중학교 영어 성적의 상대평가와 절대평가 추이 분석

김은혜(Kim, Eunhye) 한국영어평가학회 2012 영어평가 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which the newly adapted achievement-based evaluation system affects the English grades of middle school students. The specific research questions are 1) What are the general characteristics of students’ English grades over 6 semesters?, 2) How closely are the grades of each semester related to one another?, and 3) What are the differences between the results when norm-referenced testing was used, compared to when criterion-referenced testing was used on the same data. The results show that there is a statistically significant correlation between the scores of one semester and the respective semesters, and the students have difficulty making considerable changes in their grades. The results from the criterion-referenced testing demonstrate that the greatest number of students fell into the lowest level among the 5 levels of assessment, indicating that they did not achieve their goal. The intention of introducing the achievement-based evaluation is to promote an atmosphere where students are encouraged to reach the highest achievement level. However, if the achievement goals are too high, many students will consequently fall into the lowest level. Therefore, teachers and policy makers ought to contemplate not only theoretically driven goals but also attainable goals based on students’ abilities in establishing national achievement goals.

The Characteristics of Absolute Grading of the College Scholastic Ability Test English Section

신상근 한국영어교육학회 2018 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.73 No.3

The purpose of this study was to critically examine the absolute grading system applied to the English section of South Korea’s College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT), in a departure from a relative grading system, for the first time in 2017. English language instructors as well as English education researchers have somewhat differing understandings of the concept of absolute evaluation/grading. This paper investigated the nature of absolute evaluation/grading as presented in theses and academic papers as well as research reports, English language assessment textbooks, and press releases from the Ministry of Education (MOE). The study identified four different testing contexts in which the term absolute evaluation/grading is applied: criterion-referenced testing; grading based on fixed cut scores; measurement against external criteria; and norm-referenced testing. While retaining the same test structures as in the prior norm-referenced testing situation, the CSAT English section corresponds to the second context, that is, interpreting results based on fixed cut scores. Achievement standards essential for producing criterion-referenced tests have so far been undefined, with cut scores being arbitrarily set. The examination concluded that the CSAT English section under an absolute grading scale is essentially a norm-referenced test that produces a significantly larger percentage of higher-level test-takers. There is a fair likelihood that, unlike MOE’s claim, converting to an absolute evaluation/grading system may not bring about the intended positive change.

사고와 표현 교과의 상대평가는 적절한가

이상원 한국사고와표현학회 2014 사고와표현 Vol.7 No.1

This paper raises a question on the norm-referenced evaluationwhich dominates college education nowadays. After reviewing focusesand principles of norm-referenced and criterion-referenced evaluations,it is explained why norm-referenced evaluation doesn’t fit college’swriting and speaking courses in terms of the courses’ purpose, objectand teaching method. Survey on evaluation method conducted to 80college students education revealed that about half of the students areunsatisfied with norm-referenced evaluation which doesn’t take intoconsideration course characteristics, number of students, possibility ofachievement quantification etc. In conclusion this paper suggestscourse organizers, i.e. teachers have to have the right to choose theadequate evaluation method to their courses. 이 글은 현재 대학 교육, 더 구체적으로는 사고와 표현 교과에 일괄적으로 적용되는 상대평가 원칙에 의문을 제기하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 우선 상대평가와 절대평가의 특징을 이론적으로 검토해 보았다. 다음으로는 연구자가 운영하는사고와 표현 두 교과를 사례로 삼아 그 수업 목표, 교육 내용, 교수학습 방법이상대평가와 맞지 않는다는 점을 설명하였다. 이어 연구자가 운영하는 교과를 수강한 학생 80명을 대상으로 개방형 설문조사를 실시하여 학부생들이 획일적 상대평가에 불만을 갖고 있으며 평가 방식 결정 기준으로 교과의 특성, 교과 중요도,결과 계량화 가능성, 학생 수 등이 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로는 교과를 운영하는 교수자가 교과 전반 및 운영 상황을 고려하여 평가 방식을 결정할 수 있는자율권을 주어야 한다는 결론에 이르렀다. 이러한 평가 방식 결정권은 교과 운영전반에서 교수자의 능동성과 적극성 또한 높일 수 있다.

