자기-태도 차원구조와 차별적 중요성이 우울에 미치는 영향

김완일 한국상담학회 2008 상담학연구 Vol.9 No.1

There is a lot of studies about the relation between structure of self-concept and depression. Showers suggested a compartmentalization model. He said that depression is affected by compartmentalization and differential importance. This model is significant since it contains the contents and the separation degree of self-aspects. This model, however, has the following problems; First, it can only explain the appearancial difference in distribution of positive and negative aspects, not the cognitive mechanism of the reason why the difference of compartentalization exists; Second, it doesn't agree with the result of interaction between differential importance and compartmentalization on depression. Meanwhile, Su-weon Lee, in attitude studies, showed that there is evaluative dimension and descriptive dimension according to differentiation level of attitude. Those who perceive with descriptive dimension feel less stressed than those who perceive with evaluative dimension. In this study, we examined the relation between depression and dimension structure model of self-attitude, instead of applying compartmentalization model; First, as a result of investigating the effects of compartmentialization and differential importance on depression, interactive effect were not seen; Second, we examined the relation between differential importance and self-attitude dimension structure on depression. Those who perceive themselves with evaluative dimension felt less depression as differential importance marked a higher degree, while the depression felt by those who perceive themselves with descriptive dimension were not related to differential importance. This study has an implication that it is necessary to make depressive clients perceive himself with descriptive dimension for counseling. 자기개념의 구조와 우울과의 관계에 대한 연구들 중에서 Showers(1996)는 구획화와 차별적 중요성이 우울에 영향을 미친다고 하였다. 이 모델은 그 동안의 연구들이 간과해온 자기상의 내용 및 구분정도를 고려한 점에서 의의가 있다. 그러나 이 모델은 다음과 같은 문제점이 있다. 첫째, 자기상에 대한 정적, 부적 내용의 분포라는 현상적 차이만을 설명해주며, 구획화의 차이가 발생하는 이유에 대한 인지적 메커니즘을 설명하지 못하고 있다. 둘째, 구획화와 차별적 중요성의 우울에 대한 상호작용 효과의 결과에서 불일치를 보이고 있다. 한편 태도 연구 분야에서 이수원(1995)은 태도의 분화수준에 따라 평가차원과 서술차원이 존재함을 밝혔다. 그는 태도구조의 질적 차이가 스트레스 사건의 취약성을 중재한다고 하였다. 즉 서술차원으로 지각하는 사람은 평가차원으로 지각하는 사람보다 스트레스를 적게 느낀다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 자기-태도의 차원구조 모델을 적용하여 우울과의 관계를 다음과 같이 알아보았다. 첫째, 구획화와 차별적 중요성의 우울에 대한 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 자기-태도 차원구조 즉 평가차원과 서술차원 각각과 차별적 중요성의 우울과의 관계를 알아보았다. 그 결과 평가차원으로 자기를 지각하는 사람은 차별적 중요성이 높을수록 우울을 적게 느꼈으나, 서술차원으로 지각하는 사람은 차별적 중요성에 따른 우울의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구는 우울한 내담자를 치료할 때 서술차원으로 자기를 지각하도록 하며, 평가차원으로 자기를 지각하는 내담자는 자신의 긍정적 자기상을 중요하게 여기도록 할 필요가 있음을 시사해준다.

地方都市中心街路의 環境認知特性에 따른 景觀評價에 관한 硏究

윤종국,박춘근 대한건축학회 2002 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.18 No.11

This study is for the physical specific property by the surrounding recognition of the street space in the actual proof. The result on the correlativity between the mental capacity and the physical dimension is as follow. (1) The physical surrounding analyzing the urban street space is recognized street design processing as main idea of the walker as making the importance to the space structure of the urban dimension, the process of the street dimension and the building shape of the architectural dimension. (2) As the result of analyzing in the physical dimension, Chang-won city has low ability as the space accepting the living surrounding such as the field shape, the street structure D/H ratio and the street ratio of walker and car. And the specific property of building shape in the shape dimension is appreciate to explain the definition of the street space, but it stands form the imagination without continuity and dynamics. (3) As the result of the factor analysis, three factor axis is drawn out. The first axis is "the safety dimension", the second is "the newness dimension" and the third is "the friendliness dimension" in the center street of Chang-won. However the first axis is "the friendliness dimension", second is "the newness dimension" and third is "the safety dimension" in the center street of Yang-san. (4) As the result of the analysis of the connection, there are the difference between two streets that are not only the mental reaction but also the physical dimension. Therefor, the evaluation of process by the surrounding recognition of the street design factor concerned with the street width is needed.

