LevelⅠFugacity Model을 이용한 Biopile 내 유기화합물 5종의 분포 예측

김계훈(Kye-Hoon Kim),김호진(Ho-Jin Kim),Simon J.T. Pollard 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.41 No.3

본 연구는 level I fugacity model을 이용하여 유류오염 토양에서 많이 존재하며 생태적 위해성이 큰 다섯가지 유기성 오염물질(anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, phenanthrene)이 기상, 액상, 고상 및 비수용성액체(NAPL)의 네 가지 상(phase)으로 구성된 biopile 내에서 어떻게 분포하는가를 예측하기 위하여 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 영국 내에서 장기간 유류로 오염된 세 지역으로부터 토양 시료를 채취, 분석하였고 토양 분석 결과와 관련 인자를 level I fugacity model에 입력하여 fugacity 및 오염물질의 토양 중 분포를 구하였다. 다섯 오염물질의 fugacity 간에는 큰 차이가 있었으나 동일 오염물질은 시료 간 fugacity에서 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 오염물질은 NAPL과 고상에 주로 존재하였으며 토양시료간의 유기탄소함량 차이가 오염물질의 분배 동태에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. Benzene은 기상과 액상에 높은 농도로 존재함으로써 위해성에 근거한 기상과 액상 중 benzene 관리의 중요성을 나타내었다. 반면 다른 오염물질은 기상과 액상에 거의 존재하지 않음을 보임으로써 지하수 오염 가능성을 현저하게 감소시켰다. 본 연구의 결과는 위해성이 큰 오염물질과 복원 처리를 토양 내 오염물질 잔류 농도 간에 관련이 있음을 보였으며 또한 유류오염 토양의 위해성 평가 과정에서 NAPL과 고상을 고려하는 일의 중요성도 나타내었다. The purpose of this study was to predict environmental distribution of anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-methylphenanthrene and phenanthrene in a four phase biopile system ? air, water, soil and non aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase using level I fugacity model. Soil samples used for this study were collected from three sites in the United Kingdom which were historically contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The level I fugacities (f) for the five contaminants were markedly different, however, the fugacities of each contaminant in three soil samples did not show significant difference. NAPL and soil were the dominant phases for all five contaminants. Results of this study indicated that difference in percentage of organic carbon strongly influenced the partitioning behavior of the contaminants. The presence of benzene calls for an urgent need for risk-based management of air and water phase. Whereas insignificant amount of chemicals leached in the water phase for other organic contaminants showing greatly reduced potential of groundwater contamination. Furthermore, this study helped us to confirm the association of risk critical contaminants with the residual saturation in treated soils. They also can be used to emphasize the importance of accounting for the partitioning behavior of both NAPL and soil phases in the process of the risk assessment of the sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Level I Fugacity Model을 이용한 Biopile 내 유기화합물 5종의 분포 예측

김계훈,김호진,Simon J.T. Pollard 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.41 No.3

본 연구는 level I fugacity model을 이용하여 유류오염 토양에서 많이 존재하며 생태적 위해성이 큰 다섯가 지 유 기 성 오 염 물 질 (anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, phenanthrene) 이 기상, 액상, 고상 및 비수용성액체(NAPL)의 네 가지 상(phase)으로 구성된 biopile 내에서 어떻게 분포 하는가를 예측하기 위하여 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 영국 내에서 장기간 유류로 오염된 세 지역으로부터 토양 시료를 채취, 분석하였고 토양 분석 결과와 관련 인자를 level I fugacity model에 입력하여 fugacity 및 오염물질의 토양 중 분포를 구하였다. 다섯 오염물질의 fugacity 간에는 큰 차이가 있었으나 동일 오염물 질은 시료 간 fugacity에서 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 오염물질은 NAPL과 고상에 주로 존재하였으며 토양시료간의 유기탄소함량 차이가 오염물질 의 분배 동태에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. benzene은 기상과 액상에 높은 농도로 존재함으로써 위해성에 근거한 기상과 액상 중 benzene 관리의 중요성을 나타내었다. 반면 다른 오염물질은 기상과 액상에 거의 존재하지않음을 보임으로써 지하수 오염 가능성을 현저하게 감소시켰다. 본 연구의 결과는 위해성이 큰 오염물질과 복원 처리를 토양 내 오염물질 잔류 농도 간에 관련이있음을 보였으며 또한 유류오염 토양의 위해성 평가과정에서 NAPL과 고상을 고려하는 일의 중요성도 나 타내었다.

