한국어 화행에서 공손성의 실현 양상

김서형(Seo Hyeong Kim) 한국어학회 2013 한국어학 Vol.61 No.-

This study suggests that politeness and honorific should deal with different linguistic category. There are another suggestions. One is that politeness is influenced expecially by intonation than any other factors. The other is that honorific expressions become to reduce but politeness expressions increase in usage. Politeness expressions can achieve recognition as the thing of language form and the thing of comprehension/interpretation from the discourse. There are many former studies about the polite expressions by language forms. However there are another polite expressions by language forms such as conjuncture, reminder markers, quotation, question, objectiveness and so on. Sometimes, direct expressions convey deeper politeness than indirect expressions. It is difficult to stabilize the politeness of utterance in the speech act. The reason is that it is to objectify the degree of politeness. Additionally, there are reliance factors of utterance situations. Politeness by sentence propositions presents more effective than the one by language forms. When intention of speakers directly show up, the politeness of it lay on the effectiveness to bring down the politeness than any other politeness devices.

<ないでくださるでしょうか>의 의뢰표현 - 사용 가능성 및 표현가치 -

이성규 한국일본학회 2014 日本學報 Vol.99 No.-

본 논문에서는 화자를 남성, 청자를 [남성 / 여성]으로 상정하고, 청자에 대한 화자의 (대우표현상의) 인간관계를 <경어적 상위자 / 경어적 동위자나 상위자 / 경어적 동위자 / 경어적 동위자나 하위자 / 경어적 하위자>와 같이 5단계로 구분하고, 화자의 청자에 대한 친소관계를 <친한 사이 / 소원한 사이 / 불명>과 같이 3종류로 설정하여, 각각의 문맥과 상황에서 <ないでくださるでしょうか>의 사용 가능성 및 그 표현가치를 검토했다. 고찰 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 <ないでくださるでしょうか>의 성부(成否)를 살펴보면, <친한 사이>에서는 청자가 화자에 비해 경어적 상위자인 경우, 청자가 화자와 경어적 동위자이거나 상위자인 경우, 화자와 청자가 경어적으로 불명인 경우에는 성립하고, 화자와 청자가 경어적으로 동위자인 경우, 청자가 화자에 비해 경어적 하위자인 경우에는 <でしょうか>에 내재되어 있는 정중도에 의해 화자와 청자 사이의 괴리가 발생하고 이로 인해 친소관계가 소원한 쪽으로 경사되기 때문에 부자연스럽다. 그리고 <소원한 사이>에서는 <でしょうか>에 함의되어 있는 정중도에 영향을 받지 않기 때문에 전부 성립한다. 한편, <친소관계가 불명>에서는 화자와 청자가 동위자이거나 하위자인 경우, 화자가 청자에 비해 경어적으로 하위자인 경우에는 <でしょうか>에 함의되어 있는 정중도에 의해 화자와 청자 사이의 거리감이 증폭되고 소원한 쪽으로 기울어지기 때문에 부자연스럽거나 성립되지 않는다. 그리고 <ないでくださるでしょうか>가 실현하는 표현가치를 검토하면, 화자의 청자에 대한 심리적 인간관계인 친소관계가 친한 사이로 규정되는 문맥적․상황적 조건 하에서의 <ないでくださるでしょうか>는 [간원][원망(願望)]이나 [염려][배려]의 표현가치를 나타낸다. 그리고 화자의 청자에 대한 친소관계가 소원한 사이로 간주되는 조건 하에서의 <ないでくださるでしょうか>는 [불쾌감][분노]나 [책망][질책][힐문]의 표현가치를 실현하는데, <でしょうか>에 내재되어 있는 정중도에 의해 화자와 청자 사이의 거리감이 커지기 때문에 화자의 불쾌감이나 피해의식이 한층 강하게 표출된다. 한편, 화자와 청자의 친소관계를 특정하기 어려운 조건 하에서의 <ないでくださるでしょうか>는 기본적으로 중립적인 표현가치를 나타내지만, <でしょうか>에 내재되어 있는 정중도에 의해 화자와 청자의 거리감이 증폭되어 불쾌감의 뉘앙스를 수반하기 때문에 소원한 쪽으로 경사된다. 일반적으로 경어적 하위자가 상위자에게 사용하는 것으로 되어 있는 <ないでくださるでしょうか>는 청자가 화자에 비해 경어적으로 동위자이거나 하위자로 인식되는 경우, 청자가 화자에 비해 경어적 하위자로 간주되는 경우에도 사용된다. 이것은 청자와의 일정한 거리를 둠으로써 화자가 자신의 품위를 유지하고 권위와 체면을 세우고자 하는 의도에서 기인하는 것으로 경어와 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있는 의뢰표현의 성격을 유감없이 보여주는 적례(適例)라고 해석된다. This paper examines the practical availability and value of expression in Naide-Kudasarudeshouka for various contexts and situations. The speaker is assumedto be a male and the listener to be either [male / female], The personal relationship between the speaker and the listener was classified according to five levels of expressions of politeness: <Honorific higher seniorities / Honorific equal or higher seniorities / Honorific equal seniorities / Honorific equal or lower seniorities / Honorific