Chronological changes in inflammatory cytokines immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus after systemic administration of high dosage of tetanus toxin.

Yan, Bing Chun,Park, Joon Ha,Kim, In Hye,Shin, Bich Na,Ahn, Ji Hyeon,Yoo, Ki-Yeon,Lee, Deuk-Sik,Kim, Myong Jo,Kang, Il-Jun,Won, Moo-Ho Springer-Verlag 2012 Experimental brain research Vol.223 No.2

<P>Tetanus toxin (TeT) is an exotoxin and has a capacity for neuronal binding and internalization. In the present study, we compared changes in the immunoreactivities and protein levels of interleukin (IL-) 2 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and IL-4 as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in the hippocampus proper (HP) and dentate gyrus (DG) after systemic treatment of 10 or 100?ng/kg TeT into mice. In this study, we could not find any neuronal damage or loss in any subregions of the hippocampus after TeT treatment. In the control groups, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum pyramidal (SP) of the HP and in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the DG. At 6?h post-treatment, IL-2 immunoreactivity was hardly detected in the SP and GCL; however, strong IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the stratum oriens of the HP in both the groups. Thereafter, intermediate IL-2 immunoreactivity was shown in the SP and GCL. On the other hand, intermediate IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected in the SP and GCL of the control groups. At 6?h post-treatment, IL-4 immunoreactivity in the SP and GCL was apparently increased. Thereafter, IL-4 immunoreactivity was lower than that at 6?h post-treatment. In brief, IL-2 and 4 immunoreactivities were easily detected in SP and GCL in the controls and dramatically decreased and increased at 6?h post-treatment, respectively.</P>

ACCase 저해 제초제 cyhalofop-butyl에 대한 경남지방 수집종 피의 저항성

원종찬,원옥재,하준,임일빈,강광식,변종영,박기웅,이증주,Won, Jong Chan,Won, Ok Jae,Ha, Jun,Im, Il-Bin,Kang, Kwang Sik,Pyon, Jong Yeong,Park, Kee Woong,Lee, Jeung Joo 한국잡초학회한국잔디학회 2018 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.7 No.2

Repeated use of ACCase inhibiting herbicides for a long time has resulted in increases of resistant Echinochloa oryzicola populations in paddy fields in middle west area of Korea. This study aims to investigate current status of herbicide resistant E. oryzicola in Gyeongsangnam-do, in which there is less information about herbicide resistance. For resistance frequency and dose-response study, seeds from 100 individual plants of E. oryzicola in Gyeongsangnam-do were collected and tested with cyhalofop-butyl. Seven percent of plants from Gyeongsangnam-do was resistant at a recommended rate of cyhalofop-butyl. $GR_{50}$ values (herbicide rates required to reduce plant growth 50%) for one representative resistant populations and five susceptible populations were $738g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ and 66-234 (average 147)$g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, indicating average 5 times difference in resistance. Although lower rate of frequency of herbicide resistance in Gyeongsangnam-do than in Jeollabuk-do, increases of herbicide resistance are expected in this area because of increases of direct seeded rice fields and increases of dependence on a specific herbicide. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor herbicide resistance regularly and conduct integrated herbicide resistance management in this area. 경남지역 제초제 저항성 피의 발생현황과 저항성 정도를 알아보기 위하여 벼 재배 논에서 100개체의 피 종자를 수집하여 ACCase 저해제인 cyhalofop-butyl에 대한 약량반응 실험을 수행한 결과, 수집한 피의 7%가 저항성으로 조사되었다. 선발된 감수성 5개체의 $GR_{50}$값은 평균 $147g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$로 나타났고, 함양 지역의 저항성 개체의 $GR_{50}$값은 $738g\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ 로 R/S (ratio of resistance to sensitivity)값은 5.01배로 나타났다. 현재 경남지역에서의 저항성 피의 발생 수준은 낮은 것으로 나타났지만, 저항성 피의 확산을 지연시키거나 막기 위해서는 주기적인 저항성 피의 모니터링과 체계적인 저항성 잡초 관리방안을 마련하여 수행할 필요가 있다.