운동생리학 : 한국 프로야구 선수의 심폐지구력 평가기준치 설정

임승길(SeungKilLim),김병곤(ByungGonKim),권태윤(TaeYoonKwon),강흠덕(HeumDukKang) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.3

Purpose: This study was to norm-referenced criteria of cardiorepiratory fitness for the Korea pro-baseball players. Methods: Data Here obtained from one hundred twenty nine pro-baseball players. They didn’t have any medical problem. They performed exercise stress test on treadmill. The assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness were VO2 max, ATVO2, AT-%V02 max, Maxmal Heart Rate and AT- Heart Rate. The study were presented as a norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale. Results: VO2 max mean value is 49.6~55.1mL·kg-1 min-1 AT-%VO2max mean value is 34. 4~41.3mL·kg-1·min-1 AT-%VO2 max mean value is 69.9~76.3%, Heart rate mix man value is 69.9~76.3% Heart rate max mean value is 183~191.4beat·min-1 These results suggested that very useful on athlete trainer, rehabilitation specialist baseball coach Conclusion: Cardiorepiratory fitness evaluation by use of AT-Heart rate is very important factor.

한국 프로 야구선수의 등속성 요부 굴곡력과 신전력 평가 기준치 설정

임승길 ( Seung Kil Lim ),김영재 ( Young Jae Kim ),김병곤 ( Byung Gon Kim ) 한국운동생리학회(구-한국운동과학회) 2008 운동과학 Vol.17 No.4

한국 고교야구선수 허리-골반-엉덩이 복합체의 등속성 근력 평가기준치 설정

김수현(Kim Su-Hyun),장석암(Zhang Seok-Arm) 한국웰니스학회 2016 한국웰니스학회지 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 고등학교 야구선수들을 대상으로 허리-골반-엉덩이 복합체 등속성 근육의 평가 기준치를 설정하는데 있다. 본 연구의 대상자는 의학적 문제가 없는 고등학교 야구선수 201명을 대상으로 하였고, 엉덩이관절 및 허리관절의 검사는 HUMAC NORM(CSMI, USA) system을 이용하여 굴곡 및 신전운동을 부하속도 30°/s에서 4회를 실시하였으며, 피크토크와 단위체중당 피크 토크를 측정하였다. 허리관절에 있어서 고교야구선수들의 피크토크와 단위체중당 굴근과 신근이 대학야구선수 및 프로야구선수들에 비해 상당히 낮은 수준을 보였으며, 특히 굴근에 비해 신근에 있어서 매우 낮은 경향을 보였다. 엉덩이관절에 있어서는 고교야구선수들이 일반 성인 남자들에 비해 좌,우측 엉덩이관절 굴근에서 낮은 수준의 수치를 보였으며, 신근에서는 상당히 높은 수준의 수치를 보였다. Cajori의 5단계로 구분한 구간추정(interval estimation)방식에 의해 평가 기준치를 나타내었다. 엉덩이, 허리 관절의 절대근력과 상대근력의 평가기준치를 제시함으로서 선수, 현장 야구지도자, 선수트레이너, 재활전문가 등에 부상회복 및 재활 복귀 시 유용하게 쓰일 것으로 판단되며, 객관적인 임상평가 자료로써 활용하고자 한다. The purpose of this study was to norm-referenced criteria for isokinetic strength of the Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Complex for the Korean high school baseball players. Two hundred one high school baseball players were participated in this study. They did not have any medical problem. Each test was conducted four times in the hip flexion/ extension test at 30°/sec speed, trunk flexion/ extension test was conducted four times at 30°/sec speed. HUMAC NORM(CSMI, USA) system was used to obtained the value of peak torque, peak torque per body weight. It showed a significantly lower level of the extensor and flexor peak torque and peak torque per body weight of the high school baseball players than college baseball players and professional baseball players in trunk joint, especially the very low tendency in extensor compared to the flexor. In the hip joint, high school baseball players showed lower-level figures in the left and right hip flexor compared to the general adult men, the extensors showed a significantly higher level of value. The results were presented as a norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale of Cajori. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, the conclusion were drawn as follow. The provided criterion of peak torque and peak torque % body weight are very useful information for baseball palyer, baseball coach, athletic trainer and sports injury rehabilitation specialists in injury recovery and return to rehabilitation, to utilize as an objective clinical assessment data.