lower seniorities>, while the degree of intimacy between the speaker and the listener was grouped into three levels: <Intimate relationship / Estranged relationship / Undefined relationship>. The following results were obtained. First, the requisite of Naide-Kudasarudeshouka, was found to be valid in an intimate relationship in which the listener is either of a honorific higher, or equal or higher seniority, or, alternatively, when the listener’s seniority compared to the speaker was undefined. In cases where the speaker and the listener had honorific equal seniorities, or where the listener had a honorific lower seniority compared to the speaker, the politeness implied in deshouka was found to cause estrangement resulting in factitiousness, presenting itself as an estranged relationship in terms of degree of intimacy. This observation would always be valid for estranged relationships, since the interlocutors would not be affected by the politeness implied in deshouka. However, in relationships where the degree of intimacy could be described as undefined, it would not be possible to confirm the aforementioned observation if the speaker and the listener had honorific equal or lower seniorities, or if the speaker had a honorific lower seniority than the listener, because the politeness embedded in deshouka would cause the interlocutors’ psychological distance to be separated, putting them into an estranged relationship. In addition, the paper examined the value of expression satisfied by Naide-Kudasarudeshouka. Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is used in certain contextual, situational conditions in which the speakers’ interpersonal relationship, i.e. the degree of intimacy, is defined as intimate, the expression can assume either one of these values: [solicitation][request] or [anxiety][consideration]. Moreover, when the degree of intimacy is defined as estranged, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka could either represent [unpleasantness][anger] or [rebuke][reprimand] [questioning], causing the politeness implied in deshouka to separate the psychological distance between the two interlocutors, thereby amplifying the speaker’s feeling of unpleasantness or victim mentality. However, in a relationship of undefined intimacy, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is fundamentally a neutral expression, although the politeness implied in deshouka would amplify the psychological distance between the two interlocutors. It follows that even though this situation could be said tocarry the nuance of unpleasantness, it actually presents itself as an estranged relationship. Generally, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is known to be used by the person who is in the position of honorific higher seniority compared to their listener, but it is also used in cases in which the speaker is recognized as being at a honorific equal, honorific lower or lower seniority compared to the listener. This tends to occur when the speaker wants to maintain their dignity and reputation by putting distance between themselves to the listener. By considering the relationship and the degree of intimacy between the speaker and the listener in different situations, this research has demonstrated a close connection between the characteristics of the request expression and honorific expressions.

