서울 거주 산모 모유 중 PBDEs 이성질체 농도 및 노출 요인에 관한 연구

위성욱,윤조희,민병윤,We, Sung-Ug,Yoon, Cho-Hee,Min, Byung-Yoon 한국환경보건학회 2011 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.37 No.6

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and to evaluate the relations with factors affecting these levels. Methods: The congener levels of PBDE in 22 samples of breast milk were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatograph with a high resolution mass detector. In accordance with our standard operating procedures, the recoveries of internal standards had to range between 68% and 118%. Since the distribution of PBDE concentrations is close to log-normal, the data were logarithmically transformed before analysis. Test subjects were healthy primipara and multipara mothers with a mean age of 32 (SD = 2.7) in 2006. Results: Seven PBDE congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were detected and identified in all of the pooled breast milk samples, indicating widespread contamination from PBDEs in the environment in Korea. Residue levels of total PBDEs (sum PBDEs from tri- to hepta-BDE) ranged from 0.84-13.1 ng/g lipid with median and geometric mean levels of 2.6 ng/g lipid and 2.74 ng/g lipid, respectively. PBDE congeners 47, 99 and 153 markedly predominated and accounted for about 75% of the amount of the PBDE congeners analyzed. BDE-47 was the dominant congener in most samples, whereas BDE-153 was predominant in a few (n = 7/22). BDE-47 was highly correlated with total PBDEs (r = 0.987, p < 0.01). In analyses of the differences of the means of log transformed breast milk PBDE levels for groups of potential covariates, only breast milk BDE-47 and BDE-99 levels were significantly associated with fish (p < 0.05) and meat consumption (p < 0.01). However, we did not find significant correlations between PBDE levels and maternal age, body mass index (BMI), parity, job presence and smoking status. Conclusions: Our findings are mainly limited due to the small sampling size and low doses of PBDEs exposure. Background and human exposure data of PBDEs is lacking, and longitudinal investigations into the environment and biota are encouraged to determine the health impact on future populations in Korea.

대도시에 거주하는 여성의 모유 중 Indicator PCBs와 식이습성 및 인구통계학적 인자간의 관계

위성욱,김기호,조봉희,조유진,윤조희,민병윤,We, Sung-Ug,Kim, Ki-Ho,Cho, Bong-Hui,Cho, Yu-Jin,Yoon, Cho-Hee,Min, Byung-Yoon 한국환경보건학회 2010 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.36 No.3

In this study, breast milk levels of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were estimated, and statistics drawn, for 22 Koreans in the general population, aged 26-38, who had resided in metropolitan areas for more than 5 years without occupational exposure to organochlorine pollutants. Concentrations of indicator PCBs were measured using the isotope dilution method with a high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector, which provided accurate and precise data for investigation of trends, and international comparisons. The geometric mean of total indicator PCB levels was 22.3 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level in individuals from European countries. Overall, the geometric mean and 95th percentile of the most abundant congener PCB 153 were 8.04 ng/g lipid and 16.4 ng/g lipid, respectively. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 together accounted for about 75% of the indicator congeners analyzed. Breast milk total indicator PCB concentrations were significantly associated with age and parity, but not with body mass index (BMI), rate of body weight increase, or smoking habits. The geometric mean level of PCB 153 in breast milk from mothers with a pre-pregnant BMI < $21\;kg/m^2$ was significantly higher than in pre-pregnant women with a BMI of ${\geqslant}\;21\;kg/m^2$ (p<0.05). Women who ate more fish, meat, and milk products did not have significantly higher total indicator PCB levels than those who ate less of these products, but a significant difference in PCB 153 levels was demonstrated between the subjects consuming higher (11.45 ng/g lipid) and lower (6.79 ng/g lipid) amounts of fish (p<0.05), after adjusting for confounders. These results suggest that age, parity and fish intake are the important factors affecting the concentrations of indicator PCBs in these subjects.

