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Effects of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide on Women
Josephine Mukabera(조세핀 무카베라) 한국여성연구소 2015 페미니즘 연구 Vol.15 No.1
이 논문은 1994년의 르완다학살이 여성의 젠더역할변화에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지에 대한 연구이다. 전통적으로 르완다에서 여성의 역할은 가정내영역에 제한되어 왔다. 본 논문은 1994년 르완다학살을 겪으면서 르완다 여성이 어떻게 전통적인 여성의 가정 내 역할을 넘어서 오랫동안 남성의 영역으로 간주되어오던 역할들까지 수행할 수밖에 없게 되었는지를 밝히고 있다. 본 논문의 주요 논의점은 르완다학살의 위기가 여성들이 자기인식을 어떻게 바꾸었는지와 여성의 역량강화에 상담적 개입이 어떠한 역할을 하였는가이다. 근본적으로 트라우마 치유는 여성들이 가족의 가장역할을 할 수 있도록 함은 물론 여성의 권리를 요구할 힘을 갖도록 했으며, 소득활동을 시작하고 커뮤니티 내에서 리더십을 발휘할 수 있도록 이끌어주었다. 페미니즘과 개발의 관점에서 이러한 상담적 개입은 여성에게 실제적 도움을 줌은 물론 전략적 관심을 함께 충족시켜주었다. 핵심적으로 경제적 개발과 정치적 지원이 여성의 역량강화를 촉진하는 기초가 되었다. 또한 르완다 지도자들은 르완다 내 가족 및 커뮤니티 재건과정에서 여성의 기여를 확인함으로써 정치영역에서의 여성의 참여증대가 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 상황을 개선하는데 필요함을 확신하게 되었다. 남성과 여성 누구나 그에 적합한 기회와 수단이 제공된다면 사회에 다양하고 유익한 기여를 할 수 있음을 르완다 학살을 겪은 르완다 여성의 젠더 역할 변화를 통해서도 확인할 수 있었다. This article discusses the effects of the 1994 Rwanda Genocide on women with a focus on the change in gender roles. Traditionally, Rwanda women depended on their husbands, sons, or fathers, and their role was limited to the domestic sphere. This article explores how the crisis subsequent to the 1994 Rwanda genocide forced women to go beyond their traditional domestic roles, embracing the roles previously allocated to men. With the demographic imbalance caused by the genocide, demands on families pushed women to intervene differently to cultural expectations. Through a desk review and my professional experience, this article discusses how the crisis of genocide forced women to think about themselves differently, and the role played by counseling interventions in empowering them. Fundamentally, trauma healing and capacity building services provided to women heads of families helped them to gain the power to request their social/legal and economic rights, to initiate income generating activities that develop their families, and to engage in the community leadership and development. In the feminism and development perspectives, these counseling interventions contributed to the fulfillment of women’s rights, allowing them to satisfy their practical needs and strategic interests, thus becoming part of the development process. Similar to what happened after the World War II, the post genocide crisis of Rwanda opened opportunities for women to enter public and political life and rebuild their society. Different from the experience of the United States and Europe, where activists played a crucial role in claiming gender equality, Rwanda women’s remarkable contribution to their family and community rehabilitation convinced Rwanda leaders that increased participation of women in politics is necessary for improved social, economic, and political conditions. I conclude that by nature, both males and females are able to contribute fruitfully to their societies if they are given opportunities and means.
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ITO-free polymer solar cells with vanadium oxide hole transport layer
이다영,조세핀,나석인,김석순 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.45 No.-
Although highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as alternative transparent electrodes to indium thin oxide (ITO), cell-performance is inferior to ITO based polymer solar cells (PSCs). To improve PEDOT:PSS based PSCs, we inserts metal-oxide hole transport layer (HTL) between PEDOT:PSS electrodes and photoactive layers for the first time. Device with optimized vanadium oxide HTL exhibits enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.33% (3.03% for conventional ITO-free PSCs). Improved performance is attributed to the increased shunt resistance and reduced surface roughness of PEDOT:PSS electrodes. Furthermore, improvement in device-stability under the atmospheric condition is observed.
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TiN and In2O3 Co-sputtered Amorphous InTiON Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells
김한기,이지은,조세핀,김석순 한국진공학회 2018 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.27 No.6
We report on transparent conducting TiN co-sputtered In2O3 electrodes prepared by multi-cathode magnetron sputtering at room temperature for use as transparent anodes in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The completely amorphous structure with low resistivity of 1.29 × 10-3 Ω-cm, work function of 4.69 eV, and high optical transmittance of 83.78 % was produced by addition of Ti and N structural stabilizers in the In2O3 matrix, making amorphous InTiON (a-ITON) films suitable for use as transparent anodes in PSCs. In addition, the a-ITON films exhibited good mechanical flexibility under substrate bending due to their stable amorphous structure. Compared to amorphous ITO-based PSC, which exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.07 %, the PSC with a-ITON showed a higher PCE of 13.74 % due to higher optical transmittance inducing a higher photocurrent. The suitability of an a-ITON electrode suggests it as a potential candidate to substitute for conventional oxide electrodes.
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Preference Organization as a Characterization Device in TV Sitcoms
이조세핀(Josephine Lee) 한국사회언어학회 2018 사회언어학 Vol.26 No.2
Lee, Josephine. 2018. “Preference Organization as a Characterization Device in TV Sitcoms.” The Sociolinguistics Journal of Korea 26(2), 167~193. This study employs conversation analysis to examine how preference organization is exploited as a characterization device in the American sitcom, The Big Bang Theory . The analysis shows that by enacting exaggerated and overt forms of preferred actions, the relationship and personalities of the main characters are constructed in a particular light. By focusing on dispreferred turns, and especially the violations of them, the analysis also demonstrates that preference organization is used to configure the main characters as “funnily abnormal nerds” while achieving the sitcom s purpose of providing entertainment and humor. These findings shed light on the workings of fictional dialogue and the specific resources used to accomplish different identity displays of sitcom characters.
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