Variations in Species and Functional Plant Diversity among Forest Types on the Ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains, South Korea

이창배,조현재,천정화,송호경,김형호 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2013 농업생명과학연구 Vol.47 No.5

This study was conducted to compare species and functional diversity of terrestrial plants among forest types by analyzing the variations in species and functional trait compositions in a large-scale natural forest ecosystem. Plant data were collected at 1,100 plots and a total of 802 plant species from 97 families and 342 genera were found along the ridge of the Baekdudaegan Mountains in South Korea. Forest types were divided into four categories including Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, other deciduous and other coniferous forest types. To analyze the variations in plant diversity among forest types, we used two species diversity indices such as species richness and the Shannon-Weaver index as well as a newly introduced functional diversity such as Rao’s index. In functional trait composition, megaphanerophyte, geophyte and hemicryptophyte were the dominant traits, whereas the relative proportion of helophyte and hydrophyte and epiphyte indicated less than 1%. In diversity patterns among forest types, species richness and diversity for total plants showed the lowest value in P. densiflora forest type, while other deciduous and Q. mongolica forest types had the highest values of species richness and diversity for woody and herbaceous plants, respectively. However, functional diversity did not depict a clear distinction among four forest types for plant groups. This study suggests that although taxonomical richness and diversity may be different among forest types, there may be no differences in functional diversity. Moreover, these indistinct patterns in functional diversity may be a result of disturbance and successional gradients compounded in a forest type in addition to the type of functional traits used for comparison and contrast among forest types. Therefore, a further study with various functional traits and different environmental gradients should be consistently evaluated to achieve a better understanding of the diversity patterns of plant communities in mountain ecosystems.

국립공원의 종다양성 가치 추정:북한산국립공원을 중심으로

정혜경,심규원,장진,김태균 한국산림휴양복지학회 2019 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.23 No.3

This study estimates the economic value of species diversity in Bukhansan National Park by means of a choice experiment. The attributes were number of naturalized species except for endangered species(2,000, 2,200, 2,380, 2,600, or 2,800), number of endangered species(10, 12, 14, 16, or 18), number of exotic species(65, 70, 74, 80, or 85), and levy(five levels from 28,000 to 36,000 won/household). An online survey was administered to residents in 17 metropolitan cities and provinces in South Korea. The results of the conditional logit model showed that all variables for species diversity and levy were statistically significant. The coefficients on the variables for naturalized species and endangered species were both positive. However, the coefficients on the variables for exotic species and levy were negative. The marginal willingness to pay for naturalized species, endangered species, and exotic species was estimated as 6.29, 1,166.57, and -421.54 won/household, respectively. The results of this study can provide useful insights for the conservation and management of species diversity in the National Park. 본 연구의 목적은 북한산국립공원의 종다양성 가치를 추정하는 것이다. 이를 위해 선택실험법을 이용하였으며, 종다양성에 관한 속성은 멸종위기종을 제외한 자생종(2,000종, 2,200종, 2,380종, 2,600종, 2,800종), 멸종위기종(10종, 12종, 14종, 16종, 18종), 외래종(65종, 70종, 74종, 80종, 85종), 그리고 가구당 부담금(28,000원, 30,000원, 32,000원, 34,000원, 36,000원)으로 구분하였다. 자료는 17개 광역시·도의 국민들을 대상으로 인터넷 조사를 통하여수집하였다. 조건부로짓모형을 추정한 결과, 종과 관련한 속성과 부담금은 모두 통계적으로 유의하였으며, 자생종과 멸종위기종의 경우 추정계수가 양(+)으로, 외래종과 부담금의 추정계수는 음(–)으로 나타났다. 한계지불의사금액은 자생종(멸종위기종 제외)의 경우 6.29원, 멸종위기종의 경우 1,166.57원, 외래종의 경우 -421.54원으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 국립공원의 종다양성 보존 및 관리 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Characteristics of Bird Community in Yeongsan Lake

Kim, Seok-Yee,Paek, Woon-Kee,Yu, Jae-Pyoung National Science Museum of Korea 2011 Journal of Korean nature Vol.4 No.2

A total of 4,045 individuals of 47 species were observed in the Yeongsan Lake region of Yeongsan River between January and December of 2009. Dominant species, in decreasing order, included the Fulica atra (24.72%, 1,000 individuals), followed by the Larus ridibundus (17.31%, 700 individuals), Larus crassirostris (13.84%, 560 individuals), Mergus merganser (7.29%, 295 individuals), Passer montanus (6.18%, 250 individuals) and the Aythya fuligula (5.34%, 216 individuals). In terms of the total number of species observed per month, November showed the highest number at 23 species and September showed the lowest figure at 9 species. Furthermore, February showed the highest number of individuals at 2,382, and May showed the lowest number at 114 individuals. In relation to species diversity, May, despite being the month with the lowest bird count, showed the highest number of species as well as the highest level of species diversity (H') at 2.37 and species abundance at (Da) 4.22. Conversely, September, which recorded the lowest number of species observed, showed lowest levels of species diversity (H') at 0.37 and species abundance at (Da) 1.26. In terms of the seasons, summer (between July and September) showed the lowest species diversity, while spring and fall, which are migratory periods for migratory birds, showed high level of species diversity. This study observed 3 government protected species.