수유기간에 따른 모유 중 Indicator PCBs 분석을 통한 영유아의 인체노출평가

위성욱(Sung Ug We),윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),민병윤(Byung Yun Min) 大韓環境工學會 2012 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.1

Indicator PCB의 농도 수준은 2006년에 세계보건기구(WHO) 프로토콜에 따라 수집된 132개의 모유(초유, 출산 후 30일 째 모유, 출산 후 60일째 모유)로 분석하였다. Indicator PCBs의 농도는 고분해능 가스크로마토그래피/고분해능 질량분석기를 이용한 동위원소희석법으로 측정되었으며, 이 방법은 국제적 경향을 비교·평가하기 위한 정확하고 정밀한 데이터를 제공한다. 또한, 모든 분석 결과를 토대로 평균일일섭취량(ADIs)이 계산되었다. 총 indicator PCBs의 중앙값은 14 ng/g lipid로, 다른 나라 에서 검출된 농도보다 현저하게 낮았으며, PCBs 138, 153, 180은 분석한 지표 이성질체 합의 약 65%를 차지하였다. 가장 기여 율이 높은 PCB 153은 총 indicator PCBs 농도와 매우 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다(p < 0.001). PCBs 농도는 산모의 아이수가 증 가할수록 확연히 감소하였고, 산모의 PCBs 축적과 배출에 있어 출산경력과 수유기간은 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 6개월 모유수 유 기간 동안 총 indicator PCBs의 평균일일섭취량의 중앙값은 0.077 μg/kg·bw/day이었다. 초산부 모유 중 PCB 118의 농도는 1998년에 비해 25~35% 정도 감소하였으며, 이러한 경향은 지속될 것이라는 것을 보여준다. The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization`s (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/ high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p < 0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at 0.077 μg/kg·bw/day from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

Horizontal Distributions and Their Ecotoxicological Implications Relating to PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and HCB in Sediments in the West Nakdong River

Sung-Ug We(위성욱),Cho-Hee Yoon(윤조희),Byung-Yun Min(민병윤) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.3

본 연구는 서낙동강 표층퇴적물 내에 잔류하고 있는 유기염소계화합물의 수평적 분포와 잠재적 생태독성 영향력을 평가하였다. 표층퇴적물 내 PCBs, DDTs, HCHs 및 HCB의 잔류농도는 각각 0.57~3.68, 0.41~8.35, 0.63~1.65 및 n.d~0.56 ng/g의 범위로 주요 유기염소계화합물은 DDT 화합물이었다. PCBs, DDTs 농도와 총 유기탄소 함량은 유의한 상관관계(PCB: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05)를 보여 서낙동강 수계에서 퇴적물 내 유기물 함량은 유기염소계화합물의 수평적 분포에 작용하는 주요 인자로 나타났다. 퇴적물 오염기준을 이용하여 서낙동강 표층퇴적물의 저서생물에 대한 잠재적인 생태독성 영향을 평가한 결과 ΣPCBs, p,p"-DDD 그리고 γ-HCH의 농도는 ER-L (저서생물에 10% 악영향이 나타날 수 있는 농도)과 PEL (악영향 기대수준)보다 낮아 독성학적 관점에서 저서생물에 미치는 악영향은 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 p,p"-DDE, p,p"-DDT 및 ΣDDTs는 각각 30, 17 및 19%의 퇴적물에서 잠정퇴적물권고기준(ISQG)과 최초영향수준(TEL)을 초과하였다. Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p"-DDD, and γ-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p"-DDE, p,p"-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

마산만 표층퇴적물 내의 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르(PBDEs)의 공간적 분포 및 오염도평가

위성욱(Sung Ug We),윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),민병윤(Byung Yoon Min) 大韓環境工學會 2010 대한환경공학회지 Vol.32 No.5

본 연구는 마산만 특별관리해역 관리범위에 속해있는 총 18개 지점을 선정하여 표층 퇴적물 내 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르(PBDEs)의 공간적 농도분포와 오염경로를 조사하였다. 22개의 PBDE 이성질체가 검출되었으며, BDE-209는 가장 주된 이성질체로 검출되었다. BDE-209와 ∑21PBDEs (BDE-209를 제외한 나머지 이성질체의 합)의 농도범위는 각각 2.32∼64.2ng/g, 0.72∼8.24ng/g이었다. 마산만에서 BDE-209 및 ∑21PBDEs의 공간적 농도분포는 내만에서 외만으로 갈수록 감소하였다. PBDEs의 주오염원은 내만의 유입하천수과 하수처리장 방류수이었다. 마산만에서 PBDEs의 오염 수준을 결정하는 주요 인자는 육상기인 오염원 거리와 해수의 유동에 따른 퇴적물의 이동성 및 특성으로 나타났다. A total of 18 surface sediments within the special conservation zone in the Masan Bay were analyzed to investigate the spatial distribution and polluted pathway of polybrominated diphenyl ehters(PBDEs). Twenty-two PBDE congeners were detected and brominated diphenyl ether-209 (BDE-209) among them was predominant. The concentrations of BDE-209 and ∑21PBDEs (sum of 21 PBDE congeners without BDE-209) ranged from 2.32 to 64.2ng/g and from 0.72 to 8.24ng/g, respectively. The spatial distribution of both BDE-209 and ∑21PBDEs showed a negative gradient from the inner to the outer Bay, indicating that the source of PBDEs might be mainly located inside the Bay such as streams and an effluent of wastewater treatment plants. It was seemed likely that the major parameters determining levels of PBDEs in the Masan Bay were the distance discharging from their sources as well as the characteristics and movement of sediments due to the flow of sea water.