사회적 자본이 직무만족을 매개로 협력행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

한나영(Han Na Young),배상욱(Bae Sang Wook) 한국인적자원관리학회 2016 인적자원관리연구 Vol.23 No.4

자본 집약적 환경에서 지식 집약적 환경으로 전환하면서 많은 기업들은 무형의 자본에 막대한 규모의 투자를 하고 있으며, 인간관계 중심의 경제 네트워크인 사회적 자본은 더욱 중요시 되고 있다. 조직의 무형 자본이 진정으로 경쟁우위의 원천이 되는 자원이라면 조직 내의 사회적 자본이 성과에 미치는 영향이 어떠한지 밝힐 필요가 있다. 기존의 연구 대부분이 조직의 보유자원이 성과에 영향을 준다는 것에 관해서는 공통된 의견을 나타내고 있지만, 사회적 자본이 어떻게 성과로 연계되는지에 관해서는 논의의 여지가 존재한다. 따라서 사회적 자본이 성과로 연결되는 경로를 인지하기 위해서는 사회적 자본이 어떻게 작용하는 지에 관한 운영 프로세스가 분명하게 밝혀져야 한다. 본 연구는 사회적 자본 차원들인 구조적 차원(예; 유대강도), 인지적 차원(예; 공유된 가치 및 규범), 관계적 차원(예; 구성원들 간의 신뢰) 간의 인과적 관계와 조직 내 구성원들의 사회적 자본과 직무만족, 협력행동 간의 관계를 통합적으로 살펴보기 위하여 중소 제조업체 종사자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 공변량 구조방정식모형을 통해 실증분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과 첫째, 사회적 자본 중 구조적 차원이 관계적 차원에 정(+)의 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 사회적 자본 중 인지적 차원 역시 관계적 차원에 정(+)의 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 구조적 차원, 인지적 차원, 관계적 차원 모두 직무만족에 정(+)의 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 셋째, 직무만족은 협력 행동에 정(+)의 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 사회적 자본 3가지 차원의 인과관계를 확인할 수 있었으며 조직 내 구성원들의 긍정적인 행동인 협력행동을 이끌어내기 위해서 사회적 자본 형성에 관심을 가질 필요가 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. With a shift from a capital-intensive environment to a knowledge-intensive environment, many companies are making a huge investment on intangible capital, and social capital of an economic network based on human relationship is more and more emphasized. If the intangible capital of an organization is truly the dimension that becomes the source of competitive advantage, it is necessary to clarify the influence of social capital on the performance of an organization. While most existing studies agree that the resources an organization owns influence its performance, there is a room left to discuss how social capital is connected to performance. Therefore, the operational process on how social capital works must be clarified clearly to perceive the path connecting social capital with performance. This study conducted a survey on workers in small and medium-sized manufacturing companies and carried out an empirical analysis through a covariance structural equation model. Its purpose was to examine the causal relationship among structural dimension(e.g. strength of bond), cognitive dimension(e.g. shared values and norms), the relational dimension(e.g. trust among members), which are social capital dimensions, as well as the relationship among the social capital, job satisfaction, and the cooperation behavior of members in an organization. According to the empirical analysis results, first, structural dimension and cognitive dimension among social capital had a positive(+) significant effect on relational dimension. Second, structural dimension, cognitive dimension, and relational dimension all had a positive(+) significant effect on job satisfaction. Third, job satisfaction had a positive(+) significant effect on cooperation behavior. The study results could confirm the causal relationship of the 3 dimensions of social capital, and implied it was necessary to pay attention to the formation of social capital to draw cooperation behavior, namely a positive behavior of organizational members.

Designed Three-Dimensional Freestanding Single-Crystal Carbon Architectures

Park, Ji-Hoon,Cho, Dae-Hyun,Moon, Youngkwon,Shin, Ha-Chul,Ahn, Sung-Joon,Kwak, Sang Kyu,Shin, Hyeon-Jin,Lee, Changgu,Ahn, Joung Real American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.11