Ecological Attributes of Species Composition by Topographical Positions in the Natural Deciduous Forest

JiHong Kim,HyeSeon Lee,GwangMo Hwang 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.1

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

Community Structure, Species Composition and Population Status of NTFPs of Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh, India

Yakang Bamin,Padma Raj Gajurel,Ashish Paul 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2017 Journal of Forest Science Vol.33 No.3

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) has gained a lot of significance over the years as a means of income generation. Forests are playing a vital role in the supply of these products, however, due to their continuous extraction, the population of many species might have depleted. Very little information is known about community structure and population status of NTFPs. No specific studies have been made to find out the occurrence, availability of species and population status in the forests, supplying the resources. The present study has been carried out in community forests of the naturally occurring NTFPs in the temperate forest of the Ziro valley of Arunachal Pradesh. The main aim is to determine community structure, species composition and population status of NTFPs. Three forest stands viz., Nyilii, Dura and Gyachi were selected which are used by the Apatani tribe for extraction of the NTFPs. For evaluation of species composition and community characteristics, the sampling of the vegetation was done using the quadrat method. A total 137 species representing 68 families and 116 genera were recorded. Herbs represent the maximum diversity with 71 species followed by 35 shrub species and 31 tree species. The families Asteraceae and Rosaceaeae exhibited maximum representation followed by Urticaceae. The species under Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae were found to be important NTFP yielding species. Highest species richness was recorded in Nyilii having 124 species, while lowest in Dura with 102 species. Density of tree, shrub and herb ranged between 376 to 456 individuals ha-1, 2848 to 3696 individuals ha-1 and 31.44 to 36.64 individuals m-2, respectively. The total basal area was found to be highest (51.64 m2 ha-1) in Dura followed by Nyilii (25.32 m2 ha-1) and lowest in Gyachi (22.82 m2 ha-1). In all the three study stands the species diversity indices showed the trend, herbs > shrubs > trees while the evenness index showed the trend as shrubs > herbs > trees. The overall species similarity index was highest (82.35%) between Dura and Gyachi. About 80% of the total recorded species showed clumped distribution while, no regular distribution was shown by any species. The three selected stands harbor about 50 important NTFP yielding species which are being used commonly by the Apatani people in their day to day life. Among the three study sites, overall diversity of NTFP was found highest in the Nyilii stand while the density of population was found better in Dura and Gyachi stands. The population of many species was found to be low due to continue harvesting without any sustainable management by the communities. All the selected forest stands have the potentiality to grow the high value NTFP yielding species and if managed properly, they can support the livelihood and economy of the local communities.

Distribution and Diversity of Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera:Carabidae) on Korean Mountain Jangsan

Chong Kyu Lee,Mi Hwha Park,Joshua Pope Adams,Young Min Kang 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2014 Journal of Forest Science Vol.30 No.4

This study was conducted during May to September in 2012 to investigate the distribution and diversity of beetles in Mt. Jangsan (634 m) located near Busan, Republic of Korea. The collection of beetles was repeated 11 times in the four areas classified according to altitudes 200 m, 400 m, 600 m, and over 600 m (approximately) on the south and north slopes of Mt. Jangsan. A total of 12 families, 20 species, and 4,343 individual beetles were collected. In the southern slopes, a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,264 individuals were collected, whereas a total of 12 families, 20 species, and 2,079 individuals on the northern slopes were captured. The monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August at 651 individuals followed by 516 individuals in September, 496 individuals in July, 364 individuals in Jun, 237 individuals in May. In the northern slopes, the monthly emergence of beetles was the highest in August as 591 individuals followed by 512 individuals in September, 443 individuals in July, 321 individuals in June, and 212 individuals in May. On the southern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance value were 0.950, 0.730, and 0.181, respectively, while in the northern slopes, the species diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index were 0.946, 0.727, and 0.182, respectively. In the both slopes, the species diversity index and evenness index were the highest in May, while dominance index was the highest in September. This study lays the groundwork for further monitoring of these sites and others through the region for environmental changes using the indicator species.

