유엔 다자주의 틀에서의 강대국 정치: 안보리 결의안과 미-중 안보경쟁

이신화 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2018 동서연구 Vol.30 No.1

The UN Security Council is the only body whose decisions are legally binding on its members. However, the security function of the Security Council was highly limited due to the veto during the Cold War. Although its status and functions have been reevaluated since the end of the Cold War, the United Nations has been constantly raising the question of its effectiveness and relevance, failing to overcome the structural limitations of the international order centered around the great powers and national selfishness among member countries. This study examines the political dynamics of the great powers in the Security Council and evaluates the UN’s ‘security role’ in the realpolitik that continues even in the post-Cold War world. It also analyzes the adoption and rejection of the UN Security Council resolutions as dependent variables to discuss how the adoption of the resolution has been determined by the ideological confrontation between the US and the USSR, the weakening of ideological factors and the change in the relative power distribution of the great powers. Finally, the study looks into the changes in China's voting behavior, which has historically been a passive stance in the Security Council. The study shows how the US-China competition, which is becoming more visible in various fields, has a correlation with the decrease in the number of resolutions adopted by the Security Council, as well as discusses what strategic implications we can draw from this correlation. 유엔안전보장이사회(안보리)는 그 결정이 회원국들에 대해 법적 구속력을 갖는 유일 한 기구이다. 그러나 냉전기 유엔은 강대국의 전횡에 휘둘려 그 임무를 제대로 수행 하지 못하였고, 안보리 내 미-소 주도의 거부권 행사로 인해 유엔의 안보기능은 매우 제한적이었다. 냉전 종식 이후 그 위상과 기능이 재평가 되기 시작했지만, 탈냉전기 유엔도 강대국 중심의 국제질서와 회원국들 간 국가이기주의라는 구조적 한계를 극복 하지 못한 채 그 효과성과 적실성 문제가 끊임없이 제기되어 왔다.본 연구는 안보리 에서의 강대국의 정치적 역학관계를 검토함으로써 냉전종식 이후에도 계속되고 있는 현실주의적 힘의 정치 속에서 유엔의 안보역할을 평가하고자 한다. 안보리 결의안 채 택및부결건수의증감을종속변수로상정하고, 냉전기미-소의편가르기식이념대 립과 탈냉전기 이념요소의 약화 및 강대국들의 상대적 힘의 분포 변화 등에 따라 결 의안 채택 여부가 어떻게 결정되어왔는지 조사할 것이다. 이를 토대로 본 연구는 역 사적으로 안보리 내에서 소극적인 입장을 견지해온 중국 투표행태의 변화양상을 파악 하고, 다방면에서 더욱 가시화되고 있는 미-중 경쟁 관계가 안보리 결의안 채택 건수 의 감소와 어떤 상관관계가 있으며 향후 어떠한 전략적 함의를 갖는지 논의하고자 한 다.

동북아 난민문제의 정치외교적 대응격차

이신화 한국사회역사학회 2019 담론 201 Vol.22 No.1

What factors affect Northeast Asian countries’ policies in response to the refugee problem? When and under what conditions are these countries adopting integrative, passive, or rejective policies to reveal a political/diplomatic ‘response divide’? In light of these questions, establishing and implementing the refugee policy needs to go beyond the individual country level and be addressed in the regional context where closer cooperation among regional countries is necessary. However, in the Northeast Asian region, there is no academic or policy attempt to seek solutions together. This paper thus discusses the refugee policy of Korea, Japan, and China from the viewpoint of the history of refugee acceptance, the status of the refugee problems, the position of the government, and the social response based on theoretical and practical issues related to the linkage of refugees and security. The objective of this study is to examine the commonalities and differences between the Northeast Asian countries’ policy responses to the refugees that have been made only at the individual national level. Through this, the paper intends to figure out what kind of comprehensive problems the refugee problems in the Northeast Asian region can bring about and why cooperation governance is needed for regional response. 난민문제에 대응하는 동북아 국가들의 정책수립에 어떠한 요인이 작용하는가? 언제, 어떠한 조건 하에서 이들 국가들은 포용적, 방관적, 혹은 배타적 정책을 채택하여 ‘대응격차(response divide)’를 보이는가? 이와 같은 문제제기와 관련하여 난민정책을 수립하고 시행하는 문제는 일국의 문제로 보는 시각에서 벗어나 지역 국가들 간 협력이 필요한 의제로 접근할 필요가 있으나, 동북아 차원에서는 함께 고민하고 해법을 모색하려는 학문적, 정책적 시도가 부재하다. 따라서 본 논문은 난민과 안보의 연계와 관련한 이론적, 실질적 쟁점을 바탕으로 한국, 일본, 중국의 난민정책을 난민수용의 역사, 현황, 정부입장 및 사회적 반응의 관점에서 논하고, 그동안 글로벌 이슈로 다루어지거나 개별국가 차원으로만 이루어져온 난민에 대한 동북아 국가들의 정책적 대응이 어떠한 공통점과 상이점을 갖는지 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 통해 동북아 지역차원에서의 난민문제가 어떠한 포괄적 문제를 초래할 수 있으며, 지역차원의 대응을 위한 협력거버넌스는 왜 필요한 것인지에 대해 가늠해 보고자 한다.