<P>Single-crystal carbon nanomaterials have led to great advances in nanotechnology. The first single-crystal carbon nanomaterial, fullerene, was fabricated in a zero-dimensional form. One-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graphene have since followed and continue to provide further impetus to this field. In this study, we fabricated designed three-dimensional (3D) single-crystal carbon architectures by using silicon carbide templates. For this method, a designed 3D SiC structure was transformed into a 3D freestanding single-crystal carbon structure that retained the original SiC structure by performing a simple single-step thermal process. The SiC structure inside the 3D carbon structure is self-etched, which results in a 3D freestanding carbon structure. The 3D carbon structure is a single crystal with the same hexagonal close-packed structure as graphene. The size of the carbon structures can be controlled from the nanoscale to the microscale, and arrays of these structures can be scaled up to the wafer scale. The 3D freestanding carbon structures were found to be mechanically stable even after repeated loading. The relationship between the reversible mechanical deformation of a carbon structure and its electrical conductance was also investigated. Our method of fabricating designed 3D freestanding single-crystal graphene architectures opens up prospects in the field of single-crystal carbon nanomaterials and paves the way for the development of 3D single-crystal carbon devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-11/nn504956h/production/images/medium/nn-2014-04956h_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn504956h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

FRACTAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: II. THE MOLECULAR CLOUDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE H_II REGION SH 156

Lee, Young-Ung,Kang, Mi-Ju,Kim, Bong-Kyu,Jung, Jae-Hoon,Kim, Hyun-Goo,Yim, In-Sung,Kang, Hyung-Woo,Choi, Ji-Hoon The Korean Astronomical Society 2008 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.41 No.6

We have estimated the fractal dimension of the molecular clouds associated with the Hii region Sh 156 in the Outer Galaxy. We selected the $^{12}CO$ cube data from the FCRAO CO Survey of the Outer Galaxy. Using a developed code within IRAF, we identified slice-clouds (2-dimensional clouds in velocity-channel maps) with two threshold temperatures to estimate the fractal dimension. With the threshold temperatures of 1.8 K, and 3 K, we identified 317 slice-clouds and 217 slice-clouds, respectively. There seems to be a turn-over location in fractional dimension slope around NP (area; number of pixel) = 40. The fractal dimensions was estimated to be D = $1.5\;{\sim}\;1.53$ for $NP\;{\geq}\;40$, where $P\;{\propto}\;A^{D/2}$ (P is perimeter and A is area), which is slightly larger than other results. The sampling rate (spatial resolution) of observed data must be an important parameter when estimating fractal dimension. Fractal dimension is apparently invariant when varying the threshold temperatures applied to slice-clouds identification.

Study on the Relationship between Fractal Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Tensile Fracture of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Chenxu Ding,Tianci Xu,Qiyang Chen,Chengguang Su,Pingrui Zhao 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.26 No.5

In the present study, experiments are carried out to investigate the behavior of the tensile crack of the reinforced concrete structure. Moreover, the fracture morphology and mechanical properties of the tensile crack are analyzed with the fractal geometry theory and reverse engineering. The obtained results show that the axial force of the tensile crack increases with the crack sequence. When the crack reaches a stable state, the number of cracks does not change, while the width of the crack increases. It is found that fractures of the structural tensile crack have distinct fractal characteristics and the fractal dimension shows a decreasing trend as the cracking axial force increases. Obtained results show that the correlation between the crack axial force and the fractal dimension of the fracture follows a power function. It is demonstrated that the fractal dimension of the fracture depends on different parameters, including the tensile strength of the concrete, cross-sectional area of the structure, ratio of the elastic modulus of the steel bar to that of the concrete, and the reinforcement ratio. Moreover, the fractal dimension of the tensile crack is calculated to evaluate the tensile force of the structure. Based on the obtained results, it is found that appropriate and timely measurements can avoid the built-in steel bars reaching yield and causing the structure to lose its bearing capacity completely.

학업정서의 다차원 구조 탐색

김광수(Gwang Su Kim),한미라(Mi Ra Han),박병기(Byung Gee Bak) 한국교육심리학회 2013 敎育心理硏究 Vol.27 No.4

