-1a in more detail, and tested the correlation between specific domains of HIF-1a and specific signaling pathways. We designed several fusion proteins that contain deletion mutants of HIF-1a that is linked to the DNA binding domain of the yeast protein Gal4. By using the Gal4-driven re-porter system, we tested the transactivation activities of the Gal4/HIF-1a fusion proteins in Hep3B cells. Our findings suggest that tyrosine kinases, the MEK-1/p42/p44 MAPK pathway, but not the PI-3 kinase/ Akt pathway, are involved in the hypoxia-induced transactivation of HIF-1a. We have shown that the functional transactivation activities are located at both 522-649 and 650-822 amino acids of HIF-1a. Treat-ment of PD98059, a MEK-1 inhibitor, blocked the hy-poxia-induced transactivation abilities of both the 522 -649 and 650-822 amino acids of the C- terminal half of HIF-1a. This implies that the MEK-1/ p42/p44 MAPK signaling pathway cannot distinguish between the two hypoxia-induced transactivation domains.
현행 굿거리에서 무복 겉옷의 착용실태와 명칭에 관한 연구
김은정 ( Eunjung Kim ),배리듬 ( Rhythm Bae ),임린 ( Lin Yim ) 한국의류산업학회 2016 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.18 No.5
The outer clothing of shaman that are put on while performing current gutgeori is lacking in form and composition, diversified with kinds. Above all, name of shaman clothing is not unified, accordingly, there``s a big difference from traditional Gutgeori, which was definitely divided in the role of outer clothing of shaman in respect of function and role of Gutgeori. Here, this research attended a site that performed Gutgeori based on the advanced literature research data research and analyzed the state and name of outer clothing by conducting a survey and interview investigation. Survey was conducted during 2 years from 2014 to 2015 classifying Gutgeori of Seoul, Gyeongsang, Honam, Jeju, Chungcheon. Research results are as follows. First, lots of outer clothes were put on along with shamanism type in Seoul, accordingly, names were diversified. Name of outer clothing was not unified by focusing on level of divinity or behavior of Gutgeori, with no consistency being mixed. Second, name was not consistent even the outer clothing of the same type shaman along with the region, sometimes put on in different meaning, accordingly, called in different name. Combination of such name of shaman is determined to be a big reason of lack of accurate information on shaman clothing and genealogy of name of shaman clothing in shamans, as the initial research on shamanism was conducted by folklorists in advance.