The Nature of Hope among Iranian Cancer Patients

Afrooz, Rashed,Rahmani, Azad,Zamanzadeh, Vahid,Abdullahzadeh, Farahnaz,Azadi, Arman,Faghany, Safieh,Pirzadeh, Asgar Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.21

Background: Hope is an important coping resource for cancer patients. Types and sources of hope and hope-inspiring strategies are not well investigated among Iranian cancer patients. The aims of present study were therefore to investigate the nature of hope and some demographic predictors of hope among Iranian cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was undertaken among 200 cancer patients admitted to an educational center affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Participants were selected using a convenience sampling method. The Herth Hope Index and other validated questionnaires were used to investigate level of hope and types and sources of hope, as well as hope-inspiring strategies. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: The overall score for hope was 31 from total scores ranging between 12 and 48. Some 94% of patients mentioned 'return to normal life' and 'complete healing of disease by drugs and physicians' as their main hopes. The most important sources of hope reported by patients include spiritual resources, family members, healthcare workers, and medicines and treatments available for the disease. Relationship with God, praying/blessing, controlling the signs and symptoms of the disease, and family/health care workers' support were the main hope-inspiring strategies. Patients who had a history of metastasis, or who were older, illiterate, divorced/widowed and lived with their children reported lower levels of hope. On the other hand, employed patients and those with good support from their families had higher levels of hope. Conclusions: The study findings showed moderate to high levels of hope among Iranian cancer patients. Accordingly, the role of spiritual/religion, family members and health care workers should be considered in developing care plans for these patients.

Hope and Learned Helplessness in Middle and High School Kumdo Athletes: The Mediating Role of Athlete Engagement

( Dong-hun Park ),( Sang-su Jung ),( Yong-sik Han ),( Myung-hwan Yang ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

Purpose: A major factor in learned helplessness is repetitive exposure to uncontrollable stressors. Sport is a performance-oriented field that shows the excellence of the skills that you have through competition. In particular, Kumdo has the belief that one's ability to overpower and control opponents through constant interaction. However, when exposed to repeated failure situations, Kumdo practitioners can lose the desire to overcome and control the situation and form a learned helplessness attitude. On the other hand, modern psychologists are increasingly interested in identifying individual variables that predict adaptation. One of the variables that emerged as an important predictor of broad psychological and physiological outcomes for both children and adults is hope. Hope can be defined as a positive motivational state that triggers a goal-directed agency thinking and generates a plan to achieve the goals. Studies supporting the claims of hope theory reported that individuals with low hopes decreased their agency and pathway thinking when confronted with goal-blocking, while those with high hopes maintained agency and pathways. Moreover, individuals with high hope interpret stress situations differently than those with low hope, and are more likely to effectively deal with and overcome persistent stressors. In this respect, hopeful thinking can be considered an important motivator to reduce learned helplessness that occurs in sports situations. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to determine if hope would reduce learned helplessness as a result of repeated failure and goal frustration, and if engagement would mediate the relationship between the hope and learned helplessness. Methods: Participants were 241 athletes participating in the 59th National Middle and High School Kumdo Competition during the spring in Korea. Hope was measured by a Korean-language version of Dispositional Hope Scale. The athlete engagement was measured by Korean-language version of the Athlete Engagement Scale. The sport-specific learned helplessness was determined with the Academic Helplessness Scale. In the present study, all scales have acceptable reliability. The mediation role of hope was tested using structural equation analysis procedure. Results: First, hope was negatively associated with learned helplessness. Second, hope was positively associated with athlete engagement. Third, athlete engagement was negatively associated with learned helplessness. Fourth, hope had a significant negative indirect effect on learned helplessness via athlete engagement.