인터넷미디어의 특성이 정치커뮤니케이션 참여도에 미치는 영향

신동욱(Shin Dong-Uk),양해술(Yang Hae-Sool) 한국정치정보학회 2010 정치정보연구 Vol.13 No.2

오늘날 다양한 정보매체들이 인터넷미디어를 이용해 여론형성에 적지 않은 영향력을 행사하고 있으며 인터넷미디어의 발달로 시민들의 정책결정 참여가 증가하고 있다. 연구에서는 인터넷미디어의 특성과 유권자의 여론지각 정확성, 정치참여도 및 정치커뮤니케이션 참여도간의 영향관계를 분석했다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 인터넷미디어의 특성이 유권자의 여론지각 정확성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과 정보신뢰성의 영향력이 가장 높았으며, 여론지각 정확성에 대한 미디어적 특성요인의 전체 설명력은 55.6%로 나타났다. 정치 관심도에 대한 여론지각 정확성의 전체 설명력은 18.3%나타났다. 정치커뮤니케이션 참여도에 대한 정치 관심도의 전체 설명력은 33.1%로 나타났다. 인터넷미디어를 활용하거나 이용하여 정치 관심도를 높일 수 있는 방안으로는 유권자들이 인터넷미디어에 대해 긍정적인 사고를 갖는 것이 필요하며 정보신뢰도가 높을수록 인터넷미디어가 직접 민주주의에 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈다. 그리고 유권자의 여론지각 정확성은 정치 관심도를 거쳐 정치커뮤니케이션 참여도에 유의미한 영향을 미친것으로 나타났다. Recently, various mass media have influence through the internet media on formation of public opinion. The development of the internet media makes the involvement of citizens in policy making increasing. In this study, we analyze the correlation among the internet media properties, the correctness of the perception of public opinion, the degree of interest for politics, and the degree of participation in political communication. Analysis of the influence of internet media properties on the correctness of the perception of public opinion shows that information credibility is most influential. The media properties explain 55.6% of the variation on the correctness of the perception of public opinion. Overall explanatory rate of the correctness of the perception of public opinion on the degree of interest in politics is 18.3%, and that of the degree of interest in politics on the degree of participation in political communication is 33.1%. In order to utilize the internet media or to enhance the correctness of the degree of interest in politics, it is required to make voters think positively on the internet media. The higher the information credibility, the more positively the internet media influences on direct democracy. The correctness of the perception of public opinion is revealed to influence significantly on the degree of participation in political communication, via the degree of interest in politics.

논문 : 중국어 조동사 활용을 통한 공손표현 고찰

오현주 ( Hyun Ju Oh ) 영남중국어문학회 2015 중국어문학 Vol.0 No.70

The purpose of this study is to identify politeness through the use of auxiliary verbs and the grade of politeness according to the selection of auxiliary verbs from Chinese polite expressions perspective. This study examines the use of auxiliary verbs and relationship of polite expressions, based on the preceding studies on Chinese polite expressions and auxiliary verbs, and analyzes the meanings of auxiliary verb’s politeness via pragmatic analysis at conversation layers. This study also comparatively analyzes the degree of politeness according to the selection of auxiliary verbs. This study sets the auxiliary verbs meaning ‘need’, ‘must’, and ‘permission’ as basic study scope, and sets the auxiliary verbs judged to have the meaning or function of politeness as the study scope on the basis of the relationship of auxiliary verb’s modality meaning and politeness. Chinese auxiliary verb is also called ‘can-wish verb’, ‘modal auxiliary verb’, and ‘modal verb’. Modality indicates the subjective position or attitude that a speaker has on the sentences or speeches. Modality not only plays an important role for precise communication, but functions important in terms of politeness. All the Chinese auxiliary verbs are generally said to have the meaning of modality. Therefore, Chinese auxiliary verbs indicate polite expressions. The meaning and degree of politeness expressed by each auxiliary verb are not always absolute. In this regard, people need to use polite Chinese suitable for each situation by using proper auxiliary verbs according to pragmatic factors including the mutual relationship of speakers, conversation purpose and conversation place.