Behavior Characteristic Analysis of Animal Liquid Manure and Urea in the Rice Field Using an Fugacity-based Multimedia Environmental Fate Model

김미숙,오원규,곽동희 한국환경기술학회 2017 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Examination of liquid manure’s potential environmental risks is urgently needed while it is attracting growing interest as a substitute for chemical fertilizer. To examine the fate of N component in animal liquid manure (ALM) and diagnose the current extent of environmental risk caused by ALM, this study compares the effects of ALM and N-typed commercial fertilizer, urea, by using a fugacity-based multimedia environmental fate (FMEF) Model. As N-nutrient in ALM, is a high soluble, non-volatile and ionic compound, the FMEF model may be proper rather than the general model but this study used the fugacity-based for simplification although it has uncertainty of model formulae, input information, and so on. For ALM and urea under the same simulation conditions during rice-cropping, simulation determined effect of ALM on air and groundwater and accumulation of urea in water of a rice field. Urea indicated sensitivity of water and a high uptake by rice plants. Rice plants absorbed a low amount of ALM but a high amount of ALM distributed in environment compartments. For sensitivity of rainfall, most of ALM were absorbed by rice plants and urea and partial ALM reached groundwater as fast as rainfall increased with 20.5 mm, 90 mm, and 200 mm. The results of this study revealed that FMEF model were useful for understanding the potential environmental risks of liquid manure and the behavior of liquid manure’s nitrogen to provide the basic scientific grounds for preventing the negative influence of liquid manure in advance.

Sensitivity Analysis for a Level-III Multimedia Environmental Model: A Case Study for 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD in Seoul

Kwon, Jung-Hwan,Lee, Dong-Soo The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2002 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.17 No.3

유해물질의 거동에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해서 대도시지역을 대상으로 하여 fugacity를 이용한 level-III 다매체환경거동모형이 개발되었다. 이 모형에 의한 거동의 예측결과에 민감한 영향을 주는 입력과정과 변수들을 찾아내기 위하여 체계적으로 민감도분석을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 기법을 개발하고 사례연구로서 서울지역과 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD을 대상으로 그 기법을 적용하였다. Sensitivity index에 의한 평가한 결과, 일정한 배출속도조건에서는 대기중의 바람속도, 그리고 대기에서 수체나 토양으로 전이되는 건식 및 습식 침적과정이 다매체거동에서 전체적으로 가장 중요한 과정인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이들 거동과정 자체에 영향을 미치는 변수들에 대한 민감도 분석의 결과 건식침적의 경우 중력에 의한 입자들의 침강속도가, 습식침적의 경우 평균 강우속도가 대단히 중요한 변수임이 파악되었다. 물질의 물리화학적 특성 가운데에서는 z-값에 직접 영향을 주는 변수들, 즉, 헨리상수와 옥타놀-물 분배계수 등이 결과에 민감한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 사례연구는 본 연구에서 개발된 민감도분석기법이 유해물질의 다매체 거동모형을 개선하고 좀더 중요한 거동과정에 대한 이해를 넓히는데 효율적으로 사용될 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

Sensitivity Analysis for a Level-Ⅲ Multimedia Environmental Model : A Case Study for 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD in Seoul 서울지역의 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD 사례연구

Kwon, Jung- Hwan,Lee, Dong Soo 한국환경독성학회 2002 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.17 No.3

유해물질의 거동에 대한 이해를 돕기 위해서 대도시지역을 대상으로 하여 fugacity를 이용한 level-Ⅲ 다매체환경거동모형이 개발되었다. 이 모형에 의한 거동의 예측결과에 민감한 영향을 주는 입력과정과 변수들을 찾아내기 위하여 체계적으로 민감도분석을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 기법을 개발하고 사례연구로서 서울지역과 2,3,7,8-TCDD을 대상으로 그 기법을 적용하였다. Sensitivity index에 의한 평가한 결과, 일정한 배출속도조건에서는 대기중의 바람속도, 그리고 대기에서 수체나 토양으로 전이되는 건식 및 습식 침적과정이 다매체거동에서 전체적으로 가장 중요한 과정인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이들 거동과정 자체에 영향을 미치는 변수들에 대한 민감도 분석의 결과 건식침적의 경우 중력에 의한 입자들의 침강속도가, 습식침적의 경우 평균 강우속도가 대단히 중요한 변수임이 파악되었다. 물질의 물리화학적 특성 가운데에서는 z-값에 직접 영향을 주는 변수들, 즉, 헨리상수와 옥타놀-물 분배계수 등이 결과에 민감한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 사례연구는 본 연구에서 개발된 민감도분석기법이 유해물질의 다매체 거동모형을 개선하고 좀더 중요한 거동과정에 대한 이해를 넓히는데 효율적으로 사용될 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