성령의 능력 안에서 이루어지는 희망

배재욱(Jae Woog Bae) 한국복음주의신약학회 2014 신약연구 Vol.13 No.2

Hope is a good medicine which saves men who cannot help but live in despair. Hope is vital for humanity as far asit is true hope and not a dead one. Romans 15:13 suggests that God is the God of hope and that the hope is caused by "the presence of the Holy Spirit"Hope which we do not deserve is caused by the grace of God. "May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope in the power of the Holy Spirit." Paul suggests that the Holy Spirit is the evidence of hope. By living in the Holy Spirit, human beings can possess true hope. In other words, living in the power of the Holy Spirit, human beings can live without losing hope. In Romans 15:13a 'God of hope'(ὀ θϵòς τη-ς 'ϵλπι-δος) creates 'joy and peace'(χαρà. και- ϵἰρη-νη) in Romans 15:13b. Psalm 43:4 says that God is 'My God of the great joy'. Paul relates joy to obeying God's will, saying "By God's will I may come to you with joy and together with you be refreshed"(Rom 15:32). God not only fulfills hope among human beings but also creates joy. 1 Thessalonians 1:6 is also connected to 'the joy of the Holy Spirit.'Saints who experienced the grace of the Holy Spirit possess joy in their hearts. Since the joy is created by the Holy Spirit, it is a privilege for those who live eschatologically. For the hope of the Holy Spirit has power, peoplemay be filled with joy and peace in the power of the Holy Spirit. But this fruit of the Holy Spirit is an attribute to be realized in faith (Rom 15:13e). Without faith, such fruit of the Holy Spirit cannot be yielded for people to enjoy. In Romans 15:13e Paul says, "You may overflow with hope in the power of the Holy Spirit."By living in the Holy Spirit, we are able to wait with true hope, bear the fruit patiently, and live in joy and peace. In the hope for the last day, an eschatological community has to extend the kingdom of God by serving the God of hope, waiting for grace and salvation through the works of the Holy Spirit.

뇌졸중환자의 희망

김이순 동의대학교 기초과학연구소 1998 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Cerebrovascular diseases in Korea is an important health problem since mortality and mobidity have been increased rapidly. It marked the 2nd cause of specific death rates in 1993. The stroke causes physical function disorder due to hemiparalysis and emotional disorder, and stroke patients experience helplessness, powerlessness, sense of alienation and loss of hope. These feelings make the rehabilitation difficult because they lose the will of life. The subjects of the study were seven citizens who live in Pusan, are over 50 years old and belong to low income-level. The data were collected from Jan. to Sep. 1995. The researcher as a caregiver and volunteer made confidence of them and asked for their agreement on the purpose of the study. The subjects expressed their experience as openheartedly as possible. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Giorgi, which is as follows ; as an unit of description which include the subject' expressions and the researcher's observation, it is examined the theme that express the hope experience with the subject's language(underlining), and the focal meanings are identified. The focal meaning is the crystalization of the theme, which is written in the language of the researcher. After intergrating the focal meaning and make the situated structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on each subject's point. After intergrating the situated structural description and make the general structural description as the meaning of the hope experience identified on total subject's point then the systemizing of the structure of the hope experienced phenomena and the flowing of the conciousness was researched. The conclusions of this study was as follows : The ten sources of hope which the subjects experienced were sorted as under : 〈mutual relations to others : spouse, children, relatives, fellow believer, health professioner, associate patient group〉,〈spiritual dependence〉,〈recovery of physical function〉,〈rumination of the past life〉,〈expectation of the future〉,〈economic power〉,〈belief〉,〈ability〉,〈spontaneous participation〉and〈recovery of roles〉. Their hope was spoken out by the following two kinds of linguistics. First, the hope was expressed in the affirmative expression as follows : 〈to be dependable〉,〈to make efforts〉,〈to keep under control〉,〈to desire〉,〈to be pleasant〉,〈to be peaceful〉,〈to be grateful〉,〈to give help〉,〈self-confidence, Courage〉,〈to be happy〉,〈to satisfy oneself〉,〈to share with others〉,〈to understand〉and〈to be affected, be impressed〉 Second, the hope was expressed in the negative expression as under : 〈to be distressed〉,〈to be uneasy〉,〈to be sorry, be unsatisfied〉,〈despair〉,〈to abandon〉,〈to be fearful〉,〈to suffer〉,〈to bear a burden〉〈to be confused〉,〈to be solitary〉,〈chest trouble〉,〈to feel heavy〉〈grief〉,〈to be daunted〉,〈to get angry〉,〈to be uncomfortable〉,〈to have something regretable〉and〈to feel guilty〉. And their hope was expressed by the following four behavioral expressions : 〈physical sphere〉,〈psychological sphere〉,〈social support sphere〉and 〈spiritual sphere〉. The reaction patterns of their hope experience appeared in the following 4 coping method : 〈conquest type〉,〈dependence type〉,〈adaptation type〉and 〈fate type〉. Finally, in the hope structure the sense of certainty don't always coexict with the sense of uncertainty. When the stroke patients try to search for the best quality of life, the senses of certainty and uncertainty make a continual cyclic system in the hope structure.