Variation of Medicinal Plants Species Richness along Vertical Gradient in Makawanpur District, Nepal

Damodar Gaire,Lichun Jiang,Vijay Kumar Yadav,Jit Narayan Shah,Sunita Dhungana,Anju Upadhyaya,Shiv Kumar Manjan,Binod Kumar Heyojoo 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2021 Journal of Forest Science Vol.37 No.2

The research attempted to analyze the medicinal plant species richness in the vertical gradient from lower to the highest elevation of Makawanpur, focusing on the relationship between species richness and elevation which is very important for conservation and management of species diversity. Inventory was carried out in the study area by taking sampling intensity of 0.5% in the effective area. Altogether, 42 sample plots were laid in the field with the help of GIS software maintaining 50 m altitude difference. High species diversity was found in the herbs species whereas shrubs have comparatively low species diversity. The maximum species richness is found in herbs and poles whereas shrubs and trees have relatively low species richness. Research showed that species richness of medicinal plants increased with altitudinal gradient. While analyzing the species richness from 350 to 2,550 m (msl), the highest species richness was received with the elevation ranges from 1,800 m to 2,300 m. There was a positive relationship between species richness and altitudinal gradient in the study area. In addition, we have recorded the high value medicinal plants after 1,800 m altitude and rarely within 1,000 m. Medicinal plants correlated both positive and negative relationships with the increased altitude. The altitudinal response has positively seen except density (n/ha) of Shrubs. Domestication and cultivation of high value medicinal plants should be promoted in community forest including private lands. Training, workshops and awareness programs should be conducted to make people aware about medicinal plants resource utilization, conservation and commercialization of available medicinal plants.

Ecological Attributes of Species Composition by Topographical Positions in the Natural Deciduous Forest

Kim, Ji-Hong,Lee, Hye-Seon,Hwang, Gwang-Mo Institute of Forest Science 2011 Journal of Forest Science Vol.27 No.1

Based upon the vegetation data of woody plants by plot sampling method in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jeombong, the study was carried out to examine importance value, rank abundance curve, and species abundance curve, and comparatively evaluate seven different species diversity indices for Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, McIntosh index, Log series, Margalef index, Berger-Parker index, and species richness, according to topographic positions. The minimal area which meant only few more species were increased was 3.48 ha in total. The dominant species of valley were Carpinus cordata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, and Abies holophylla, and the dominant species of mid-slope were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Moreover, the dominant species of ridge were Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Acer mono. According to rank abundance curve and species abundance curve, species evenness was also low. All of Log series, species richness, Margalef, and Shannon-Wiener index discriminated that valley had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity; but, Simpson index, McIntosh index, and Berger-Parker index represented that mid-slope had the highest diversity, and ridge had the lowest diversity. Uniquely, in Berger-Parker index, mid-slope was the higher value than total.

강릉일대 수계의 조류다양성 연구

박정미,최순규,김수일 한국교원대학교 환경과학연구소 2004 환경연구논문집 Vol.- No.8

본 연구는 2001년 10월부터 2002년 9월까지 월2회, 강원도 강릉시 수계의 조류다양성을 조사하였다. 주요 조사지역은 연곡천 하구, 경포호수, 남대천 하구일대이다. 조사 기간 중 이 지역에서 관찰된 조류는 총 14목 37과 127종이었고, 최대 개체수는 47,617개체였다. 전 조사지역에서 대표적인 우점종은 괭이갈매기(Larus crassirostris), 청둥오리(Anas platyrhynchos), 갈매기(Larus canus), 흰뺨검둥오리(Anas poecilorhyncha)로 나타났다. 월별로 관찰된 조류의 개체수는 12월에 8,232개체로 가장 높았고, 월별 종수는 4월에 60종으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 철새 이동시기인 봄과 가을에는 수금류(waterfowl), 갈매기류(gulls)와 더불어 섭금류(wader)가 관찰되어 종 다양성 및 종 풍부도가 높게 나타났다. 각 조사지별 우점도를 비교해 보면, 연곡천 하구에서는 섭금류나 수금류에 비해서 주로 갈매기류가 우점하였다. 경포호에서는 수금류와 갈매기류가 우점하였으며, 남대천하구에서도 수금류와 갈매기류가 우점 하였다. 대표적으로 우점했던 그룹 중 갈매기류는 15종 30,325개체가 관찰되었으며, 이 지역 전체조류 중에서 63.69%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였다. 또 다른 우점 그룹인 수금류는 22종 13,446 개체가 관찰되었으며, 전체 관찰 조류의 28.24%에 해당된다. 관찰된 조류 중 천연기념물은 9종, 환경부 지정 멸종 위기종 4종, 보호 대상종 10종이 관찰되었으며, 국제보호조류도 8종이 관찰되었다. The bird surveys were conducted twice a month, from October 2001 to September 2002. Three major study sites: Kyoungpo lake, Yeongok river estuary and Namdae river sites. The birds observed in this area were belonged to 14 order 37 family 127 species. The total number of maximum count was 47, 617 individuals during one year length study period. The evaluation result showed that Black-tailed Gull(Larus crassirostris). Mew Gull(Larus canus), Mallard(Anas platyhynchos) and Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) were dominant species in the areas. For species richness by monthly account, the highest individuals, 8,232, was observed in December, for the species diversity by each month comparison, the most species, 60, were observed in April. During the birds' spring and autumn migration seasons, the species diversity was higher, especially for wader, waterfowls and gulls in proportion. Dominance record compared for each study sites showed that gulls were mostly dominant at Yeongok river estuary than wader and waterfowls, and waterfowls and gulls were dominant at Kyoungpo lake. Likewise, waterfowls and gulls were dominant group at Namdae estuary site. As for gulls, a major dominant group, 30,325 individuals of 15 species were observed, marking the highest percentage(63.99%) of all the regional bird community. Another dominant group was waterfowls, 13,446 individuals of 22 species were observed, which is 28.24 percent of all. Of all birds observed in the areas, nine species were legally protected as Natural Monument, four species were protected as endangered species and 10 species as protection species designated by the Ministry of Environment. Eight species were Red Data species of international importance.