三國統一後 新羅 支配體制의 推移

河日植 한국고대사학회 2001 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.23 No.-

The method that Shilla organized the population and the land o Baekjae and Kokuryo in the midst of the unification wars was no new. It was the historic extension of Shilla annexing the neighbourhood areas and ruling them directly. Such tradition wa even more exercised as Shilla accomodated the changed circumstances after the unification. Since the irony of Shilla political system of the pre-unification still survived, even the transition of the political structure in the post-unification era was also not fundamental, Meanwhile, eve though the socio-economic growth of the regional population sine the pre-unification was impressive, the post-unification reality wa hostile to their demands for better political and status position. Hence, post-unification Shilla ruling structure was destined t maintain its basic frame unless the fundamental reform could be executed on the Kolpumje(骨品制), which was established in the 6t century. The paper was prepared to point out such limitation of th socio-political developments of Shilla after its unification.

말초혈액에서 Tg mRNA에 대한 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응법의 갑상선 재발암의 분자생물학적 진단

권성일,박기룡,김현영,신채희,임영찬,최영식,박요한,이강대,장희경,이재화,염하용 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.4

연구배경: 갑상선암은 다른 조직에 발생한 암에 비해 비교적 천천히 자라므로 대부분 예후가 양호하지만, 일부에서는 주위 조직으로 침윤하거나 혹은 원격 전이로 인하여 치명적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 갑상선전절제술 및 131^I 제거술 후 경과 관찰시 갑상선암의 재발과 전이의 진단에 있어 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg의 측정이 현재 임상에서 가장 많이 이용되고 있으나 이 방법에는 여러 가지의 결점이 있다. 최근 Tg mRNA에 대한 RT-PCR법을 이용한 여러 연구결과는 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg 측정의 결점을 보완할 수 있는 좋은 보조적인 진단법으로 이용할 수 있을 가능성을 제시하였다. 이에 말초혈액에서 측정한 Tg mRNA에 대한 RT-PCR법이 갑상선 절제술 및 방사성요드 치료 후 갑상선암의 재발 및 전이 유무의 진단에 유용한가를 알아보고자 이 연구 시행하였다. 방법: 분화된 갑상선암으로 진단된 후 갑상선전절제술을 시행받고 방사성요드 치료를 받은 환자 중 현재까지 한차례에 이상 추적 방사성요드 전신 스캔을 시행하고 추적관찰이 가능했던 유두선암 35예, 여포선암 5예를 대상으로 연구를 시행하였다. 대상군은 131^I 스캔 소견상 음성인 군(Group Ⅰ), 잔여조직이 있는 군(Group Ⅱ), 국소전이가 있는 군(Group Ⅲ), 및 원격전이 군(Group Ⅳ)으로 구분하였다. 정상 대조군은 갑상선질환이 없는 10예의 건강인으로 하였다. 대상환자의 말초혈액을 이용한 Tg mRNA에 대해 특이적인 primer를 이용하여 RT-PCR 및 nested RT-PCR을 시행하였다. 결과: 본 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 131^I 스캔 소견상 음성인 군 21예 중 1예에서 Tg가 양성소견을 보였다. Anti Tg Ab가 양성인 4예 모두 Tg가 음성을 보였다. 잔여조직이 있거나 국소전이 및 원격전이를 보인 군 19예 중 Tg가 양성인 경우는 4예였으나, Tg mRNA는 전예에서 양성이었다. 2) 131^I 스캔에서 국소 및 원격전이 소견을 보인 8예 중 4예에서 Tg가 음성으로 131^I 스캔과 혈청 Tg 사이에 불일치 소견을 보였다. 3) 말초혈액에서 특이적인 primer를 이용하여 RT-PCR 및 nested RT-PCR을 시행한 결과 대상군 40예 및 정상 대조군 10예 모두에서 Tg mRNA가 양성을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 갑상선 절제술 및 방사성요드 치료 후 갑상선암의 재발 및 전이 유무를 평가함에 있어 역전사 중합효소 연쇄 반응법을 이용한 Tg mRNA 측정의 의의는 재평가되어야 한다고 생각된다. Background: Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite advances in the treatment of thyroid cancer, disease recurrence and metastasis may occur in as many as 20% of patients, and so continues to pose major problems in its clinical management. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements, by immunoassay, are used to detect residual or recurrent thyroid cancer following thyriod ablation. However, the usefulness of immunoassay is limited by both the requirement for thyroid hormone withdrawal, to attain optimal test sensitivity, and interference by the antithyroglobulin antibody (Anti-Tg Ab). Recent studies have reported the clinical usefulness of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of Tg mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. We performed this study to evaluated the usefulness RT-PCR of Tg mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid carcinoma following a total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation therapy. Methods: Forty cases that underwent a total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation therapy were included in this study. Of the 40 patients, 35 were papillary carcinomas and 5 were follicular carcinomas. Ten normal control subjects were also studied. Tg mRNA was extracted. Then RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR, were run with specific Tg primers. Concurrently, DNA sequencing of the isolates was carried out to prove the isolates were identical to the nucleotide sequence of the Tg. Results: The Tg was detected in 4 of 19 patients, with either a residual thyroid bed, or metastasis, on a 131^I whole body scan and in 1 of 21 patients with a negative radioiodine scan. Surprisingly, the Tg mRNA was detected in all the patients and normal controls. Conclusion: From our results we can not recommend Tg mRNA, detected by RT-PCR in peripheral blood, as a tumor marker superior to that of the Tg serum level. We consider an intensive re-evaluation of the method is required before considering its clinical applications (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 17:501∼513, 2002).

