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동북아 안보전략의 변화와 북한 핵문제 미국의 다자주의 안보전략 북핵 문제 해결의 함의
이인배 평화문제연구소 2004 統一問題硏究 Vol.16 No.1
As shown in the cases of CSCE (Conference on Security Cooperation in Europe) and ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum), the United States tend to go ahead with multilateral security strategy to sustain their influence in certain regions when the strategic situation drives into a crisis. The Six-Party Talks in operation was chosen by the U.S. facing a similar strategic situation to the case of CSCE and ARF. Although Six-Party Talks have a multilateral negotiation form, they are not based on multilateralism but can be characterized as a containment policy. One of the characteristics of multilaeralism is reciprocity among all participating countries. According to institutionalism, the change of character of Six-Party Talks toward multilateralism can be seen in operation, having no dealing with U.S``s initiative. Even though hegemonic states took a pivotal role in building certain multilateral dialogue bodies, with the institutionali- zation, the initial intention of hegemonic states was weakened and even changed. After all, even the hegemonic state can not control the institution at his free will. It means that there is no need to define it``s cha racter conclusively. Henceforth, Six-Party Talks should have Omulti- lateralistO characteristics and manage the North Korean nuclear issue based on multilateralism in the long run. To do so, it should take lessons from the cases of CSCE and ARF. The group of non-alliance and neutrality in Europe and ASEAN in Asia-Pacific played important roles in maturing and developing the institution and agenda based on comprehensive security, giving a boost to the possibility of cooperation in the field of security.
Isoflurane으로 마취한 성인에서 가상의 경막외 시험용량의 효용성
이인배,김한석,김홍렬,임헌길,윤영중 대한마취과학회 1998 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.35 No.1
Background : An epidural test dose containing epinephrine may be incomplete marker of incidental intravenous injection or migration of the epidural catheter in adult patients under general anesthesia. This study tests the hypothesis that the efficacy of simulated epidural test doses in anesthetized adult can be used to predict the adequacy of correct catheter placement. Methods : Seventy-five healthy adult patients were randomly assigned to inject intravenously one of 5 solutions, either 2% lidocaine 3ml and epinephrine 15 μg(Group E15, n=15) or epinephrine 20 μg (Group E20. n=15) or isoproterenol 3μg (Group I3, n=15) or isoproterenol 5μg (Group I5, n=15) and 0.9% saline(Group NS, n=15), which was anesthetized with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. After the injection, a blinded observer recorded systolic blood pressure(SBP) and heart rate(HR) every 30seconds for 4minutes and the changes were analyzed. Results : Although none in the saline group developed a HR increase≥20bpm, 6, 10, 12 and 15 patients elicitsitive reponses in group E15, I3, E20, and I5(40%, 67%, 80% and 100% sensitivities), respectively. Meanwhile, none in the saline group developed a SBP increase≥15mmHg and 11, 1, 14 and 4 patients elicited positive reponses in E15, I3, E20, and I5(73%, 7%, 93% and 27% sensitivities), respectively. Conclusions : We conclude that under isoflurane anesthesia, (a) epinephrine 15μg or isoproterenol 3μg is not reliable marker for incidental intravenous injection or migration of the epidural catheter, (b) epinephrine 20μg is applicable on SBP criterion and, (c) isoproterenol 5μg is applicable on HR criterion. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 94∼102)