Fugacity Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons between Microplastics and Seawater

이황,장세인,김승규,권정환 한국해양과학기술원 2017 Ocean science journal Vol.52 No.1

Recently, the accumulation of plastic debris in the marine environment has become a great concern worldwide. Although plastics are biologically and chemically inert, plastic debris has been suspected of causing adverse effects on ecosystems due to the increase in reactivity by size reduction and/or micropollutants associated with plastics. Because of the high sorption capacity of microplastics toward organic micropollutants, it is suspected that microplastics may play roles in the distribution and fate of micropollutants. In order to quantitatively evaluate the “net flow” of environmental contaminants in water-plastic-organism systems, a fugacity analysis was conducted using concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in open oceans and in polyethylene as a representative material of plastic debris. Ratio of fugacity in polyethylene to that in seawater showed a decreasing trend with increasing partition coefficient between polyethylene and seawater (KPE/sw). This indicates that phase equilibrium between polyethylene and seawater is not attained for higher molecular weight PAHs. Disequilibrium of high molecular weight PAHs suggests that transfer from seawater to plastic debris is thermodynamically driven and the role of plastic debris as a vector to transfer them to living organisms would be minimal. However, additives may slowly migrate from plastics into the environment causing potentially serious effects on ecosystems.

Soil-air long-term nationwide exchange flux and deposition variations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in South Korea

Ho-Joong Kim(김호중),Jin-Woo Jeon(전진우),Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen,Seung-Man Hwang(황승만),Yong-Ho Cha(차용호),Sung-Deuk Choi(최성득),Chang-Gyun Kim(김창균) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) are generated unintentionally from anthropogenic emission sources such as power plants and incinerators, and various kinds of chlorinated chemical manufacturing processes such as metallurgy, pentachlorophenol, ethylene dichloride, and chloroalkyl. In the long-term nationwide Korea national POPs monitoring program, concentrations and emission of PCDD/DFs in the air had been decreased 70 % from 2009 to 2017 and 91% from 2001 to 2015, respectively. Despite these efforts, PCDD/DFs have been long-range transported all over the world due to their characteristics such as low water solubility, semi-volatility, bio-accumulation, and persistence. Especially, air and soil play a key role in the movement and storage of POPs in the environment by deposition and volatilization, evaluating their multimedia fate is essential to predict human health effects. This study focused on long-term fugacity flux based on seasonal variations and types of localities over a decade, as South Korea has a distinctive four seasons; spring, summer, fall, and winter, and various kinds of manufacturing industries. Total 1,083 of ambient air and soil samples at 21 sites where adjacent within 6 km of each other throughout the South Korea peninsula from 2008 to 2018 for PCDD/DFs. It is known that POPs could be re-volatilized from soil to ambient air as secondary pollution. The diffusive soil-air fluxes and soil-air fugacity fraction (ff) of each PCDD/DFs congeners were calculated for every four seasons. The ff is shown that temporal variation according to the number of chlorinations, congeners, and locality types. Furthermore, soil-air fugacity exchange flux over a decade shows that mainly equilibrium state but the tendency to deposition.