등속성 장비를 이용하여 한국고교야구선수 주관절 근력 평가기준치 설정

김수현(Su-Hyun Kim),이진욱(Jin-Wook Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.10

이 연구의 목적은 등속성 장비를 이용하여 고등학교 야구선수들을 대상으로 주관절 근육의 평가 기준치를 설정하는 데 있다. 상지에 의학적으로 문제가 없는 고등학교 야구선수 201명을 대상으로 하였다. 주관절 검사는 HUMAC NORM (CSMI, USA) system을 이용하여 굴곡, 신전운동을 부하속도 60°/sec에서 4회를 실시하였으며, 절대근력(peak torque)와 상대근력(peak torque % body weight)을 측정하였다. Cajori의 5단계(6.06%, 24.17%, 38.30%, 24.17%, and 6.06%)로 구분한 구간추정(interval estimation)방식에 의해 평가 기준치를 나타내었다. 이 연구의 결과에서 각속도 60°/sec에서 주관절의 절대근력(peak torque) 굴근의 평균은 37.88±8.14Nm 신근은 44.59±11.79Nm으로 나타났으며, 상대근력(peak torque % body weight) 굴근의 평균은 50.06±8.66Nm 신근은 58.28±12.84Nm로 나타났다. 각속도 60°/sec에서 주관절 굴근(flexer)과 신근(extensor)의 절대근력(peak torque)과 상대근력(peak torque % body weight)의 평가기준치는 설정하였다. 이 연구에서 분석 된 결과를 토대로 다음과 같이 결론을 이끌어 냈다. 주관절은 야구선수들에게 가장 많이 발생되는 손상임에도 불구하고 국내외 주관절 근력에 관한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 주관절 손상을 예방하고 경기력 향상을 위해 상대적 근력 수준과 훈련효과를 보다 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 근력 척도가 필요하다. 주관절의 절대근력과 상대근력의 평가기준치를 제시함으로서 고교선수, 야구지도자, 선수트레이너, 재활전문가 등에게 손상회복 및 재활 복귀 시 유용하게 자료가 될 것으로 생각되며, 객관적인 임상평가 데이터로 활용하는 데 매우 유용한 정보라고 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to establish norm-referenced criteria for the isokinetic strength of the elbow joint inKorean high school baseball players. Two hundred and one high school baseball players participated in this study,none of whom had any medical problem withtheir upper limbs. The elbow flexion/extension test was conducted four times at a speed of 60°/sec. The HUMAC NORM (CSMI, USA) system was used to obtain the values of the peak torque and peak torque per body weight. The results were presented as norm-referenced criterion valuesusing the5-point scale of Cajori which consists of five stages (6.06%, 24.17%, 38.30%, 24.17%, and 6.06%). In the results of this study, the peak torques of the elbow (flexor and extensor?) at an angular velocity of 60° / sec were37.88 ± 8.14Nm and 44.59 ± 11.79Nm, and the peak torque per body weight of the elbow (flexor and extensor?) were50.06 ± 8.66 Nm and 58.28 ± 12.84 Nm, respectively. The reference values of the peak torque and peak torque per body weight of the elbow flexor and extensor were setat an angular velocity of 60° / sec. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, the following conclusions were drawn. There is a lack of proper studies on the elbow joint strength, even though the most common injury in baseball players occurs in the elbow joint. Therefore, we need to establish a standard muscle strength in order to prevent elbow joint injuries and improve their performance. The criteriaforthe peak torque and peak torque per body weight establishedherein will provideuseful information for high school baseball players, baseball coaches, athletic trainers and sports injury rehabilitation specialists in injury recovery and return to rehabilitation, which can beutilized as objective clinical assessment data.

