프랭크 로이드 라이트의 온돌체험과 그의 건축작품에의 적용과정 및 의미에 대한 고찰

김남응,임진택,장재원 대한건축학회 2005 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.21 No.9

Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the most prominent American architects, who has been respected worldwide up to these days. He had shown many innovative ideas throughout his carrier, and one of them was the use of floor heating system in his many realized or unrealized buildings. But a few know, that he had achieved the idea originally from the Korean traditional heating system "Ondol(called also Goodl)", that he had experienced in Japan. But one of the more interesting points is that he had played an important role to spread it widely over in the United States America, so we may see him as a transmitter of the Korean heating system "Ondol(Goodl)" in his country, because his idea is originated from "Ondol(Goodl), even if he used steam or hot water pipes instead of th flues beneath the floor of the Korean's.This paper follows Wright's life and works and describes the circumstances, which allows us such point of view.

朝鮮時代 書院建築의 配置와 外部空間 特性에 關한 硏究 : 道東書院을 中心으로

金南應 단국대학교 대학원 1980 學術論叢 Vol.4 No.-

This thesis pertains to architectural studies on the Seowon(書院), a kind of academic institution, most of which were built during the Choson Dynasty period as private educational institutions. This paper purpose to show the layout and the characteristics of the exterior space of the Dodong Seowon located at 35 Dodong dong, Kuji-myon, Dalseung-kun, Kyungsangbuk-do, Korea. The main purpose of this study is to discover materials to be employed in modern creative architecture by analyzing the techniques of the space-composition of the past; to re-evaluate the trend in Korean architecture, and to hand down the results of the analyzed materials to posterity. Even though there have been many studies on the architecture of Buddhist temples, king's palaces, and tradition residences in Korea, there have been only few sporadic researches on the architecture of the Seowon, the number of which amounts to 120 at present in the entire country. Many of the ruins of remains of the ancient Seowon building have been well preserved to this time. Since the wooden structures are very easy to decay or transform, it is rather difficult to preserve the original forms without repainting or rebuilding them. Thus, it is essential to preserve the records of the original architectural forms of these Seowon. Historically, Dodong Seowon, originally called Ssangge Seowon first was vuilt at the foot of Bisl Mountainin Hyunpoong-myon, in 1568, not far from the present site and later rebuilt on the present site in Dodong-dong. In order to discover the factors influenting to the exterior space of the Seowon architecture, this paper also attempts to analyze not only the Seowon in relationship with the social and political system of that period, that is, the environment, education, religion, customs, and natureworship, including the wind-and-water geomiantic theory(Poong-soo: 風水) which was based on the philosophy of Oriental peoples connected with the architecture of that period. The results of the study on the characteristics of the exterior space of Dodong Seowon through prospecting the Seowon architecture and by analyzing the data collected during the investigation can be summarized as follow: 1. The use of the layout of the STRAIGHT-LINE AXIS is a rare example in Korean architecture. It introduces the feeling of stability and balance of space through establishing symmetrical balance.(see. fig. 8) 2. The function of space has been protected to the maximum through the SPACE DIVISION. Space division has been achieved according to the functions and the use of the building. The main factors of space division are primarily the fences and their differences in space-level, and the buildings and their bases show futher development of their specification. (see. fig. 11,9) 3. as a way of maintaining the flow the SEQUENCE OF SPACE, the fences behave a s a factor to control the space-flow, and the gate at the middle of the fence functions like a control valve to restrain the quantity of the space-flow as connectors joining one space with another. (see. fig. 17) 4. Since the spaces provide DEEPNESS, SOLEMNITY, CONCENTRATION POWER AND ABSORPTION POWER, it may be the result of employment of the characteristics of the layout of a straight-line axis. Futhermore, as a way of enhancing the feeling of such spaciousness, the name board designation the building as "Dodong Seowon" is employed as a object of sight-axis and is placed where everyone can see it directly from the outside of the Seowon when one steps on the first stone-stair, thus showing a special architectural technique to be highly appreciated. 5. Both the SPACE-OPENNESS AND SPACE-ENCLOSURE FACTORS are satisfactorily employed, that is, the adequate combination of the low fence and the high-ground level opens a cool vista toward the natural beauty around the site from the inside, while the viewing the inside from the outside is prevented so that the interior privacy can be well maintained. (see. fig. 25) 6. The HIERACHY OF SPACE is also observable here, and this is a natural results of employing slopes as ideal sites according to the geological feature of a mountainous country like Korea. Furthermore, the social code of conduct of that period emphasizing ancestor-worship and spacial regards for social status also greatly influenced the layout of each space. (see. fig. 26)

