Exacerbation of Japanese Encephalitis by CD11c<SUP>hi</SUP> Dendritic Cell Ablation Is Associated with an Imbalance in Regulatory Foxp3<SUP>+</SUP> and IL-17<SUP>+</SUP>CD4<SUP>+</SUP> Th17 Cells and in Ly-6C<SUP>hi</SUP> and Ly-6C<SUP>lo</SUP> Monocytes

Jin Young Choi,Jin Hyoung Kim,Ajit Mahadev Patil,Seong Bum Kim,Erdenebelig Uyangaa,Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain,Seong Kug Eo 대한면역학회 2017 Immune Network Vol.17 No.3

최흥효<SUB>崔興孝</SUB>와 15세기 서단<SUB>書壇</SUB>

유지복(柳志福) 한국국학진흥원 2016 국학연구 Vol.0 No.31

이 연구의 주요 대상인물은 15세기 초반에 활동했던 최흥효崔興孝(1370년경~1452년 이후)이다. 그는 초서에 뛰어나 안평대군安平大君 이용李瑢의 행서와 함께 동시에 칭송되었던 명가이다. 이 논문은 원元 조맹부趙孟頫의 송설체松雪體가 저변에 확대되기 이전인 15세기 초반의 서단에 주목하여 당시의 전환기적 특징이 어떠한 양상을 띠는지 살펴보기 위한 것이다. 이를 가장 집약적으로 보여주는 인물이 최흥효이다. 여말선초 및 15세기 서단에 관한 기존의 연구는 고려 말에 유입된 원대 서풍 중 유독 송설체에만 집중되어왔다. 심지어 당시에 병존하던 여러 서풍을 송설체로 귀결시키는 일반화의 오류를 범해왔다. 이 연구에서는 우리나라의 역대 법첩 및 국왕문서인 왕지王旨와 교지敎旨를 분석해 15세기 초반에 조맹부 뿐만 아니라 선우추鮮于樞와 강리노노康里巎巎의 원대 서풍도 널리 통용되었음을 밝혔다. 특히 분방함과 자유로운 기상이 표출된 최흥효의 초서는 전래의 서풍을 기반으로 강리노노의 서풍을 폭넓게 수용하였음을 밝혔다. 과거에 진晉의 유익庾翼과 왕희지王羲之가 서로 비견되었던 일화처럼 최흥효의 글씨는 종종 안평대군의 글씨와 비교되곤 하였다. 심지어 전혀 관계가 없는 유익의 서풍을 최흥효와 연관시키기도 하였다. 이는 안평대군이 구사한 송설체를 왕희지의 전형典型에 등치시키고자 한 의도로, 송설체를 고수하던 주류 서단의 배타적 인식이 드러난 결과였다. The major subject of this study is Choi Heunghyo (崔興孝, c. 1370 ~ d. after 1452), a prominent Korean calligrapher in the early 15<SUP>th</SUP> Century. With his outstanding cursive style, he was praised as the great calligrapher along side of Yi Yong (李瑢) the Grand Prince Anpyeong, the representative of the semi cursive style. Focusing on the calligraphy world during the early 15<SUP>th</SUP>century, when the calligraphy style of Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫) of Yuan dynasty, known as pain-snow calligraphy style, was not yet widely disseminated in Korea, this thesis aims to examine the feature of the transition period in Korean calligraphy history. The transitional phenomenon epitomized in Choi Heunghyo’s works. The earlier studies on the calligraphy world in the late Goryeo and early Joseon periods and in the 15<SUP>th </SUP>century focused on the pine-snow calligraphy style in particular among the various calligraphy styles which were introduced from the Yuan dynasty during the late Goryeo period. And these studies made a generalization error to ascribe varied styles of those times to the pine-snow calligraphy style only. Analyzing Korean model calligraphy albums of all time as well as royal orders (王旨) and royal instructions (敎旨), this study illuminates that in the early 15<SUP>th</SUP> century, when not only Zhao Mengfu’s style but also Yuan dynasty calligraphy styles of Xian Yushu (鮮于樞) and Kangli Naonao(康里巎巎) were in wide currency in Korea. Especially this study revealed that Choi Heunghyo’s cursive writing as the expression of his far-outness and free vigor was broadly influenced by the style of Kangli Naonao on the base of traditional styles. Like the old story that the two Jin (晉) dynasty calligraphers Yu Yi (庾翼) and Wang Xizhi (王羲之) was used to be compared with each other, Choi’s handwriting often compared with that of Grand Prince Anpyeong. And even Choi Heunghyo was mentioned in relation to Yu Yi, who has no connection whatever with Choi. It is regarded as the result of exclusive understanding in the mainstream of Korean calligraphy world which persists in pine-snow calligraphy style which is followed by the attempt to place the Grand Prince Anpyeong’s writings with good command of pine-snow calligraphy style on the equivalence of typical model of Wang Xizhi’s style.