<ないでくださるでしょうか>의 의뢰표현 -사용 가능성 및 표현가치-

이성규 한국일본어교육학회 2014 日本語敎育 Vol.68 No.-

This paper examines the practical availability and value of expression in Naide-Kudasarudeshouka for various contexts and situations. The speaker is assumedto be a male and the listener to be either [male / female], The personal relationship between the speaker and the listener was classified according to five levels of expressions of politeness: <Honorific higher seniorities / Honorific equal or higher seniorities / Honorific equal seniorities / Honorific equal or lower seniorities / Honorific lower seniorities>, while the degree of intimacy between the speaker and the listener was grouped into three levels: <Intimate relationship / Estranged relationship / Undefined relationship>. The following results were obtained. First, the requisite of Naide-Kudasarudeshouka, was found to be valid in an intimate relationship in which the listener is either of a honorific higher, or equal or higher seniority, or, alternatively, when the listener’s seniority compared to the speaker was undefined. In cases where the speaker and the listener had honorific equal seniorities, or where the listener had a honorific lower seniority compared to the speaker, the politeness implied in deshouka was found to cause estrangement resulting in factitiousness, presenting itself as an estranged relationship in terms of degree of intimacy. This observation would always be valid for estranged relationships, since the interlocutors would not be affected by the politeness implied in deshouka. However, in relationships where the degree of intimacy could be described as undefined, it would not be possible to confirm the aforementioned observation if the speaker and the listener had honorific equal or lower seniorities, or if the speaker had a honorific lower seniority than the listener, because the politeness embedded in deshouka would cause the interlocutors’ psychological distance to be separated, putting them into an estranged relationship. In addition, the paper examined the value of expression satisfied by Naide-Kudasarudeshouka. Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is used in certain contextual, situational conditions in which the speakers’ interpersonal relationship, i.e. the degree of intimacy, is defined as intimate, the expression can assume either one of these values: [solicitation][request] or [anxiety][consideration]. Moreover, when the degree of intimacy is defined as estranged, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka could either represent [unpleasantness][anger] or [rebuke][reprimand] [questioning], causing the politeness implied in deshouka to separate the psychological distance between the two interlocutors, thereby amplifying the speaker’s feeling of unpleasantness or victim mentality. However, in a relationship of undefined intimacy, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is fundamentally a neutral expression, although the politeness implied in deshouka would amplify the psychological distance between the two interlocutors. It follows that even though this situation could be said tocarry the nuance of unpleasantness, it actually presents itself as an estranged relationship. Generally, Naide-Kudasarudeshouka is known to be used by the person who is in the position of honorific higher seniority compared to their listener, but it is also used in cases in which the speaker is recognized as being at a honorific equal, honorific lower or lower seniority compared to the listener. This tends to occur when the speaker wants to maintain their dignity and reputation by putting distance between themselves to the listener. By considering the relationship and the degree of intimacy between the speaker and the listener in different situations, this research has demonstrated a close connection between the characteristics of the request expression and honorific expressions.

현대중국어 정도부사 연용(连用) 현상 연구

文有美(Jiao Pengyan),崔辰而(Choi, Jin-y) 중국어문학연구회 2018 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.111

In this paper, we examines the characteristics of "有點+ X" and "X + 有點" which are the continuous structures that combine with Degree Adverbs "太, 很, 眞, 更" and "有點". The results of the study are as follows: First, in terms of Syntactic analysis, we used the corpus statistics to list the trailing binding components of each structure, and we looked at the frequency of the combination. Next, we analyzed the stepwise Semantic structure of "有點+ X" and "有點+ X". From the point of view of degree of accuracy, both have similar class quantity. However, if we look at the internal structure from the point of view of Iconicity principle of distance, we can see that the structure of "有點+ X" has a structure of decreasing degree and "X + 有點" has a structure of increasing degree. Finally, we examined the Asymmetric tendency in Chapter 3 from a Pragmatic point of view. In the Asymmetry phenomenon of "有點+ X" and "X + 有點", their stepwise semantically oriented structure, Pragmatic function, and Principle of politeness are applied. If a "有點" leads to a relaxation of negative attitudes, "euphemism" with negative vocabulary and good cohesion to express "太" is suitable for "有點+ X" structure. In the case where "有點" is positioned as a negative amount expression function for negative attitude, it can be interpreted that "很, 眞, 更" are more suited to the "X + 有點" structure in order to control the incremental increase in dissatisfaction slightly.