희망과 정신 이상 사이에서-사무엘 존슨의 「젊은 작가」, 『램블러』, 『라쎌라스』 새롭게 읽기

강문순 ( Moon Soon Kang ),윤교찬 ( Kyo Chan Yoon ) 21세기영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학21 Vol.24 No.2

Samuel Johnson, a man of high intellect and rational judgment intended to show the relationship between hope in its extreme forms and the onset of insanity. "The Young Author," several Rambler essays, and Rasselas, respectively, reflects Johnson`s own personal struggle with madness and the way that excessive hope or complete lack of hope contributes to mental instability. Hope is a necessary element of human existence and it must be properly controlled and balanced with the function of reason. Hope that is excessive or unreasonable leads to mental imbalance, whereas rational and proper use of hope can aid mental health. In these three works Johnson deals primarily with two types of hope. Phantom hope, which is inspired by the imagination, overthrows reason and leads to idleness and despair. Reasonable hope, which is controlled by the intellect, motivates action, and inspires perseverance even under the most daunting circumstances. Whereas phantom hope leads to insanity, real hope leads to accomplishment. Johnson claimed that hope is the "blessing to mankind" when it is regulated by reason; it is the curse of man when it is inspired by the imagination. Hope, it can be said, plays an important role in both the cause and the cure of madness.

Beyond Snyder’s Hope Theory: the Necessity to Redefine Hope and Create a Comprehensive Hope Scale in Korea

기쁘다,이동귀,김혜영 한국사회및성격심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.22 No.2

This paper introduces the hope concept as a promising positive psychological construct. The various conceptualizations of hope reviewed. Snyder's hope theory, which is the most pervasively used, is scrutinized, leaving the identification of some limitations. First, the definition focusing on pathway and agency thinking as well as goal attainment in Snyder's hope theory does not reflect the original meaning of hope in laymen's perspective. In addition, the heavy endorsement in cognitive processes in his theory is subjected to criticism; we call for scholars' attention to other core components of hope (emotion and future aspects). Third, the measurement issue is raised as well since Snyder's Hope Scale neither reflects its own theory, nor includes some other important features of hope. Finally, the applicability of Snyder's hope theory is limited as well in that the narrow-sensed definition of hope in his theory might mislead readers to a restricted meaning of hope. Given these limitations, this paper offers some caution to use and ends with suggestions for future research directions.

판넨베르크의 희망의 종말론 이해

이국헌 한국교회사학회 2013 韓國敎會史學會誌 Vol.35 No.-

The Eschatology of Hope presented in Pannenberg's theology has a special meaning in the Christian eschatology. His eschatology of hope emerged in the historical context which needed a theology of hope in the middle of the 20th century. At that time, the Christian theology came to a crisis with emerging the radical theologies, such as theology of the death of God, the secular theology, after the era of the Neo-orthodox theology(or the existential theology). Therefore the theology of hope was required. Advocates of the theology of hope have emphasized the fact that there is a hope in the kingdom of God which will be coming in the future. Pannenberg presented the kingdom of God in the framework of universal geschichte. The universal geschichte means history as a whole, that is a history connected the past and the present from the future. In this viewpoint of the universal geschichte, history becomes to be a revelation of God, that is “revelation as history.” There is a great hope in our history, because human history is open to the future. According to Pannenberg, the kingdom of God as a ultimate hope of human history is in the future. However the hope has already been expected in the event of Christ's resurrection. The universal geschichte and the resurrection of Christ make Pannenberg's theology into the eschatology of hope. Through the theology, he emphasized that the Christian eschatology should be a theology of hope. The eschatology of Pannenberg as a theology of hope has led the Christian eschatology of 20th century to the hope for the future. The theology has overcome the theology of crisis and has solved the challenge of the radical theology. But it has failed to make Christianity as a movement of hope substantially. His eschatology of hope has been criticized as a historical optimism, because the universal geschichte presented by his revelation as history seemed to be the metaphysics of history. Furthermore, his theology of hope couldn't fulfill historic meaning of the Christian eschatology since the eschatology failed to embody the vision of the kingdom of God and the mission to realize it. In spite of the limitation, his theoretic insight of the eschatology of hope has become an element of the Christian theological hope.