4~6세기 포항·울진 지역의 고분 문화

이인숙(Yi, In-Suk) 한국고대사학회 2019 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.93

이 글은 신라사를 이해하는데 중요한 비석인 울진 봉평리 신라비, 포항의 냉수리 신라비와 중성리 신라비의 연구 성과를 본격적으로 논의하기에 앞서 이 비석들이 발견된 포항과 울진 지역의 고고학적 성과를 짚어보기 위해 작성되었다. 이 3개 비석들은 5~6세기 신라 지방에서 발생한 사건 또는 갈등에 신라 중앙이 개입하여 이를 해결한 기록이라는 공통점이 있다. 신라고고학에서는 4~6세기, 경주와 그 외 영남지방에서 보이는 물질문화의 공통점과 차이점이 시간의 경과에 따라 변화하는 양상을 주로 신라 중앙의 영역 확장 과정과 지방 지배 방식의 변화로 설명하고 있다. 신라 중앙의 물질문화는 묘제(신라식목곽묘 → 적석목곽분 → 횡혈식석실분), 신라토기, 금공품 등으로 대표되는데 이것이 지방에서는 출현 또는 확산, 소멸되기도 하는 것이다. 이에 여기서는 발굴조사된 4~6세기 포항과 울진 지역의 묘제와 그 출토품을 대상으로 중앙과 지방 간의 관계를 규명해 온 기왕의 고고학적 연구 성과를 종합적으로 정리해 보았다. 포항 지역에서는 3세기대부터 신라 중앙인 경주와 유사한 무기류가 다량 부장되지만 5세기대에는 다른 지역과는 달리 고총이 조성되지 않는다. 이는 5세기대에 중앙의 영향력이 직접 지배에 가까울 정도로 컸음을 반영한다 하겠다. 그러나 6세기에는 오히려 대형의 횡혈식석실묘가 축조되고 심엽형의 세환이식, 유리제 목걸이 등 신라 위세품이 부장된다. 이 시기까지도 포항은 여전히 중앙에서 관심을 기울인 지역임을 알 수 있다. 울진 지역에서는 읍남리나 덕천리에 고총을 조성하고 위세품을 부장하는 등 신라 중앙의 관심이 컸던 곳임은 분명하다. 경주로부터 상대적으로 원거리에 위치하는 울진 지역은 5세기 이후에야 신라의 간접지배를 받았던 것으로 보인다. 이는 덕천리고분군에서 수장급 피장자임을 드러내는 금동관 편이 5세기 말부터 7세기 후엽까지 3차례에 걸쳐서 부장된 점, 읍남리고분군에서 금동 삼엽환두대도 장식과 함께 황남대총 북분 출토품과 유사한 금동 태환이식이 부장된 점을 통해 방증된다. 4~6세기 포항, 울진 지역은 신라와 고구려와의 대치 관계 속에서 지리적으로 신라 중앙에서 중시하였던 지역임에는 틀림없다. 중앙의 지배방식은 포항에서는 중앙의 영향력이 강한 직접 지배, 울진에서는 상대적으로 중앙의 영향력이 약한 간접지배였던 것으로 추정된다. The purpose of this study is to examine the archeological results of Pohang and Uljin areas before discussing the research results of Silla steles found in Bongpyeong-ri, Uljin and in Naengsu-ri and Jungseong-ri, Pohang, which are important monuments for understanding the history of Silla. What these three monuments have in common is that they are records indicating how the central Silla intervened and resolved incidents or conflicts that occurred in the provincial Silla during the 5<SUP>th</SUP> and the 6<SUP>th</SUP> centuries of the Silla Kingdom. Archeological literature of Silla explain the similarities and differences in material culture between Gyeongju and other Yeongnam provinces in the 4<SUP>th</SUP> to the 6th centuries in terms of the relationship between the central and the province and mainly as the process of territorial expansion and change in the method of controlling the province. This is grounded in the phenomena of representative material culture of Silla such as the burial system (Silla-style wooden coffin tomb → tomb with wooden coffin covered with stone → corridor- style stone chamber tomb), pottery and gilt bronzed artifacts appearing and disappearing or proliferating in the provinces. Accordingly, this study summarizes the results of existing archaeological studies that mention the relationship between the central and provincial Silla in reference to the 4<SUP>th</SUP> to the 6<SUP>th</SUP> centuries tombs in Pohang and Uljin areas and their artifacts that have been excavated and investigated. In the Pohang area, a lot of weapons similar to those found in Gyeongju, the center of Silla, were buried along with the body from the 3<SUP>rd</SUP> century. However, unlike other regions, huge mound tombs were not built in Pohang in the 5<SUP>th</SUP> century. This is probably because the influence the central Silla exerted over the provincial Silla in the 5<SUP>th</SUP> century was close to direct control. While the corridor-style stone chamber tomb from the 6<SUP>th</SUP> century in this area is large and shows elements different from that in the central Silla, it is believed that Pohang was considered important even during this period, because Silla grave goods such as glass necklaces and leaf-shaped hoop earrings were buried along with the body. In the Uljin area, huge mound tombs were built in Eupnam-ri and Deokcheon-ri and grave goods were buried along with the body, indicating that these areas were places of interest for the central Silla. Uljin, which is relatively far from Gyeongju, seems to have been indirectly controlled by the central Silla only after the 5<SUP>th</SUP> century. This is evidenced by the inscription on the stele, which refers to the royal family of Silla directly intervening and punishing the people involved in an incident in Uljin, as well as the artifacts found in tombs such as the gilt bronzed crowns buried three times from the 5<SUP>th</SUP> to the 7<SUP>th</SUP> centuries in the Deokcheon-ri tombs and the gilt bronzed hoop earrings and Silla-style gilt bronzed ring pommel sword decorated with three leaves buried in the Eupnam-ri tombs. The artifacts found in Eupnam-ri tombs, in particular, are similar to artifacts excavated from the north mound of Gyeungju Hwangnam Daechong (grand mound tomb). Based on the archeological evidences, it is surmised that Pohang and Uljin were geographically important areas for the central Silla from the 4<SUP>th</SUP> to the 6<SUP>th</SUP> centuries considering the confrontational relation between Silla and Goguryeo at the time. It is also presumed that the method of control over the provinces opted by the central Silla differed for Pohang and Uljin: with control over Pohang more direct, while control over Uljin more indirect.

부산지역 토양 내 천연방사성핵종 분석 및 유효선량율 평가

김정훈(Kim, Jung-Hoon),김창수(Kim, Chang-Su),임창선(Lim, Chang-Seon) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.6