16세기 국어 공손법 등분 설정을 위한 시론

양영희(Yang Young-hee) 한국사회언어학회 2007 사회언어학 Vol.15 No.2

Politeness is an important feature in Korean language and it has been studied actively. But it can be said that the study of Politeness in the sixteenth century does not exist because the century has often been tied with the fifteenth century, so that research on this field has followed that way. Nevertheless, there are many differences between the fifteenth century and the sixteenth century. Thus it is necessary to study each field separately. Focusing on this view, this investigation is to divide the forms of Politeness and these are the results. The degrees of Politeness in the sixteenth century are: polite formal style―polite informal style, and impolite formal style―impolite informal style. Considering each style with certain examples, firstly, "nayida, nayitga, showshyeo" forms are the "polite formal style" and these were used between people in different social ranks, such as "servant to king, apprentice to master, offspring to parent". Secondly, "naengyida, naengyitga/ naengda, nitga/ nae, singa, so" forms are the "polite informal style" and these were used to express intimacy. In more detail, "nae, singa, so" forms were used in family relations, not in social relations. Thirdly, "-da/-nda/-ra" forms are the "impoliteformal style" and these were used to make differences of social ranks definitely. Lastly, "-ra/-ga(go) pattern, -(ni)ri" forms are the "impolite-informal style" and these were used to make more amiable relations in different social ranks and narrow the emotional distance.

‘적당하다’의 모호성과 공손성에 관한 연구

김상훈 ( Sanghoon Kim ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.4

이 연구는 모호한 표현의 사용이 원활한 커뮤니케이션을 방해하고 청자로 하여금 부담을 느끼게 하지만 공손함을 드러내는 의사소통의 전략이라는 기존의 연구 결과를, 형용사 ‘적당하다’의 분석을 통해 재증명한다. 이를 위해 준구어 말뭉치에서 ‘적당하다’가 공손의 기능을 하는 것으로 판단되는 발화를 분석하였다. 먼저 사전적 의미와 형용사의 의미 정의를 통해 ‘적당하다’가 정도와 만족의 의미자질을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 특징들이 해당 어휘의 모호성을 유발하여 발화 해석의 어려움과 청자의 부담을 증가시키나, 비난강도의 감소, 거절, 낮춤 등 ‘공손’의 화용 기능을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 이 연구를 토대로 화행 교육에 있어 ‘적당하다’를 필수 교육 어휘로 가르쳐야 하며, 공손성을 지닌 어휘들을 단계별 공손을 나타내는 어휘장으로 분류할 필요가 있음을 제안하고, 차후 실행과제로 ‘적당하다’의 교수 모형 개발 및 공손표현 어휘장 개발을 제시하였다. This study reaffirms the existing research results that the use of ambiguous expressions interferes with smooth communication and makes the listener feel burdened, but that it is a communication strategy that reveals politeness through the analysis of the adjective ‘Jeokdanghada.’ For this purpose, the utterances judged to have a function of politeness in the quasi-verbal corpus were analyzed. First, it was found that ‘Jeokdanghada’ has semantic qualities of degree and satisfaction through dictionary meanings and definitions of adjectives. These characteristics cause ambiguity of the corresponding vocabulary and increase the difficulty of interpretation of speech and the burden on the listener, but it was confirmed that it has the pragmatic function of ‘courtesy’ such as reducing the intensity of criticism, rejecting, and lowering. It is suggested that ‘Jeokdanghada’ should be taught as an essential educational vocabulary in dialogue act education, and it is necessary to classify words with politeness into a vocabulary that shows politeness for each stage. Model development and polite expression vocabulary development are left as future research tasks.