남해연안 진주담치(Mytilus edulis)내의 잔류성유기오염물질(POPs) 잔류 Level과 Congener별 분포특성

위성욱 ( Sung Ug We ),민병윤 ( Byung Yoon Min ) 경남대학교 환경문제연구소 2004 환경연구 Vol.27 No.-

춘천지역 모유 중 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르(PBDEs)의 이성체별 분포특성과 노출경로

Sung-Ug We(위성욱),In-Cheon Baek(백인천),Sang-Ah Park(박상아),Seong-Hoon Kang(강성훈),Yu-Jin Cho(조유진),Bong-Hui Cho(조봉회),Cho-Hee Yoon(윤조희),Ki-Ho Kim(김기호),Byung-Yoon Min(민병윤) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.3

본 연구는 비교적 청정한 지역인 춘천시에 거주하는 일반인 모유 중 PBDEs의 노출 경로를 확인하기 위해 처음으로 시도된 연구이다. 본 연구지역의 모유 중 ∑PBDEs의 수준은 북아메리카지역에 비하여 낮은 수준이었으나 일부 아시아, 유럽국가와 유사하였다. 모유 내 PBDEs의 축적은 산모의 특성과 상관관계가 나타나지 않았으나, 상업용 PBDEs 제품을 포함하여 여러 복합적 인자에 의하여 노출되고 있었으며, 식품 섭취와 같은 식이노출은 한국인에 있어 중요한 노출 경로의 하나로 판단되었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 한국인의 PBDEs 노출 경로 파악에 중요한 정보를 제공하여, 장차 PBDEs 및 관련 브롬계 난연제의 노출에 따른 인체 위해성 평가를 수행함에 있어 중요한 참고자료가 될 것이다. 또한, 한국 내의 PBDEs에 대한 인체노출 경로를 명확하게 하기 위한 연구는 계속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. This study was carried out to investigate the exposure pathway of PBDEs in human breast milk collected from new mothers residing in Chuncheon, a comparatively clean area in Korea. The congeners of PBDE in 22 human breast milk samples were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatography with a high resolution mass detector. The residue level of ΣPBDEs was higher in primipara subjects than in multipara subjects (p<0.05). The levels in this study were similar to those of people in some Asian and European countries, but were lower than those of people in north America. In the congener profiles, BDE-47 (mean contribution=36.1%) was predominant, followed by BDE-153 (27%), BDE-99 (11.7%), BDE-100 (11.1%), BDE-28 (7.9%) and BDE-183 (3.5%). The sum of BDE-47 and BDE-153 accounted for more than 50% of ΣPBDEs in most samples. BDE-47 was highly correlated with ΣPBDEs (r=0.94, p<0.001). No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors (women’s age, weight, height and body mass index) examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency. It seems that Korean people might be exposed to multiple sources including products of PBDEs, and particularly food resources.