본 논문에서는 대한민국의 제2의 도시인 부산지역의 일반토양을 대상으로 천연방사성핵종인 ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K을 분석 하고 이를 바탕으로 일반토양에 의한 거주민의 방사선피폭을 평가하였다. 측정방법으로는 부산지역의 토양 내 천연 방사성 핵종을 정밀 분석하기 위하여 16개의 행정구역을 중심으로 각 지역에서 세 개의 지점을 격자구조로 분리하였으며 이후 총 48개의 토양 시료를 2012년 7월부터 2013년 4월까지 채취하였다. 토양 중 ²³⁸U, ²³²Th는 ICP-MS를 사용하여 방사능 농도를 분석하고, ⁴⁰K는 감마선 분석 검출기인 HpGe 검출기를 사용하여 방사능 농도를 분석하였다. 이 후 이를 바탕으로 동아시아 지역의 방사능 농도와 비교해 본 결과 ²³⁸U 핵종은 우리나라가 평균보다 낮은 농도를 나타낸 반면 ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K핵종은 높은 값을 나타냈다. 이는 한국의 지질대가 천연방사성핵종이 많이 포함되어 있는 화강암지대가 많기 때문이라 판단된다. The presence of ²³⁸U,²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, which are naturally residing radionuclides, in the ordinary soil of Busan, the 2nd largest city in Korea, was anlayzed and the residents’ radiation exposure to ordinary soil was evaluated. Regarding the measurement methods, to conduct a detailed analysis of the naturally residing radionuclides in the soil of Busan, this study divided the 16 administrative districts into a lattice structure with 3 spots, and collected a total of 48 soil samples (July 2012 and April 2013). ICP-MS was used to analyze the concentration of the radioactivity of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th in the soil, and a HpGe detector, a gamma ray detector, was used to analyze the radioactivity of ⁴⁰K. The measurement values of this study were compared with the concentration of radioactivity of East Asian regions. The concentration of ²³⁸U nuclides in Korea was lower than the mean, whereas the concentration of ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K nuclides was higher than the mean. The higher mean concentrations of ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K than the mean were attributed to the many granite areas that contain a great deal of naturally occurring radionuclides.

담낭암, 간문부암 및 말단 담도암의 새로운 AJCC 7<SUP>th</SUP> 병기

임진홍(Jin Hong Lim),김성훈(Sung Hoon Kim),김경식(Kyung Sik Kim) 한국간담췌외과학회 2010 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.14 No.2

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer staging system has been revised every 6∼8 years since the first edition of the cancer staging system was introduced in 1977. The latest edition, the 7th, was published in 2009 and has been used since January, 2010. In case of gallbladder cancer, perihilar cancer and distal common bile duct cancer, there are several changes compared to the 6th edition (revised in 2002). In gallbladder cancer, there is no difference in lymph node location from the 6th edition, but in the 7th edition disease is divided into hilar nodes and other regional lymph nodes. This has been reclassified in terms of the possibility of surgical resection and patient outcome. In perihilar cancer, we had to follow cancer staging for extrahepatic bile duct cancer because there was no classification previously ; but now a new staging guideline has been introduced. There is no difference from the 6th edition in cancer staging of the distal common bile duct. However, the classification of the primary site has changed according to involvement of the celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery in invasion of adjacent organs. Explanations for the differences between the 5th, 6th and 7th editions are introduced and the helpfulness of the new system in clinical applications is examined.

정면충돌 시 5<SUP>th</SUP>%ile 여성승객의 착석 방법에 따른 인체상해 영향성 연구

김기석(Kiseok Kim),김준의(Junyi Kim),박규일(Kyuil Park),이만수(Mansu Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2017 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.5

전후 일본 조선사학계의 3.1운동 인식

박준형(Park Jun-hyung) 한국역사연구회 2018 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.108