Inhibition of acute lethal pulmonary inflammation by the IDO–AhR pathway

Lee, Soung-Min,Park, Ha Young,Suh, Young-Sill,Yoon, Eun Hye,Kim, Juyang,Jang, Won Hee,Lee, Won-Sik,Park, Sae-Gwang,Choi, Il-Whan,Choi, Inhak,Kang, Sun-Woo,Yun, Hwayoung,Teshima, Takanori,Kwon, Byungsu National Academy of Sciences 2017 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol.114 No.29

<P>The lung is a prototypic organ that was evolved to reduce immunopathology during the immune response to potentially hazardous endogenous and exogenous antigens. In this study, we show that donor CD4(+) T cells transiently induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in lung parenchyma in an IFN-gamma-dependent manner early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Abrogation of host IDO expression by deletion of the IDO gene or the IFN-gamma gene in donor T cells or by FK506 treatment resulted in acute lethal pulmonary inflammation known as idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS). Interestingly, IL-6 strongly induced IDO expression in an IFN-gamma-independent manner when deacetylation of STAT3 was inhibited. Accordingly, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) could reduce IPS in the state where IFN-gamma expression was suppressed by FK506. Finally, L-kynurenine produced by lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages during IPS progression suppresses the inflammatory activities of lung epithelial cells and CD4(+) T cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Taken together, our results reveal that IDO is a critical regulator of acute pulmonary inflammation and that regulation of IDO expression by HDACi may be a therapeutic approach for IPS after HSCT.</P>

『삼국유사』파른본과 임신본의 비교 검토

( Il Sik Ha ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2013 동방학지 Vol.162 No.-

『삼국유사』파른본은 매우 귀중한 자료이다. 파른본은 조선 중종 때 출판된 임신본(1512)보다 앞서 조선 초기에 板刻하여 인쇄된 것으로 추정된다. 파른본과 임신본을 대조하면, 임신본은 파른본 계통의 책자를 해체하여 木板에 뒤짚어 붙인 뒤에 글자를 새겨 인쇄한 것이 분명히 드러난다. 자획의 각도와 획 사이의 공간 등이 거의 일치하기 때문이다. 그러나 파른본과 임신본의 王曆은 기이편과 별도로 인쇄된 것으로 추정된다. 임신본 왕력은 파른본 계열을 참고했지만 꼭 같지는 않다. 왕력을 몇군데 분석하면, 파른본보다 앞선 시기에 인쇄된 삼국유사 가 존재했다고 추정할 수 있다. 파른본과 임신본의 왕력을 비교하면, 파른본이 더 분명한 사실을 간직한 경우가 많다. 그러나 두책자의 왕력에 보이는 글자들의 차이는 木板에 새기는 과정에서 생긴 실수와 착각으로 판단되는 경우도 많다. 앞으로 더욱 세밀한 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. The copy of Samgukyusa (三國遺事) donated to Yonsei university (hereafter referred to as the Parunbon [파른本]) is a very valuable document. The Parunbon is presumed to have been published in the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, before the Imsinbon (壬申本), which was published in 1512 in the reign of King Jungjong (中宗). Comparison of these two versions shows that the Imsinbon was printed by carving letters on the woodblocks on which disassembled Parunbon was attached inside out. However, the Parunbon``s ``Wangryk`` [王曆] was apparently printed separately. In analysing some parts of the Parunbon``s ``Wangryk``, it appears that the other version of Samgukyusa had existed before the Parunbon was published. The Parunbon ``Wangryk`` contains more precise information than the Imsinbon``s version. In many cases, on the other hand, the differences between the two versions of the letters in the ``Wangryk`` could be caused by mistakes and misinterpretations. Detailed studies on the Parunbon should be conducted in the near future.