한국인의 ‘신안보’ 인식: 변화와 지속성

이신화,정한울 21세기정치학회 2019 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.29 No.2

The paper intends to examine the change and continuity in Korean people’s new security perception about the 21st century international relations, which are characterized by the era of comprehensive security. Based on the web survey jointly conducted by a Korea University SSK team and Hankook Research, we look at the difference in perception by different classes and groups. Here, Korean new security perception refers to the changes in the security perceptions of Korean people toward North Korea as a result of the process of recent denuclearization negotiations, and the trends in perception of threats to nontraditional security areas. The results of the survey showed that, first, although the Korean people’s perception towards North Korea has been a roller coaster-like sense of security, depending on the change of the threat situation posed by North Korea, it shows consistency in the weariness towards the bilateral relations with Pyongyang and the importance of strengthening the alliance with the U. S. Second, while the awareness of traditional security threats remains high, the threat perception about non-traditional security threats such as the environment, communicable disease, and refugees has conspicuously increased. Third, while the conventional generation divides and ideological gaps are clearly maintained in the traditional security issues, the nontraditional security areas have a disaggregate reaction pattern. These results reflect the fact that the systematic response to security perceptions, which are often fragmented and conflictual, is difficult to conduct through the dichotomous analysis framework of ideology (the progressive vs. the conservative) of ages (younger vs older people).

외식프랜차이즈의 서비스 경험이 만족과 재방문의도에 미치는 영향: 인공신경망 분석의 적용

이신화,안성만,이유정 한국프랜차이즈경영학회 2019 프랜차이즈경영연구 Vol.10 No.2

Purpose – Every company studies how to attract and retain new customers to increase competitiveness and profitability. Companies establish strategies to attract customers, secure competitive advantage and generate revenue. Businesses are looking for newer and better ways to differentiate themselves in the marketplace. One of the requirements for service differentiation is to make it a prerequisite for an engaging customer experience. Customer experience can be attained through service experience. Satisfaction determine whether to reuse the food service franchise. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of customer experience on the satisfaction and revisit intention of food service franchise. In this study, customer experience consists of three attributes such as service environment, food quality, and price fairness. Also, this study is to identify the importance of three service experience attributes of customer satisfaction and revisit intention using ANN (artificial neural network) analysis. Research design, data, methodology – The survey was conducted on customers who have visited franchise restaurants in one month in order to examine how service environment, food quality, and price fairness have been influenced customer satisfaction and revisit intention through online survey company (SM culture & contents). A total of 300 representative surveys were collected. Of those collected surveys, 26 were not used due to missing information, resulting in 274 as the final sample size. The sample size was more than 10 times more than the number of variables used in the structural model analysis. Results - The findings of this study are as follows: Service environment and price fairness have a significant effect on satisfaction. However, food quality did not have a significant effect on satisfaction. Finally, it was found that satisfaction had a significant effect on revisit intention. Meanwhile, according to the results of ANN analysis, satisfaction as a dependent variable was found to be the most important in male price fairness and service environment in female. Also, when the revisit intention is used as a dependent variable, both male and female price fairness are important. Also, when the intention to revisit is used as a dependent variable, both male and female price processes are important. Conclusions - First, a restaurant franchise enterprise needs to manage customer service experience. Customers should strive to eat and enjoy at a dining franchise store. Second, it is necessary to design a food service franchise shop as a customer-oriented service environment. Franchise companies need to improve the environment so that customers can use the store conveniently. Third, the restaurant franchise menu price needs to be cheaper than the alternative menu. The restaurant franchise menu needs to be constructed with a popular menu that can be used continuously by the customer, so that it can be set at a reasonable price.

Two-party Contests and the Politics of Electoral Reforms: The Case of Taiwan

이신화,이양호,문우진,권혁용,지은주 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS 2014 GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION Vol.49 No.4

The Pursuit of Multilateral Security Cooperation Amidst Growing Political and Economic Divides in Northeast Asia

이신화,권보람 한국국제정치학회 2015 The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.13 No.2

This paper examines the development of a new global order in Northeast Asia and its characteristics with a focus on U.S.-China relations and the limits to cooperation among Korea, China and Japan. The authors emphasize the need to build a multilateral security cooperation system in the region to complement the existing bilateral security architecture. Highlighting the necessity of cooperation in two triangular groups, Korea-U.S.-Japan and Korea- China-Japan, particulary with respect to resolving North Korea's nuclear problem, the paper argues that mini-multilateral or minilateral arrangements can be a useful vehicle to create efficient and promising cooperation dynamics in the region.