The year 2018, which marks the 99<SUP>th</SUP> year since the March 1<SUP>st</SUP> movement in Korea, is also the 150<SUP>th</SUP> year since the commencement of the Japanese Meiji reform. Prime Minister Abe of Japan praised the Meiji era in his annual addressing of the nation early this year, and all Japanese governmental agencies as well as local authorities have been celebrating the Meiji legacy through various ceremonial gatherings. A self-reflection of the very period, however, during which Japan invaded Joseon is nowhere to be found in such Japanese celebrations. In the eyes of the Koreans, the 150<SUP>th</SUP> anniversary of the Meiji reforms is an event that could never be celebrated unless the history of invasion and memory of oppression are eliminated from one’s mind entirely. It has already been 70 years since the Korean peninsula was liberated from Japan’s colonial ruling, but Japan’s heartfelt remorse of its criminal acts, or sincere reconciliation between Korea and Japan, are still too far way on the horizon. Hopefully the 100<SUP>th</SUP> anniversary of the Korean March 1<SUP>st</SUP> movement next year would serve as a reminder, as well as an evidence of the empty nature of the Meiji reforms’ 150 years worth of legacy. In Korea, commemoration of the March 1<SUP>st</SUP> movement has continued every year, with big events turning up once in a while every decade. Those commemorations were accompanied by various studies that have built upon each other and accumulated impressively. And most interestingly, the Korean efforts were never alone. After the end of the second World War, Joseon History scholars in Japan also took notice of the significant nature of this very movement. The Joseon people living in Japan, as well as a group of progressive Japanese scholars, led these studies for years, striving to overcome the remnants of Colonialism. They were also always heavily mindful of the fact that they were members of the oppressor state Japan. That must have been very hard upon them philosophically. But at the same time it might have probably driven them to produce works that differentiated themselves from those which were generated by Korean historians, or even exceed them. Primarily examined in this article is how the Post-war Japanese Joseon History scholars have viewed the March 1<SUP>st</SUP> movement. Focus of such examination would be some noteworthy works that emerged around the time of the Movement’s 50<SUP>th</SUP> anniversary, which could also serve as a comparison for how things are going on in the eve of the 100<SUP>th</SUP>. Such comparison should throw us a quintessential question which we could never afford to ignore: what we should really be honoring at this juncture, and how could we properly commemorate the 100<SUP>th</SUP> anniversary of this magnificent historical event.

한국정당의 여성국회의원 후보자 공천과 한국의 여성정치