한국 고대사 연구 33년간의 발자취

하일식(Ha, Il-Sik) 한국고대사학회 2020 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.100

한국역사연구회 20년과 『역사와 현실』

하일식(Ha Il-sik) 한국역사연구회 2008 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.70

포항중성리신라비와 신라 관등제

하일식(Ha Il Sik) 한국고대사학회 2009 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.56

중성리비가 만들어진 연도는 501년일 가능성이 매우 크다. 그러나 60년 이전에 만들어졌을 가능성도 열어두고 계속 검토할 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 이 비문은 문단을 나누고 동사와 고유명사를 구분하기조차 어려운 내용이다. 그래서 지금까지 여러 가설들이 다양하게 제출되고 있다. 이 비문이 어떤 분쟁을 판결한 내용이라는 점에 대해서는 여러 의견들이 일치한다. 필자는 이 비문에 나타난 판결의 내용을 먼저 생각해보았다. 다음에는 분쟁에 관련된 사람들을 분석하여 분쟁의 양상과 분쟁의 대상을 검토하였다. 그리하여 뭔가를 뺏았다가 되돌려준 쪽은 왕경에 거주하는 두 귀족 가문이었고, 되찾은 쪽은 지방촌락의 주민 및 왕경의 다른 귀족으로 이해하였다. 한편, 분쟁의 대상은 흥해 지방의 토지 또는 그 토지로부터 수익을 얻어 가질 수 있는 권리가 아닐까 생각하였다. 이 권리를 행사하는 과정에는, 왕경의 권리 보유자와 그 집행자, 그리고 지방의 토지 소유자와 경작자, 지방관과 그를 보좌하는 현지인 등 다양한 사람들이 관련된다. 비문의 관련 인물들이 다양하고 복잡한 것은 그때문이다. 필자는 이 비문의 관등도 검토하였다. 그리고 이 비문이 왕경의 지배세력들이 완전히 관등제에 편입되기 직전 단계로서, 냉수리비와 비슷한 모습을 보여주는 것으로 이해하였다. The assumption that the Stele of Jungseok-ri was built in 501 seems to be the most plausible explanation. However, the other assumption that it had been built 60 years before the time, should also be considered and examined. Since the inscription on the stele is hardly recognizable, it is difficult to distinguish the paragraphs, not to mention the verbs and the proper nouns. For this reason, there have been various theories on the interpretation of the inscription, while many have agreed on the possibility that it must be a record of judgement over a certain conflict. In this study, I focused on the aspects and object of the conflict, by first focusing on the contents of the record of judgement, and then analyzing the individuals who were involved in the conflicts. The result of my analysis is as follows : (1) The ones who took the object and then gave it back seem to be two of the aristocrat families who had lived in the capital, while the ones who were deprived of the object and then took it back were residents of a rural village and one of the other aristocrats in the capital. (2) It seems that the conflict was over an estate near Heung-hae, and the right to benefit from the estate. (3) the process of claiming the right involved various individuals including the rightholder from the capital, the executor, the owner of the estate from the rural area, the tiller of the estate, the rural officials, and the residents of the area assisting the officials. This is why the stele includes various and complicated names. In addition, I examined their official ranks inscribed in the stele, and concluded that this stele bears similarities with the Stele of Naengsu-ri(冷水里), as it also reflects the social state where the rural hierarchies were not completely incorporated yet into the official rank system.

유방암 홀몬 수용체와 예후 인자들과의 상관성

김하식(Ha Sik Kim),이영하(Young Ha Lee),황일우(Il Woo Whang) 대한외과학회 1990 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research Vol.39 No.2