이주노동자의 송금이 네팔에 남겨진 가족에게 미치는 영향: Tanahun지구 Vyas지역을 사례로

Kanhaiya Sapkota 한국지도학회 2019 한국지도학회지 Vol.19 No.2

이 논문은 네팔의 Tanahun지구 Vyas지역에서의 노동이주가 왜 나타났고 어떻게 남겨진 가족들과 커뮤니티에 변화를 이끌어 냈는지 조사하였다. 본 논문에 필요한 정보를 취득하기 위하여 눈덩이 표집 방법을 이용하여 샘플링된 175개의 이주가정들을 대상으로 인터뷰를 시행했다. 송금에 관한 심층적 정보와 송금과 남겨진 구성원들의 사회적 변화 관계를 알아보기 위하여 관심 집단 토론과 주요 인터뷰를 시행했다. 송금의 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 기술 통계와 추론 통계를 시행하였다. 본 논문은 송금이 개인이주자들과 뒤쳐진 가계의 사회·경제적 조건에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 사실을 발견하였다. 이주 가정의 경제적 지위향상, 가계들의 커뮤니티 발전 활동 참여, 그리고 가계의 사회조직 참여는 이주 가정의 사회·경제적 지위에 일반적으로 긍정적인 변화를 이끌었다. 커뮤니티 단위에서의 삶의 조건, 사회변화 그리고 발전의 다른 부분에 영향을 미치는 이주 잠재력은 기존의 권력구조에 의해 만들어지고 제한된다. 송금이 표본의 사회·경제적 조건에 미치는 영향력은 상당한 것으로 나타났다. 가계의 지위는 이주 후가 이주 전보다 나은 것으로 인식되었다. 최종적으로 가계설문조사를 위해 이주 가족 구성원이 있는 175가구를 선정하였다. This paper examines why and how labor migration from Vyas Municipality, Tanahun, Nepal has mastered changes for the left-behind as well as in their community. The information was collected via interview by using a semi-structured interview with 175 migrant households through snowball sampling method. Focus group discussion and key informant interview also conducted for the in-depth information about remittance and its relation with the social changes of left-behind family members. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were carried out to analyze the impact of remittance. The research finds that the remittance impacts positively on the social and economic conditions of individual migrants as well as their left-behind families. Improvement in the economic status of migrant households, the involvement of the household in community development activities, and participation of the household in social organizations have brought a positive change in the overall socio-economic status of the migrant households. The potential of migration to impact on other aspects of living conditions, social change and development at community levels are shaped and often limited by existing structures of power. The impact of remittances on economic and the social status of the sampled households is remarkable. The perceived status of the household in the post-migration period is better than that in the pre-migration period. For this purpose, one hundred and seventy-five households having migrant family member were selected for the household survey.

Impact of Remittances on the Left Behind Families in Nepal: A Case of Vyas Municipality, Tanahun District

Kanhaiya Sapkota 한국지도학회 2019 한국지도학회지 Vol.19 No.2

This paper examines why and how labor migration from Vyas Municipality, Tanahun, Nepal has mastered changes for the left-behind as well as in their community. The information was collected via interview by using a semi-structured interview with 175 migrant households through snowball sampling method. Focus group discussion and key informant interview also conducted for the in-depth information about remittance and its relation with the social changes of left-behind family members. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were carried out to analyze the impact of remittance. The research finds that the remittance impacts positively on the social and economic conditions of individual migrants as well as their left-behind families. Improvement in the economic status of migrant households, the involvement of the household in community development activities, and participation of the household in social organizations have brought a positive change in the overall socio-economic status of the migrant households. The potential of migration to impact on other aspects of living conditions, social change and development at community levels are shaped and often limited by existing structures of power. The impact of remittances on economic and the social status of the sampled households is remarkable. The perceived status of the household in the post-migration period is better than that in the pre-migration period. For this purpose, one hundred and seventy-five households having migrant family member were selected for the household survey.

FINANCING GROWTH: COMPARING THE EFFECTS OF FDI, ODA, AND INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES

MAMOUN BENMAMOUN,KEVIN LEHNERT 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2013 Journal of Economic Development Vol.38 No.2

The world-wide emergence of remittances, in conjunction with challenges surrounding public foreign aid and the theoretical division regarding the development of FDI, prompt important questions as to whether international remittances outperform foreign aid and FDI as a determinant of a country’s economic growth. Using panel data from 1990-2006 and applying System-Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach, we show that international remittances, FDI, and ODA are positively and significantly associated with the economic growth rate of low income countries. Specifically, we find that the impact is greater with international remittances. Moreover, international remittances prove to be a greater contributor of economic growth than ODA and FDI even when countries are highly dependent on FDI. We conclude by stressing the need for policy and business responses to stimulate the flow and create an appropriate distribution of international remittances to make full use of international remittances developmental potential.