오미연(Miyeon Oh),김기정(Kijung Kim),김민정(Minjeoung Kim) 한국정치학회 2005 한국정치학회보 Vol.39 No.2

본 연구에서는 여성국회의원 공천후보자들에 대한 분석을 통해 각 주요 정당이 어떤 여성들을 정치에 받아들였는지를 보고 한국 여성정치의 현주소를 보고자 한다. 특히 정당이 어떤 여성을 충원하려는가를 통해 한국의 여성정치 현실을 보려는 것이 이 연구의 핵심이다. 본 연구에서는 정당이 여성국회의원을 공천하기 위한 변수들 - 지역적 안배, 재정적 기여, 주요 정당의 역학관계, 정당성을 위한 여성의 활용 - 중 주요 정당의 역학관계와 정당성을 위한 여성의 활용 측면이 주요 변수임을 설명하고, 이를 제15ㆍ16ㆍ17대 국회의 주요 정당의 구조적 역학관계와 여성공천을 통해 살펴보고자 한다. ‘정당의 여성 활용 변수’라는 분석틀을 정하고 이를 직업적 전문성, 15ㆍ16ㆍ17대 여성 국회의원 공천 후보자 분석을 통해 얻을 수 있는 사실은 15대와 16대에 주요 정당들이 직업적 전문성의 여성을 중심으로 하려 했던 데에 비해, 17대에는 여성후보를 공천하는데 있어 정치적 경험성과 여성단체의 대표성에 보다 무게를 실었다는 점이다. 이러한 배경에는 정치영역에서의 여성 충원 필요성에 대한 사회의 전반적 인식과 비례대표제에서 50%의 여성 할당제 적용을 들 수 있다. 또한 주요 정당은 각 당의 이데올로기에 맞추어 정당 내부 출신의 여성이나 여성단체나 시민단체에서 활동한 여성들을 공천하려는 노력을 대외적으로 보여주었다. 이를 바탕으로 17대 총선에서 여성후보를 공천하고 충원하는 과정에서 한국의 여성정치의 새로운 기점으로 보고 서구화 내지는 선진화되기 시작했다는 평가가 있다. 또한 여성단체의 역할 증대에 대해서도 긍정적인 평가가 있다. 그러나 여전히 현실적인 한계가 많다. 남성정치의 영역을 포괄한 한국정당의 구조와 제도의 현주소가 아직도 불안정하고 민주주의 공고화 단계로 접어드는 과도기에 있기 때문이다. 다만 여성의 정치참여가 사회의 다른 영역에 비해 극히 제한되어 있는 현실에서 제15대에서 제17대 총선에 후보로 공천받은 여성들을 분석해 볼 때 여성정치의 제도와 구조의 변화의 필요성에 대한 인식이 자리잡고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 정당의 구조와 선거제도가 여성의 참여를 보다 활성화하는 방향으로 전환되어야만 한국의 여성정치는 보다 발전된 방향을 나아갈 수 있을 것이고 이는 아직도 많은 문제를 내포하고 있는 한국정당정치에 대한 고찰로부터 시작되어야 할 것이다. This paper will analyze the process of political recruitment and the overall female political structure of South Korea by taking a look at how women are selected to candidates for the National Assembly by the main political parties. Female aspirants to the Korean National Assembly should pass successive phases in the recruitment process, and the candidate nomination by the parties is the most crucial one in that process. Since the nomination is directly proceeded within the political parties, it reflects the structure of the main parties, their relations and therefore the overall political structure including the parties. Above all, this study explains the dominating influences of political party's mechanics as well as female application concerning party's legitimacy among the 4 variables - regional arrangement, financial commitment, mechanics of political parties, and application in terms of party's legitimacy. And then, it analyzes these two in the 15<SUP>th</SUP>, 16<SUP>th</SUP>, and 17<SUP>th</SUP> National Assemblies. For the analytical frame, this study provides 4 variables - professionalism, political experience, representation by NGOs, politician parentage - in order to show political party's selection process of female candidates within its structure. Based on these variables, this paper classifies female candidates in the 15<SUP>th</SUP>, 16<SUP>th</SUP>, 17<SUP>th</SUP> National Assemblies according to their backgrounds and interviews. Also, this study analyzes the Korean electoral system regarding legislative recruitment; 1) proportional representation and 2) majority representation by a single-member electorate.