이 연구의 목적은 학업정서의 다차원 구조를 탐색하는 것이었다. 연구의 주 관심은 학업정서의 다차원 구조로서 2차원과 3차원 중 어느 것이 더 적합한지 파악하는 것이었다. 학업정서의 차원구조는 다차원척도법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 이 연구는 두 개의 연구로 구성되어 있다. 연구 1에서는 긍지, 희망, 즐거움, 편안함, 감사, 분노, 불안, 후회, 수치심, 실망 등 10개 학업정서 정보를 대상으로 다차원분석을 수행하였다. 고등학생 543명을 대상으로 설문조사를 했으며, 응답자들은 정서단어 사이의 유사성 평정이 아니라 학습상황에서 경험하는 정서를 자기보고식으로 반응하였다. 팔꿈치 기준으로 보아 학업 정서는 3차원 구조가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 첫 번째 차원은 ‘긍정-부정’의 ‘유인가’ 차원으로 해석되었다. 두 번째 차원은 Pekrun 외(2002, 2007, 2011a, 2011b)가 제시한 ‘활동-결과’의 ‘대상초점’ 차원과 유사한 ‘과정-결과’ 차원으로 해석되었다. 세 번째 차원은 ‘능동성(activeness)’ 차원으로, 상황에 대한 통제가능성을 의미하며 통제-가치 이론(Pekrun, 2000, 2006; Pekrun et al., 2007, 2011a)의 통제평가와 매우 유사하였다. 연구 1을 보완하기 위해 연구 2를 수행하였다. 연구 2에서는 기쁨, 만족감, 행복, 지루함, 슬픔, 좌절 등 6개 항목을 추가, 총 16 개 학업정서 간의 유사성 평가방식으로 다차원척도 분석을 수행했다. 응답자는 대학생 22명이었다. 분석 결과는 Pekrun 외(2002, 2007, 2011)의 3차원 구조와 유사하였다. 첫 번째 차원은 ‘긍정-부정’의 ‘유인가’ 차원으로, 두 번째 차원은 ‘대상초점’ 차원과 비슷한 ‘과정-결과’ 차원으로, 세 번째 차원은, ‘활성화-비활성화’의 ‘활성화’ 차원으로 해석되었다. 종합 논의에서 학업정서의 다차원적 구조의 의미에 대해 확인하고, 3차원 분석을 위한 효과적인 방안을 모색했다. The purpose of this study was to examine the multi-dimensionality of academic emotion. The focus was to judge which dimensionality was more relevant between two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure. This study contains two sub-studies. In study 1, multi-dimensional scaling was used to determine the dimensionality of 10 academic emotions of pride, hope, enjoyment, comfort, gratitude, anger, anxiety, regret, shame, and disappointment. 543 high school students reported their emotional experiences in the academic situations. According to the elbow criterion, three-dimension solution was judged to be most suitable. The first dimension was interpreted as the ‘positive-negative’(valence). The second dimension was interpreted as ‘process-result’ similar to the ‘activity-outcome’(object focus) dimension(Pekrun, 2002, 2007, 2011a, 2011b). The third dimension could be interpreted as ‘activeness’ which is similar to the control evaluation in control-value theory(Pekrun, 2000, 2006; Pekrun et al., 2007, 2011a). To complement the study 1, study 2 was performed. In study 2, 6 emotions of joy, satisfaction, happiness, boredom, sadness, frustration were added, and similarity evaluation of 120 comparisons between 16 emotions was performed by 22 college students. Results of study 2 were similar to those of study 1. Three-dimensional structure was supported as Pekrun and his colleagues (2002, 2007, 2011) suggested. The first dimension was interpreted as ‘positive-negative’(valence) dimension, the second dimension as ‘process-result’ dimension similar to the ‘object focus’ dimension, and the third dimension as ‘activate-deactivate’(activation) dimension. As an overall discussion, meaning and implications of the multi-dimensional structure of academic emotion were discussed.

지질매체 공극 구조에 대한 구성 엔트로피와 상자집계 프랙탈 차원의 지구물리학적 의미 및 응용: 무작위 패킹 시뮬레이션 연구

이범한 ( Bum Han Lee ),이성근 ( Sung Keun Lee ) 한국광물학회 2010 광물과 암석 (J.Miner.Soc.Korea) Vol.23 No.4