국회의원 선거 시기 지역언론에 나타난 정치유력자는 누구인가? : 네트워크 중심성 결정요인 분석

김정연 ( Jeongyeon Kim ) 국민대학교 사회과학연구소 2023 社會科學硏究 Vol.35 No.2

이 연구는 선거 시기 뉴스미디어에 나타난 유력한 정치적 행위자는 누구인지, 유력한 행위자의 네트워크 중심성에 영향을 주는 행위자 속성은 무엇인지 분석했다. 제20대 및 제21대 국회의원 선거 사례를 대상으로, 공식 선거운동 기간 동안 전국 6개 권역 지역언론의 뉴스 총 14,867건을 수집, 네트워크 분석방법 중 연결중심성(Degree Centrality) 척도를 활용했으며, 연결중심성 상위 정치행위자들의 성별, 선수(Seniority), 집권당, 현직자 재직 여부, 지역 기반 출신 변수가 네트워크 중심성에 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 대통령, 당 대표, 다선 의원 등 지역언론에서도 전국적 인지도를 확보한 대중 정치인이 네트워크 상 유력자로 노출됨을 확인했다. 정치행위자 속성과 네트워크 중심성의 인과관계를 살펴본 결과 제20대 및 제21대 국회의원 선거 시기 다선의원일수록 연결중심성이 증가하는 패턴을 보였고, 지역 출신 인사인 경우 연결중심성이 높았다. 제20대 국회의원 선거 시기 집권여당 소속이 아닌 경우 연결중심성이 낮아지는 패턴을 관찰했다. This study investigates which influential political agents appeared in the news media during an election period and what agent attributes affect the network centrality of these influential political agents. From the 20th and 21st National Assembly elections, cases of political agents were extracted who appeared in the local news media during the official election campaign period. In the election process, local news media play the role of a public forum leading local public opinion and are characterized by close adherence to local residents. This study applied the degree centrality scale to measure influential agents on the network appearing in local news media and examined whether the gender, seniority, ruling party affiliation, current post status, and local basis variables of political agents with high degree centrality affect their network centrality. Analysis results showed a pattern of increased degree centrality in national assembly members who had been elected for many terms during the 20th and 21st National Assembly elections. The degree centrality was high for political figures from the region during the 20th and 21st National Assembly election. Also, The degree centrality was low for political agents belonging to the opposition party during the 20th National Assembly election.

응대화행의 발화수반력 세기 조절에 의한 공손 연구

정종수(Jeong Jong su) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2016 인문사회과학연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 응대화행에서 발화수반력의 세기 조절을 통하여 공손을 조정할 수 있음을 보이고자 한다. 응대화행의 하위 화행은 긍정화행, 부정화행, 응대거부화행, 공감화행, 비공감화행, 설명질문응대화행, 수락화행, 거절화행, 허락화행, 불허화행이 있 다. 이들 각각을 살펴보면, 발화수반력을 강화하였을 때 더 공손하고 약화하였을 때 덜 공손한 응대화행은, 긍정화행, 공감화행(감사화행, 칭찬화행, 자책화행, 사과화행에 대한 공감화행 제외), 설명질문응대화행(내용이 화자에게 이익이 되는 것 제외), 수락화행(내용이 화자에게 이익이 되는 것 제외), 허락화행(내용이 청자에게 불이익이 되는 것 제외)이다. 그리고 발화수반력을 강화하였을 때 덜 공손하고 약화하였을 때 더 공손한 응대화행은, 부정화행, 응대거부화행, 비공감화행(자책화행에 대한 비공감화행 제외), 거절화행, 불허화행(선행화행인 약속화행의 내용이 화자 스스로에게 불이익을 주는 것 제외)이다. This study is aimed to reveal the politeness by the control of the illocutionary force's strength degree in response speech-act. The response speech-act consist of affirming speech-act, denying speech-act, rejecting response speech-act, sympathizing speech-act, non-sympathizing speech-act, responding to description question speech-act, accepting speech-act, refusing speech-act, allowing speech-act and disallowing speech-act. Those become more polite if the speaker reinforce their illocutionary force and become less polite if the speaker weaken their illocutionary force.; affirming speech-act, sympathizing speech-act(except for the sympathizing speech-act to deal with gratitude speech-act, compliment speech-act, reproaching oneself speech-act, apology speech-act), responding to description question speech-act(except for the responding to description question speech-act whose contents imply the speaker's advantage), accepting speech-act(except for the accepting speech-act whose contents imply the speaker's advantage), allowing speech-act(except for the allowing speech-act whose contents imply the hearer's disadvantage). Those become more polite if the speaker weaken their illocutionary force and become less polite if the speaker reinforce their illocutionary force.; denying speech-act, rejecting response speech-act, non-sympathizing speech-act (except for the non-sympathizing speech-act to deal with reproaching oneself speech-act), refusing speech-act, non-allowing speech-act(except for the disallowing speech-act that its preceding speech-act, promise speech-act imply the speaker's disadvantage contents.)