The April 19<SUP>th</SUP> Generation and the Start of Postcolonial History in South Korea

Charles R. Kim The Academy of Korean Studies 2009 THE REVIEW OF KOREAN STUDIES Vol.12 No.3

15세기 한중 관계사

曺永憲(Cho, Young-Hun) 동양사학회 2017 東洋史學硏究 Vol.140 No.-

This article mainly deals with 15<SUP>th</SUP> century’s sino-korean relations based on recent research as a founding stone for comprehensive reexamination of sino-korean relationship from 15<SUP>th</SUP> century to 19th century. In the beginning of 15<SUP>th</SUP> century, going through the chaotic and turbulent period of the latter of 14<SUP>th</SUP> century, so called ‘Ming Order’ which had functioned as a basic framework for Ming-Choson relationship was established. The sino-korean relationship was very closely linked with China(Yuan and Ming)’s external policy and international change of relationships, so the extent of this relation’s change around 1400 was an unprecedented level. Therefore we have no choice but to pay attention to international relationships in which China played a central role first in order to fully understand Korea-China relations during 15<SUP>th</SUP> century. For this purpose, this article at first described the wholistic big picture of East Asian world. Second, I try to embody the detail of sino-korean relationship which was constantly connected with international relations. At last, I manage to reshape the sino-korean relations through several and comprehensive perspectives of korea-japan relations and sino-japan relations. Ming china exercised her political influence mainly through the ritual protocol toward neighboring countries such as Korea, Annam, which was totally different way of method with Mongol’s world order or Yuan system. At the same time, influential Ming emperors, especially Hongwu and Yongle, reestablished traditional, powerful, and monistic tributary system. This system conveys the idea, “Hua-yi yi jia”, which means that northern Yi(barbarian) and southern Hua(Chinese people) were unified as one family. This idea was completely the legacy of Yuan experience. Given such continuity and change of east asian history, ‘special relationship’ rather than ‘typical relationship’ should be more suited for describing the 15<SUP>th</SUP> century sino-korean relations as they were.