Barthian Elements of Hope in Thomas Merton

오방식 장로회신학대학교 기독교사상과문화연구원 2011 장신논단 Vol.0 No.42

This paper will explore Barthian elements of hope in Thomas Merton. For Merton, hope is one of the major concepts embedded in his thinking. Merton’s reflections on hope are compelling and broad. His understanding of hope addresses concerns of spirituality, sociopolitical critique, monastic and ecclesiastical renewal, and a dialogical existentialism. However, his hope has not been theologically analyzed and presented. This is an initial attempt to establish a systematic expression of his understanding of hope, using the Barthian framework of hope. Merton certainly entails three core Barthian elements of hope: Christocentric,teleological aspect, and humanity as agent of hope. Even though Merton did not create an intentional philosophy or theology of hope like Barth, it can be argued that his life journey and thought structure are firmly grounded in the theology of hope

Youngsan’s Theology of Hope and Hope- Centered Education for Korean Adolescents

( So Tae Young ) 한세대학교 영산신학연구소 2010 영산신학저널 Vol.19 No.-

Today’s Korean adolescents tend to give up vision or hope when they face hopeless contexts. Therefore, it is necessary for Christian educators to develop educational programs that nurture hope for hopeless youths. This article maintains that hope is the power to form and transform the identity of Christians. Therefore, the loss of hope of Christian youths means the loss of Christian identity and sense of community in the Church. Hope is the power to heal hopeless youths and to recover their identity as Christians. In other words, hope empowers youths to participate in God’s vision. Youngsan understands hope in the relationship with God. He argues that hope should be in only God because hope in God enable people to transform this world in light of God’s vision. Youngsan’s theology of hope indicates how important hope is in Christianity and suggests how to recover hope of today’s youths. Based on Youngsan’s theology of hope, this article develops a hope-centered curriculum resource that connects church stories with youths’ stories and recovers adolescents’ identity in hope of God.

삶의 의미 추구와 학업만족의 관계: 희망의 매개효과 및 사회적 지지의 조절효과

박지영,정예슬 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회 2019 한국심리학회지 학교 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study was to shed light on a role of hope in understanding the relationship between the search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction and to suggest ways to increase hope among Korean students. We hypothesized that the relationship between search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction would be mediated by hope and the positive relationship between search for meaning and hope would be strengthened by family support and friend support. We conducted two surveys to examine the hypotheses. Based on Study 1 using a sample of 190 undergraduate students, we found that the relationship between search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction was fully mediated by hope. In Study 2, we examined the four types of hope that include internal hope and three types of external hope (i.e., family, friends, and supernatural being) to extend knowledge on what features of hope mediate the relationships between search for meaning and academic satisfaction. Study 2 based on a sample of 313 high school students showed that the link from the search for meaning in life and academic satisfaction was fully mediated by internal hope and external-peers hope. The mediating effects of external-family hope and external-spiritual hope were not significant in Study 2. Also, we found that family support strengthened the positive links from the search for meaning in life to hope (Study 1) and to internal hope (Study 2) while the interactive effects of friend support and the search for meaning on hope were not significant in both studies. Based on the results, we discussed several implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research. 본 연구는 한국 고등학생 및 대학생을 대상으로 삶의 의미추구와 학업만족의 관계에서 희망의 역할을 파악하고 희망을 향상시키는 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있다. 삶의 의미추구와 학업만족의 관계를 희망이 매개할 것이라고 가정하였고, 삶의 의미추구와 희망의 관계에서 가족 및 친구지원의 조절효과를 예상하였다. 연구 1에서 대학생 190명을 대상으로 설문을 진행한 결과, 희망이 삶의 의미추구와 학업만족의 관계를 완전 매개함을 확인하였다. 연구 2에서는 희망을 내적 희망과 가족, 친구, 초월적 존재에 기반 한 외적 희망으로 구분하여 삶의 의미추구와 학업만족의 관계에서 희망의 역할을 세부적으로 파악하고자 하였다. 고등학생 313명을 대상으로 설문을 진행한 결과(연구 2), 고등학생의 삶의 의미추구와 학업만족의 관계가 내적 희망과 친구에게 기반 한 외적 희망에 의해 완전매개 되는 것으로 나타났으며 가족 및 초월적 존재에 기반 한 외적 희망의 매개효과는 유의하지 않았다. 사회적 지원의 조절효과와 관련하여, 삶의 의미추구와 희망의 관계에서 가족 지지의 조절효과가 유의하였다. 즉, 가족으로부터 지지를 받는 사람은 그렇지 않은 사람보다 삶의 의미추구와 희망의 정적 관계(연구 1) 및 삶의 의미추구와 내적 희망의 정적관계(연구 2)가 강하게 나타났다. 삶의 의미추구와 희망의 관계에서 친구지원의 조절효과는 연구 1과 연구 2에서 모두 유의하지 않았다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의, 한계점 및 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.