대학수학능력시험 영어영역 절대평가 도입 이후의 공대 신입생들의 영어실력 추이와 영어교육 상황 분석

윤도현 ( Dohyun Yun ),이용원 ( Yong-won Lee ),양영유 ( Young-yu Yang ),배현 ( Hyun Pae ),이종우 ( Jong-woo Lee ) 21세기영어영문학회 2020 영어영문학21 Vol.33 No.4

This study explores the English scores of freshmen engineering colleges in two universities and the professors' and instructors' perceptions on transition of English ability of the students and the situation of English education after the change of English section of College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) from a norm-referenced to a criterion-referenced system. For this study, 10 participants took part in in-depth interviews through a focus group, and the data were analyzed through descriptive coding, which reiterated themes or issues that showed consistent or unique patterns. The key findings of this study are as follows. First, engineering students' English skills have declined after the introduction of absolute evaluation on the English section of the CSAT. Second, engineering students have a tendency to regard English as an insignificant subject. Finally, in regards to the entrance examination policy, rather than going back to using relative evaluation on the English section of the CSAT, it is necessary to absolutely evaluate all subjects and make the CSAT a minimum requirement.

대학의 상대평가 및 절대평가 방식에 대한 학습자 인식 분석-A대학 사례를 중심으로

이예경,김세영,임유진,김보경 대학교육개발센터협의회 2021 대학 교수-학습 연구 Vol.14 No.2

The purpose of this study is to identify students’ perceptions of the current grading policy and subjects adopting a criterion-referenced evaluation of A university. To analyze students’ perception of the grading policy, a survey was conducted to A university’s students by using an instrument consisting of the perception of the grading policy and perceptions of classes’ evaluation method adopting a criterion- referenced evaluation. 210 were used for the final analysis, and the frequency analysis was conducted to confirm the students' perceptions and needs of the grading policy. The results of this study can be used as meaningful basic data for establishing universities’ policies related to the grading system in the future.

漢文科 評價의 問題와 그 指向點

朴性奎 한국한문교육학회 2002 한문교육논집 Vol.19 No.-

지금까지 교육평가에 있어 우리 나름대로의 철학적 준거를 제시하지 못하였다. 특히 진위형이나 사지선다형, 단답형 등의 편의주의적이고 상대적인 평가방법에 의해 획일적으로 학생들을 평가했기 때문에 교육목표의 이행여부에 대한 점검이 불가능하였다. 근래에 다양한 정보가 교류되고 개인의 自律的 價値判斷이 중시되고 있어, 그에 상응하는 평가방식으로서 수행평가가 등장하게 되었다. 한문교과는 그 지향하는 바가 학습자에게 건전한 가치관과 인성을 가지게 하고, 전통문화를 계승 발전시키도록 하며, 한자문화권에서의 상호이해와 교류를 증진시키는데 있으므로 그 평가방법으로 수행평가의 채택이 절실히 요구된다고 하겠다. 수행평가의 용어가 미국에서 나온 것이기는 하지만 그 원형은 우리나라의 서당교육과 과거제도라고 할 수 있다. 개인의 학습능력에 맞추어 교육내용과 진도가 결정되고 발달주의적 평가에 충실한 서당교육과 피평가자에 대한 全人的, 綜合的 평가가 이상적으로 이루어진 과거제도에서 수행평가의 실체를 확인하게 된다. 오늘날 한문교과가 겪고 있는 어려운 현실 속에서 서당교육과 과거제도에서 행해진 평가방법을 그래도 답습하기는 어렵겠지만, 그것들이 지니고 있는 합리적이면서도 현실적인 평가방법에 관심을 기울여야 할 것이다. We do not present our own philosophic criterion on educational evaluation yet. It was impossible to examine the fulfillment of the educational goal. Because we evaluate the students by standardized and norm-referenced test, such as a multiple choice method, a truth-falsehood method and a single word answer method. Recently we can interchange diverse informations and regard the individual's autonomous sense of values as a important thing. Corresponding to these currents, performance assessment method has appeared. The subject of classical literature written in Chinese characters lay its goal on the sound personalities of the students, the succession and development of cultural heritage. In order to the mutual understanding and cultural exchange in the cultural area of Chinese characters, it is necessary to adopt the performance assessmeant method. The term of performance assessment is from the United States, but the prototype of it is from the village school education(Seodang Gyoyuk in Korea) and the classical examination system for the government service during the Choson dynasty(Gwagoe Jedo in Korea). We can confirm the substance of performance assessment by those Seodang Gyoyuk and Gwageo Jedo. Seodang Gyoyuk was substantial to the developmental assessment, the individual learning ability and teaching schedule while Gwagoe Jedo was idealistic with the synthetic assessment of the education for the wholeman. We should have interests in the reasonable and realistic assessment method of those, though it is not easy to practice it in these difficult conditions.