세파클러 375 mg 서방정의 생물학적 동등성

이신화,윤민혁,최경업,권광일 한국임상약학회 2003 한국임상약학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study was carried out to compare the bioavailability of SR TAB (test drug, cefaclor 375 mg/Tablet) with that of Ceclor SR IAB (reference drug) and to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefaclor in healthy Korean volunteers. The bioavailability was examined on 24 healthy volunteers who received a single dose (375 mg) of each drug in the fasting state in a randomized balanced 2-way crossover design. After dosing, blood samples were collected for a period of 7 hours. Plasma concentrations of cefaclor were determined using HPLC with UV detection. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the , log-transformed , log-transformed , and . The ratios of geometric means of between test drug End reference drug were , respectively. The of test drug and reference drug was confidence intervals of mean difference of logarithmic transformed were log0.90-log1.04 and log0.91-log1.13, respectively. It shows that the bioavailability of test drug is equivalent with that of reference drug.

동북아 다자안보구상: 도전과 과제

이신화 제주평화연구원 2014 JPI 정책포럼 Vol.137 No.-

중국의 급격한 부상으로 동북아뿐 아니라 국제사회 전반에 걸친 질서재편이 시작(G2)되었고, 갈등과 협력의 복합적 양국관계가 보다 가시화될 것으로 보인다. 한편, 한중일의 상충되는 이해관계와 대립적 양자관계로 인해 ‘동북아 혼돈시대’ 혹은 ‘19세기의 확장판’이라는 우려가 커지고 있다. 이렇게 변화하는 동북아 국제질서 속에서 강대국들의 힘의 역학 속‘샌드위치’ 한국이 직면한 정치외교적 도전을 제대로 규명하고 외교역량을 강화할 필요가 있다. 비록 복잡하고 불확실한 동북아정세를 고려할 때, 기존의 양자구도가 역내 안보에 필수불가결하다는 점은 부인할 수 없지만, 지역다자안보협력이 제도화되어 양자체제를 보완하는 것이 바람직해 보인다. 왜냐하면, 다자협력이 제도화되어 정례적으로 참여국들이 만나게 된다면, 설혹 양자 간 문제가 생긴다해도 만남과 대화 자체를 거부하는 상황은 피할 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 결론적으로 여러 가지 난관과 한계점에도 불구하고 동북아 지역협력이나 다자이니셔티브는 거스를 수 없는(irreversible) 추세이다. 지역협력체 구축을 위한 4가지 조건, 즉 4 Is(interest, idea / identity, image, institutionalization)가 긴밀하게 연계 되어야 한다. 특히 역내 공동위협이나 중차대한 현안문제에 대처하기 위해 몇몇 유관국들이 함께 회동하는 ‘소다자주의적(minilateral)’ 접근이 유용한데, 이러한 회동은 상호배타적 이거나 한시적이지 않아야하며, 이를 토대로 좀 더 포괄적인 역내 국가들 간 다자안보협력의 기회가 마련되어야 한다.

외식프랜차이즈의 서비스 가치가 인지적 태도, 정서적 태도, 그리고 충성도에 미치는 영향

이신화,이용기,이재규 한국프랜차이즈경영학회 2019 프랜차이즈경영연구 Vol.10 No.3

Purpose - The recent franchise industry is rapidly developing. Some franchisees have a low barriers to entry and competition among companies is intensifying. In this dynamic competitive environment, companies need to focus on customer preferences, quality, and technical interfaces to gain competitive advantage. As a result, companies are required to measure the performance of service values in order to provide differentiated services from competitors. In the franchise industry, customer experience marketing of service values will enable companies to create new businesses. Franchise firms should explore a variety of services to increase service value and reduce failures. Research design, data, methodology - The questionnaire of this study was based on the previous research. Surveys were conducted on panels of online surveys. Surveys were conducted on the panel who had visited the restaurant franchise within the past month. The survey was conducted for about 7 days from February 13, 2019 to February 19, 2019. Total 300 samples, 293 were used in the analysis except for seven unfair questionnaires. Results - The findings of this study are as follows: Emotional, monetary, and reputation values have positive effects on cognitive and affective attitudes. Quality value and behavioral value did not effect cognitive attitude and affective attitude significantly. In addition, affective attitude has positive effect on loyalty, but cognitive attitude did not significant effect on loyalty. Conclusions - First, food-service franchise company should develop a service that enables customers to use the store conveniently. We need to develop a comfortable environment for our customers and provide intangible services. Second, food-service franchise company should provide a reasonable price service. Food-service franchise company needs to sell a high quality menu at a reasonable price to generate profits. Third, food-service franchise companies need to strategically respond to their reputation. In other words, food-service franchise company needs to constantly monitor the reputation of its customers and respond appropriately to market conditions. Fourth, food-service franchise company needs to develop a service method capable of emotional interaction with customers. Food-service franchise firms need to develop ongoing service methods and educate their staff.

The Internet and Inequality in Democratic Engagements: Panel Evidence from South Korea

이신화,이양호,문우진,권혁용,지은주 USC ANNENBERG PRESS 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION Vol.8 No.-