지구물질로 이루어진 공극 구조와 이를 채우고 있는 유체의 상호작용에 대한 이해는 지표 및 지구 내부의 다양한 지질학적 현상의 설명에 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 지구물질과 유체의 상호작용을 보다 잘 이해하기 위해, 비표면적과 공극률이 다공성 매질의 공극 구조를 설명하는 매개변수에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 입자의 지름과 공극률을 다양하게 하여 동일한 크기의 구형의 입자로 이루어진 다공성 매질에 대한 삼차원 공극 구조를 무작위 패킹 시뮬레이션으로 얻었고, 이에 대해 구성 엔트로피와 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원 분석을 하였다. 구성 엔트로피 분석 결과, 엔트로피 길이는 비표면적이 2.4에서 8.3 mm2/mm3으로 증가할 때 0.8에서 0.2 mm로 감소하고, 최대 구성 엔트로피는 공극률이 0.33에서 0.46으로 증가할수록 0.94에서 0.99로 증가하는 뚜렷한 경향을 보인다. 구성 엔트로피와 공극률의 관계로부터 구성 엔트로피가 맨틀 용융체의 탄성과 점성도를 설명하는 변수로 사용될 수 있음을 제시한다. 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원은 비표면적이 같을 때 공극률이 증가함에 따라 증가하고, 비표면적이 2.4에서 8.3 mm2/mm3으로 증가할 때 2.65에서 2.98로 증가한다. 이러한 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원과 비표면적, 공극률의 관계로부터 삼차원 상자집계 프랙탈 차원이 지진파 감쇠와 맨틀용융체를 포함한 다양한 지질매체의 구조와 무질서도를 설명하는 변수로 사용될 수 있음을 제시한다. Understanding the interactions between earth materials and fluids is essential for studying the diverse geological processes in the Earth`s surface and interior. In order to better understand the interactions between earth materials and fluids, we explore the effect of specific surface area and porosity on structural parameters of pore structures. We obtained 3D pore structures, using random packing simulations of porous media composed of single sized spheres with varying the particle size and porosity, and then we analyzed configurational entropy for 2D cross sections of porous media and cube counting fractal dimension for 3D porous networks. The results of the configurational entropy analysis show that the entropy length decreases from 0.8 to 0.2 with increasing specific surface area from 2.4 to 8.3 mm2/mm3 , and the maximum configurational entropy increases from 0.94 to 0.99 with increasing porosity from 0.33 to 0.46. On the basis of the strong correlation between the liquid volume fraction (i.e., porosity) and configurational entropy, we suggest that elastic properties and viscosity of mantle melts can be expressed using configurational entropy. The results of the cube counting fractal dimension analysis show that cube counting fractal dimension increases with increasing porosity at constant specific surface area, and increases from 2.65 to 2.98 with increasing specific surface area from 2.4 to 8.3 mm2/mm3. On the basis of the strong correlation among cube counting fractal dimension, specific surface area, and porosity, we suggest that seismic wave attenuation and structural disorder in fluid-rock-melt composites can be described using cube counting fractal dimension.

Dimensional pounding response analysis for adjacent inelastic MDOF structures based on modified Kelvin model

Xuyong Chen,Xuehao Xiao,Xixuan Bai,Qiaoyun Wu 국제구조공학회 2021 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.79 No.3

The dimensional analysis method is used to study the pounding response of two inelastic MDOF (multi-degree-offreedom) structures under simplified earthquake excitation. The improved Kelvin pounding model is adopted to simulate the force and deformation of the collisions during the contact process. The bilinear interstory resistance model is used to describe the inelastic characteristics of the MDOF structures. The expression of dimensionless pounding force and the equation of dimensionless motion during the collision process are derived. Based on the above theoretical derivation, the accuracy of the improved Kelvin model is verified by comparing the pounding responses in the form of spectra between the improved Kelvin model and Kelvin model. The effects of the pounding on the response of the left structure (with a smaller mass and stiffness) are analyzed in different trend (amplification region, suppression region and unaffected region), and the self-similarity of the pounding response for the two inelastic MDOF structures is revealed. The effects of the story mass ratio, post-yield stiffness ratio, yield displacement and structure spacing on the pounding response are studied. The peak displacement response of the left side structure increases with the increasing of story mass ratio and decreases with the increasing of yield displacement and postyield stiffness ratio. With the increasing of structure spacing, the peak displacement decreases in the first spectrum region, and in the second spectrum region, the peak displacement increases. Moreover, the change of the parameters has little effect on the response of the right structure (with a larger mass and stiffness).

The fire-risks of cost-optimized steel structures: Fire-resistant and hot-rolled carbon steel

Harkaitz García,Jesús Cuadrado,María V. Biezma,Iñigo Calderón 국제구조공학회 2021 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.78 No.1

This work studies the behaviour of a steel portal frame selection under fire exposure, considering both span lengths and fire exposure times as variables. Such structures combine carbon steel (S275), fireproof micro-alloyed steel (FR), and coatings of intumescent paint with variable thicknesses, improving thereby the flame retardant behaviour of the steel structure. Thus, the main contribution of this study is the optimization of the portal frames by combining both steels, analysing the resulting costs influence on the final dimensions. Besides, the topological optimization of each steel component within the structure is also defined, in accordance with the following variables: weather conditions, span, paint thickness, and cost of steel. The results mainly confirmed that using both FR and S275 grades with intumescent painting is the Pareto optimum when considering performance, feasibility and costs of such portal frames widely used for industrial facilities.