Proximity to chemical equilibria among air, water, soil, and sediment as varied with partition coefficients: A case study of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Kim, Hee Seok,Lee, Dong Soo Elsevier 2019 Science of the Total Environment Vol.670 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To capture the pollutant distribution status among environmental media and to understand how the distribution varies with the pollutants' properties, we assessed a total of 225 fugacity ratios (FRs) of 45 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-<I>p</I>-dioxins/furans (PCDDs/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) for five medium pairs (air-water, air-soil, water-sediment, soil-water, and soil-sediment) using the nationwide multimedia monitoring data. For many of the pollutants, fugacity was greatest in air (PCDFs and 6 heavy PAHs) and in sediment (PBDEs and 9 light PAHs) while lowest in soil for most of the pollutants. PAHs and phthalates appeared to be farther away from equilibrium than PCDDs/Fs and PBDEs. The ratios of “equilibrium improbable” FRs to all the FRs in each chemical group were 2%, 0%, 33.3%, and 28.9% for PCDDs/Fs, PBDEs, phthalates, and PAHs, respectively. FR<SUB>water/air</SUB> of PAHs, FR<SUB>soil/air</SUB>, and FR<SUB>sediment/water</SUB> of the pollutant groups (except for PBDEs) decreased significantly (<I>p</I> < 0.01) with the partition coefficients, 1/K<SUB>air/water</SUB> (1/K<SUB>aw</SUB>), K<SUB>octanol/air</SUB> (K<SUB>oa</SUB>), and K<SUB>octanol/water</SUB> (K<SUB>ow</SUB>), respectively, even in the field conditions. The findings on FRs values provide valuable clues to identifying the media that would act as sink or source for certain chemicals and to using a more appropriate choice in the coherence test of environmental quality objectives, which should be important considerations in the management of chemical contamination in the environment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Fugacity ratios (FRs) were determined from concurrent multimedia monitoring data. </LI> <LI> FR values were found to vary geographically to a large extent. </LI> <LI> Deviation from equilibrium was in order of PAHs and phthalates>PCDDs/Fs>PBDEs. </LI> <LI> FRs varied with the corresponding partition coefficients similarly across the groups. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

A Study on Thermodynamic Properties of Ethylene Gas Hydrate

Lim, Gye-Gyu Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2007 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.23 No.E1

The gas hydrates are probably most sensitive to climate change since they are stable only under specific conditions of high pressure and low temperature. One of the main factors responsible for formation of gas hydrates is the saturation of the gases with water vapor. Quantitative phase equilibrium data and understanding of the roles of water component in the phase behavior of the heterogeneous water-hydrocarbon-hydrate mixture are of importance and of engineering value. In this study, the water content of ethylene gas in equilibrium with hydrate and water phases were analyzed by theoretical and experimental methods at temperatures between 274.15 up to 291.75 K and pressures between 593.99 to 8,443.18 kPa. The experimental and theoretical enhancement factors (EF) for the water content of ethylene gas and the fugacity coefficients of water and ethylene in gas phase were determined and compared with each other over the entire range of pressure carried out in this experiment. In order to get the theoretical enhancement factors, the modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state was used. The Peng-Robinson equations and modified Redlich-Kwong equations of state were used to get the fugacity coefficients for ethylene and water in the gas phase. The results predicted by both equations agree very well with the experimental values for the fugacity coefficients of the compressed ethylene gas containing small amount of water, whereas, those of water vapor do not in the ethylene rich gas at high temperature for hydrate formation locus.

Quantitative assessment of human health risks induced by vehicle exhaust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Zhengzhou via multimedia fugacity models with cancer risk assessment

Li, Qian,Kim, Minjeong,Liu, Ying,Yoo, ChangKyoo Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.618 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Traffic-related pollution released a large amount of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have severely influenced environmental safety and human health until now. However, the important issue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from vehicle exhaust in urban populated areas has not been sufficiently investigated yet. This study focused on environmental behavior of vehicle exhaust PAHs (VEPAHs) and resultant health risk on local residents in urban populated areas. This study combined the multimedia fugacity models (Level III and Level IV) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, for analyzing the VEPAHs' environmental fate and related health risk on local residents in Zhengzhou of the central China. Regression models were applied to explore correlation between atmospheric concentration of VEPAHs and local pulmonary disease mortality rate. Our results demonstrate that the majority of VEPAH was sunk into the soil compartment in 2013, but the calculated BaP-equivalent concentrations of total VEPAHs in the air compartment exceeded the annual average standard limit of China (1ng/m<SUP>3</SUP>) yet. The human exposure routes of VEPAHs caused cancer risk in the following order: inhalation>dermal contact>ingestion.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PAH emissions from vehicle exhaust are evaluated using multimedia models. </LI> <LI> The ILCR model was used to evaluate the cancer risk for residents of Zhengzhou, China. </LI> <LI> Dynamic fugacity model and ILCR models elucidated the health problems of residents. </LI> <LI> Health effects are estimated for increased concentrations of VEPAHs. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>