온돌과 하이퍼코스트의 차이점

김남응 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.1

Ondol, also called as Gudul, is a traditional heating system which Koreans transmited from ancient time. This is a similar principal of hypocaust applicated primarily in thermae of ancient Greek and Roman culture. However, Ondol have been constantly developed for a permanent Korean national heating system since it was introduced. Today, all the Korean households has accommodation with the floor heating system. Hypocausts has been forgotten its technology after the Roman period until the mid 1800s when it began to known their existence again by the archeological excavation. Those two heating methods are similar principal that started in the prehistoric age, nevertheless, Ondol have been evoluted thru present time for accommodation when hypocaust have been forgotten technology nearly 1400 years. What was the causes? This study have closely compared between Ondol and hypocaust to discover and illustrate more than 10 different environmental, technological standpoints, in addition, the reasons to face a different destiny between Ondol and hypocaust are presented with the persuasive solutions.

구들예찬론 - 호랑이 담배피던 시절보다 더 오래된 바닥난방 -

김남응 전국보일러설비협회 1997 보일러설비 Vol.44 No.-

건축단상 : 레스 이즈 모어? ( Less is more ? )

김남응 대한건축학회 2002 建築 Vol.46 No.4

몽골의 주거생활과 난방방법

김남응(Kim Nam-ung) 비교민속학회 2002 비교민속학 Vol.22 No.-

Every Korean traditional dwelling have equipped with the heating accomodations called “Gudul” or “Ondol”. This heating method cooperated with the smoke pass through under the floor-tunnel level of “Gorae” to warming up the surface of room-floor. A very similar heating method can be found in early Roman as well as Northern China and Mongolian settlement which they still exist today. There ate opinions of this heating method which started in one region and extended to the other culture by experience of similarity of floor hearing method in different areas. Myself, as researcher’s point of view, heating method of Roman is basically different from the evolution of the oriental floor heating method. The oriental floor heating method is originally developed by the people of “Goguryo”, an ancestor of Korean in B.C. 300., and propagated to Chinese and Mongolian culture. This paper cross examine dwelling and life style of Mongolian - specially an explanation of the difficult situation regarding the Mongolian heating method as the cradle of floor heating. The summaries are as follows : Firstly, needs of abundant flat stone for useful floor stone to construct “Gudul”. 71 percent of Mongolian land is grassland and 8 percent of forest, others are known as highland. There are plenty of grass for the stock farming but less for the stones. Specially, it is very difficult to find the flat stones for the construction of stone floors. Secondly, even if they found flat stone, weighty stone are not easy to transport comfortably on the camel’s back. And this is transportation obstacle of first prerequisite of Nomadism “Gudul” heating method is suitable for the permanent dwelling and there are less evidences to conceive the method for Mongolian. Thirdly, it require a many days to construct “Gugul”. With Mongolia’s cold weather conditions, it is very difficult to spent many days for the construction work. Moreover, within the grassland of Mongolia, water is very valuable resource thus they even rarely take bath and do laundry. It is very difficult to have mixed wet mud and construct “Gore” cover with flat stone for sleeping-bed and dehydrate the facilities. Fourthly, every factors of “Ger” is adjusted to “roving”. Characteristically, floor heating facility is a “built-in” equipment. Therefore, it is suitable for long-term dwelling environment; hard labor and investments of dwelling accommodation for a few months in one place is not attractive.

註解 孫晉泰의 溫突考

김남응(Kim Nam-eung),강재철(Kang Jae-chul) 비교민속학회 2000 비교민속학 Vol.19 No.-

구들과 민속과 환경

김남응(Kim Nam-ung),정동찬(토론자) 비교민속학회 2001 비교민속학 Vol.21 No.-

현대 건축 외피의 디지털 미디어화 성향에 관한 연구

장재원,김남응 대한건축학회 2007 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.23 No.4

홍콩 버비나하이츠(Verbena Heights) 주거단지의 특징에 관한 연구

이재훈,김남응,김성화 한국주거학회 2002 한국주거학회 논문집 Vol.13 No.3

The purpose of this study is to find the architectural characteristics of Verbena Heights, super high-rise complex housing, which has been most highly evaluated as a new town development model in Hong Kong, as a successful case of new housing type and sustainable design. The analyzed features of Verbena Heights are as follows; 1) Formation of various open spaces by a creative layout. 2) Enhancement of natural ventilation and daylighting by a linear plan instead of conventional cruciform plans. 3) Applications of integrated facade design for noise mitigation and for sunlight shading. 4) Adoption of energy-efficient devices, use of recyclable materials, and improvement of livability by a sustainable design process. These architectural characteristics provide the high-density high-rise housing with more efficient and comfortable environments for residents. And it is proved that the sustainable design can enhance the quality of dwelling environment.