한강 주요 하천의 겨울철 조류상 변화 장기 모니터링: 기존 생물다양성과 계통적 생물다양성 평가 및 비교

윤성호 ( Seongho Yun ),홍미진 ( Mi-jin Hong ),최진환 ( Jin-hwan Choi ),이후승 ( Who-seung Lee ),유정칠 ( Jeong-chil Yoo ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2021 환경영향평가 Vol.30 No.3

개체수와 종수에 기초한 기존 생물다양성 평가와 달리, 계통적 다양성 평가는 계통유전적 다양성 및 생태적 다양성도 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울특별시 철새보호구역으로 지정되어 다년간의 생태모니터링이 용이한 한강의 주요 하천인 중랑천, 청계천 및 안양천의 지난 9년간의 겨울철 조류상 장기 모니터링 결과를 이용하여 기존의 다양성 평가와 계통적 다양성 평가를 각각 수행한 뒤 각 결과가 내포하는 정보에 대해 고찰했다. 분석결과 중랑천과 안양천은 전반적으로 조류 개체수가 시계열적으로 감소한 반면 청계천은 개체수 변동이 없었다. 종 풍부도는 청계천에서 시간에 따라 소폭 상승한 반면, 중랑천과 안양천은 연도별로 차이가 없었다. 기존 종 다양도는 안양천을 제외한 중랑천과 청계천에서 시간에 따라 증가했는 데, 계통적 종 다양도는 청계천에서만 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 이러한 생물다양성 평가 지수의 변동은 각 조사구역 내에서 발생한 공사 등의 인위적 요인에 의한 것으로 판단되며, 종 다양도와 계통적 종 다양도는 같은 결과를 반영하지 않는다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 본 연구는 생물다양성 평가에 있어 유전 및 생태적 관점과 같은 다양한 시각에서 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. Information on biodiversity plays an important role in conservation planning for ecosystem. As existing biodiversity indices are calculated and predicted only based on the number of individuals and species, it is difficult to explain aspects of genetic and ecological diversity. Phylogenetic diversity can indirectly evaluate ecological diversity as well as genetic diversity overlooked by existing biodiversity assessments. In this study, typical metrics of biodiversity (e.g., species diversity, species richness, etc.) and phylogenetic diversity were evaluated together using a long-term monitoring data of winter birds in Jungrang, Cheonggye and Anyang stream where are designated as Seoul migratory bird reserves. Then discussed the meaning of each assessment result. In Jungrang and Anyang stream, the number of individuals generally decreased over time, whereas in Cheonggye stream, there was no significant change. In addition, species abundance increased over time slightly in Cheonggye stream, while there was no significant change in Jungrang and Anyang stream. Species diversity temporally increased in Jungrang and Cheonggye stream, excluding Anyang stream, but phylogenetic diversity showed a tendency to increase only in Cheonggye stream. These changes in the biodiversity assessment indices are thought to be due to anthropogenic disturbances such as construction that occurred within each site, and it was shown that species diversity and phylogenetic diversity do not always lead to the same assessment results. Therefore, this study suggests that biodiversity assessment needs to be considered from various contexts such as genetic and ecological perspectives.