베트남 북부지역의 국제결혼의 증가와 초국가적 사회공간

조현미(Hyun Mi Jo) 한국지역지리학회 2013 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.19 No.3

본 연구에서는 ‘한국마을’이라 불리는 북부베트남의 시골지역에서 나타나고 있는 초국가적 사회공간의 특성을 분석하였다. 연구지역에서는 한국인과 결혼한 이주여성과 가족들 사이에 형성된 초국가적인 네트워크를 통하여 소통 과 교류가 빈번하게 이루어짐과 동시에, 송금 등의 수단을 이용한 물질적인 교류도 활발하게 이루어지고 있었다. 그리 고 시대적 변화에 편승하는 자와 편승하지 못하는 자가 공존하는 시골의 공간은 고유의 지역성과 문화, 경제적 요인 의 영향을 받으면서 초국가적인 사회공간으로 변화하여갔다. 한편, 여성들이 국제결혼이라는 방법으로 초국가적인 이 주행위를 실천하는데 있어서는 부모형제의 공진자로서의 역할이 크게 작용하고 있었다. 더욱 더 견고해져가는 이주회 로의 존재, 초국가적 사회공간의 진화, 공진자의 역할 등으로 인하여 일견 한 젊은 여성의 가족을 위한 희생으로도 보 일 수 있는 초국가적 이주가 특정 지역을 중심으로 계속하여 확산되고 있으며, 세계화의 영향에서 벗어나 있을 것 같 은 평범한 시골마을에서도 초국가적 사회공간이 형성되고, 진화하고 있었다. In this study, a transnational social space which emerges in a rural village of the northern Vietnam called ‘Korean Village’ is analyzed. The immigrant women of whom the spouses are Korean were forming transnational network with family members through which frequent and active communications took place. At the same time materialistic exchanges were occurring by means of remittance. Like most rural areas where up-to-date life patterns co-exist with outdated ones, the studied region was turning into a transnational social space under the influence of indigenous locallity, culture and other economic factors. Women were found to play a virtual role as resonator in practicing the transnational activity of migration. With the migration routes getting more and more solidified, the evolution of the transnational social space and the role of resonator, the form of transnational migration which makes involved young women look like a sacrifice is ceaselessly expanding around a specific region. This is noticeable because a rural village seemingly far away from internationalization is not only becoming the transnational social space but also a stage of its evolution.

Does Migration Promote Democracy at Home? Social Remittance and Democratic Attitudes in the Philippines

오윤아 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2014 아태연구 Vol.21 No.3

International migration exposes citizens of developing countries to different political, economic and social institutions in other parts of the world. Social remittances research suggests that international migrants absorb democratic attitudes such as trust and tolerance by socializing and participating in the democratic host country and spread them back to the home society. Yet this argument builds primarily from the experiences of what is essentially U.S.-Latin America migration. I use survey data from the Philippines, a developing country that sends migrants to both democracies and non-democracies, to examine whether migration changes citizen attitudes toward democracy at home. The findings challenge the social remittances argument that migration may contribute to the spread of democratic attitudes. Immersion in democratic cultures does not turn migrant households into principled democrats but likewise fails to spreads non-democratic values. Migration appears to play a limited role in shifting deep-rooted orientations of citizens―after all, it may not be a substitute for home-grown political change. I then speculate that what may be transmitted via migration is not so much democratic beliefs or practices but migration-induced exposure to high-quality government services, efficient public administration delivery or low corruption.

Expanding the Radicalization Framework: A Case Study of Tajik Migration to Russia

Siniša Vuković,India Boland 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2022 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.46 No.3

The purpose of this article is to explore what explains radicalization of migrant communities and their families in their home country. Contemporary scholarship on radicalization has identified a broad range of explanatory variables, such as poverty, discrimination and/or lack of social mobility, that have the capacity to push individuals toward violence and radical beliefs. Yet, there is still a significant gap in current literature over the question why entire ethnic or national migrant groups are more represented in radical groups than others despite similar experiences. Using the case of Tajik migrants in Russia this article posits that the legacy of collective grievances and cyclical, systemic injustices, rather than a specific or personal experience of discrimination or mistreatment, are more accurate in explaining radicalization. The article pays specific attention to the role of religious or social remittances and, given a shared set of experiences, the susceptibility of the migrant’s own family in the home country to the same radical ideology—despite their never leaving their country’s borders. The findings suggest that the home country context, the collective account of society, is a more substantial predictor of radicalization than reception alone.