부산신항만 공사 진행에 따른 수달 배설물 내 폴리클로로비페닐(PCBs)의 농도 분포

위성욱 ( Sung-ug We ),이다희 ( Da-hee Lee ),차현기 ( Hyeon-gi Cha ),윤명희 ( Myung-hee Yoon ) 한국환경분석학회 2017 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.20 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the contamination status and distribution of the isomers of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in otter (Lutra lutra) scats collected from 17 localities in 3 regions (I-III) near the Busan New Port from 2003 to 2014. Detectable levels of ΣPCBs were found in all the samples. The mean concentration of ΣPCBs ranged from 3.40 to 50.4 ng/g in three of the study regions. The levels of ΣPCBs in the three regions were compared. A relatively high level of ΣPCBs was detected in region I, where the construction works were the most active. However, this had no statistical significance. Congener profiles showed that PCB-153 (mean contribution=28%) was predominant, followed by PCB-138 (24%), PCB-118 (17%), PCB-180 (11%), and PCB-52 (5%). High levels of PCB-153 and PCB-138, which are usually found at high levels in fish, in the otter scats suggest that the PCBs might have originated from fish, which are the primary source of food for otters. The results obtained suggest that otters ingest PCBs when they consume contaminated fish in coastal areas with active construction works.

영유아의 모유 섭취에 따른 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르의 위해성 평가

위성욱(Sung Ug We),조봉희(Bong Hui Cho),조유진(Yu Jin Cho),윤조희(Cho Hee Yoon),최시내(Shi Nai Choi),민병윤(Byung Yun Min) 大韓環境工學會 2012 대한환경공학회지 Vol.34 No.2

본 연구는 한국인 산모의 모유 중 PBDEs의 노출수준 및 위해성평가를 위해 서울지역에서 총 22개의 모유시료를 대상 으로 분석되었다. PBDEs는 모든 대상 모유시료에서 검출되어, 이러한 화학물질이 서울지역에 거주하는 일반인에게 광범위하 게 노출되었음을 시사한다. ΣPBDEs의 잔류수준은 0.84~13.1 ng/g lipid의 범위로 산술평균 농도는 3.56 ng/g lipid, 중앙값은 2.6 ng/g lipid이었다. 모유 중 ΣPBDEs 농도 수준은 중국, 대만, 유럽국가(스위덴)와 유사하고 몇몇 아시아(베트남, 필리핀, 인도네 시아)보다는 다소 높았다. 그러나 세계에서 PBDEs 소비가 가장 많은 북아메리카의 농도 수준보다는 10~100배 낮은 농도였다. 이성질체 기여율은 BDE-47이 가장 높았으며, 다음으로 BDE-153, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-28, BDE-183 그리고 BDE-154 순이 었다. BDE-47과 BDE-153의 합은 대부분의 시료에서 ΣPBDEs의 약 65% 이상을 차지하였다. 영아의 모유 수유에 따른 ΣPBDEs 위해성 평가 결과 영아의 모유 수유를 통한 6개월간 평균일일노출량은 16.5 ng/kg·bw/day로 산출되었으며, BDE-47의 인체노 출에 따른 위해도 지수(95th percentile)는 1.2 × 10-1로 예측되어 6개월간 모유 수유로 인한 영아의 건강유해영향은 나타나지 않 을 것으로 평가되었다. This study achieves results from 22 maternity breast milk samples in total to demonstrate exposure level and risk assessment of PBDEs in Seoul area. PBDEs were detected in all the breast milk samples of the present study, indicating that general population in these Seoul area are widely exposed to these chemicals. Residue levels of total PBDEs (sum PBDEs from tri- to hepta-BDE) ranged of 0.84~13.1 ng/g lipid with an arithmetic mean and median of 3.56 ng/g lipid and 2.6 ng/g lipid, respectively. Global comparison shows that the levels of total PBDEs were relatively similar to those of China, Taiwan and European country (Sweden), and somewhat higher than those in some Asian (Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia). In the present study, however, the levels of total PBDEs in human milk are still one to two orders of magnitude lower than those in North America. Contribution rate of each congener appeared to be predominant with BDE-47, followed by BDE-153, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-154 and BDE-183. The sum of BDE-47 and BDE-153 accounted for more than 65% of total PBDEs in most samples. From the result of the human risk assessment of infants for total PBDEs and BDE-47 by breast milk feeding, we could find out that the average daily doses and hazard index (95th percentile) were 16.5 ng/kg·bw/day and 1.2 × 10-1 each other when nursing for 6 months after infants born. However, it was concluded that the infant health hardly had adverse seriously effects under this research condition.

마산만 퇴적물 중 폴리브롬화디페닐에테르(PBDEs)의 오염특성해석

위성욱(Sung-Ug We),윤조희(Cho-Hee Yoon),민병윤(Byung-Yoon Min) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2007 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-