Role of Christianity for East Asian Diaspora in US: With an Example of Korean Diaspora churches

진실로 한국종교사회학회 2017 종교와사회 Vol.5 No.2

As the field of transnationalism emerges, scholars and researchers are observing the way in which East Asian diasporic communities retain ties to their home countries, assimilate into hosting countries, and impact the global diaspora community. Religion is an important factor for East Asian diaspora communities as they keep transnational ties, and this impacts not only their hosting countries but also their home countries and the global diaspora community as well. Among the different religions and cultural forces in East Asia that are deeply related to political, economic, and social systems, Christianity has a significant impact on these transnational ties. In this paper, I will explore the role of Christianity in East Asian diasporic communities in the United States, and identify what its social, political, and spiritual effects are. I will demonstrate that Christianity impacts the transnational ties of East Asian diaspora by offering particular examples of the ways in which Korean diaspora and their younger generations maintain a sense of transnational identity through participation in Korean diaspora churches and the Korean diaspora Christian religious community.

재독한인들의 생애사로 본 5·18정신의 재해석 사회통합과 미래지향적 열망이라는 사회적 송금

정진헌 한국구술사학회 2023 한국구술사학회 학술대회 Vol.2023 No.06

1980년 5월 당시 서독 거주 한인들은 베를린을 비롯한 주요 도시에서 광주민주화운동의 희 생자를 기리고 고국의 민주주의와 인권을 위한 거리 시위를 진행하였다. 그 이후로 한 해도 거르지 않고 사십 년 이상 매년 재유럽오월민중제를 개최하며 5·18정신의 확대와 재생산을 위 해 노력하고 있다. 본 연구는 현재까지 재유럽오월민중제를 주최 주관해온 주요 활동가들속에 서 진행한 인류학적 참여관찰과 심층 인터뷰를 바탕으로 독일에서 발현되는 5·18 민주화운동 의 의미를 고찰한다. 유럽 냉전체제의 최전선이자 분단국가였던 서독에 국가 재건을 위한 이 주노동자로 파견되었던 전 광부와 간호사 출신의 한인들은 어떻게 광주민주화운동을 간접 체 험했으며, 그로 인한 정서적 반응과 가치관 및 정체성 변화를 경험했는지, 그리고 새롭게 형 성된 신념을 통해 실천해온 독일과 한국을 잇는 초국가적 활동들은 어떤 함의를 지니는지 서 사적으로 분석한다. 이를 통해 궁극적으로는 5·18민주화운동은 기념되는 것으로 머무는 과거 의 역사가 아니라, 그 속에 내재해있는 “주먹밥”정신이 글로벌 코리안 공동체 형성을 위한 정 서적 연대, 즉 미래지향적 사회통합의 열망으로 끊임없이 재생산되고 있음을 강조한다. In May 1980, Koreans living in West Germany held street protests in Berlin and other major cities for democracy and human rights in their home country in honor of the victims of the Gwangju Democratization Movement. Since then, they have organized the May People's Festival in Europe every year for more than 40 years, striving to expand and reproduce the May 18 spirit. This study examines the meaning of the May 18 Democratic Movement articulated in Germany based on anthropological participation observation and in-depth interviews among major activists who have hosted the May People's Festival in Europe so far. It explores the ways in which the former Korean miners and nurses who were dispatched as migrant workers to West Germany, the front line of the European Cold War, indirectly experienced the Gwangju Democratization Movement, what changes they experienced in emotions, values, and identity, and further what kinds of transnational activities they have practiced between Germany and Korea through newly formed beliefs. Ultimately, the May 18 Democratic Movement is not celebrated as an event of the past, but it emphasizes that the rice ball spirit inherent in it is constantly reproduced as an emotional solidarity for forming a global Korean community, that is, a desire for future-oriented social integration.

Role of Christianity for East Asian Diaspora in US

Jinna Jin 한국종교사회학회 2017 종교와사회 Vol.5 No.2

As the field of transnationalism emerges, scholars and researchers are observing the way in which East Asian diasporic communities retain ties to their home countries, assimilate into hosting countries, and impact the global diaspora community. Religion is an important factor for East Asian diaspora communities as they keep transnational ties, and this impacts not only their hosting countries but also their home countries and the global diaspora community as well. Among the different religions and cultural forces in East Asia that are deeply related to political, economic, and social systems, Christianity has a significant impact on these transnational ties. In this paper, I will explore the role of Christianity in East Asian diasporic communities in the United States, and identify what its social, political, and spiritual effects are. I will demonstrate that Christianity impacts the transnational ties of East Asian diaspora by offering particular examples of the ways in which Korean diaspora and their younger generations maintain a sense of transnational identity through participation in Korean diaspora churches and the Korean diaspora Christian religious community.