GIS와 원격탐사자료를 이용한 산림전용지 추출 및 정확도 평가

이기행 ( Gi Haeng Lee ),이정수 ( Jung Soo Lee ) 한국임학회 2012 한국산림과학회지 Vol.101 No.3

본 연구는 원주시를 대상으로 중해상도 위성영상을 이용하여 산림전용지의 추출 및 정확도 분석을 목적으 로 수행하였다. 2000년부터 2008년까지 산림에서 비산림으로 전용된 면적은 467 ha로 연평균 약 52 ha가 전용되었 으며, 전용형태는 주거지로의 전용이 약 72% 차지하였으며, 전체발생면적의 약 97%가 2 ha 미만이였다. 또한, 산림 전용지는 도로로부터 500 m이내와 산림·비산림 경계로부터 100 m이내 지역에서 약 79%가 발생하였다. 한편, 행 정정보상의 산림전용지(GIS전용지)와 위성영상에 의하여 구축된 지수별(NDVI, NBR, NDWI) 산림전용지(RS전용지)와 비교한 결과, 추출정확도는 3×3 필터링을 적용한 NDVI의 평균(u)-표준편차(σ)×1.5 구간에서 일치율 35.47%, K-지수 0.20로 가장 안정적인 정확도를 나타냈다. 정확도 오차의 원인으로는 산림전용지의 토지이용변화와 토지피복변화의 불일치로서, 행정정보상의 산림전용지의 실제 토지피복변화율은 약 32%에 지나지 않았다. 또한, RS전용지에 의하여 산림경영활동지역의 약 7.52%가 산림전용지로 오류 추출되었다. 토지이용 및 토지피복상 변화된 산림전용지(GIS전 용지2)를 대상으로 지수별 RS전용지와 정확도를 비교한 결과, 3×3 필터링을 적용한 NDVI의 u-σ×2 구간에서 일치 율 61.23%, K-지수 0.23으로 향상되었다. This study purposed to extract and assess the accuracy of assessment for deforestation area in Wonju city using medium resolution satellite image. The total size of deforestation area during the last nine years (2000-2008) was about 467 ha, and it was occurred annually about 52 ha. The most frequent form of deforestation was settlements (72%). Ninety percent of the size of deforestation was less than 2 ha in size. In addition, 79 percent of deforestation area was found within 500 m from the road network and within 100 m of the Forest/Non-forest boundary. This study compared the deforestation based on the administrative information (GIS deforestationI) with the deforestation (RS deforestation) extracted from the satellite imagery by vegetation indices (NDVI, NBR, NDWI). Extraction accuracy, mean-standard deviation×1.5 applied 3 by 3 filtering, showed reliable accuracy 35.47% k-value 0.20. However, error could be occurred because of the difference of land-use change and landcover change. The actual rate of land-cover change deforestation area was 32% on administrative information. The 7.52% of forest management activities area was misjudged as deforestation by RS deforestation. Finally, the comparison of land-cover change deforestation (GIS deforestationII) with the RS deforestation accuracy, as a result NDVI mean-standard deviation×2 applied 3 by 3 filtering, showed improved accuracy 61.23%, k-value 0.23.

Deforestation probable area predicted by logistic regression in Pathro river basin: a tributary of Ajay river

Amiya Gayen,Sunil Saha 대한공간정보학회 2018 Spatial Information Research Vol.26 No.1

Deforestation threatens biodiversity in remaining forest in India. Today majority of populated areas are facing huge anthropogenic deforestation and it is one of the greatest problems in our country. For the sustainable management of forest there is a need of prediction about the probability of deforestation, i.e. which areas are most susceptibility to deforestation. This study reveals a methodology for predicting the areas of deforestation based on cultural and natural landscape. Geographical information system and logistic regression have been used to predict the greatest propensity for the deforestation of Pathro river basin. The logistic regression model has proven that the deforestation is an integrated function of altitude, slope, slope aspect, distance from road, settlement, river and forest edge. The independent variables are strongly correlated with deforestation. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve has been drawn for the validation of deforestation probability map and the area under the curve (AUC) is commuted for verification and measurement of level of accuracy. The AUC for the logistic regression model has shown 76.6% prediction accuracy. The result reveals that the performance logistic regression is good enough in simulation of deforestation process. This model also predicted the areas with high potential for future deforestation.

Monitoring of Deforestation Rate and Trend in Sabah between 1990 and 2008 Using Multitemporal Landsat Data

Osman, Razis,Phua, Mui-How,Ling, Zia Yiing,Kamlun, Kamlisa Uni Institute of Forest Science 2012 Journal of Forest Science Vol.28 No.3

Deforestation is a major and very critical problem faced by many tropical countries including Malaysia. Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia and its deforestation rate has been accelerating. This study was conducted to monitor the deforestation in Sabah in the last two decades with Landsat images of 1990, 2000 and 2008. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was conducted using the Landsat data for monitoring deforestation. In total, between 1990 and 2008, Sabah lost half of its intact forest, or more than 1.85 million ha in less than two decades. Overall, the deforestation rate for all forest types combined for the last two decades was 1.6% per year. Deforestation seemed to be accelerating because the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2000 was 0.9% per year and it had increased to 2.7% per year between 2000 and 2008. The deforestation trend seemed to follow a negative exponential from 1990 to 2008. In contrast, the agricultural areas increased rapidly with a total of increment more than 1 million ha. This confirmed that agriculture especially establishment of commercial plantation was the major factor of deforestation in Sabah for the last two decades.

Monitoring of Deforestation Rate and Trend in Sabah between 1990 and 2008 Using Multitemporal Landsat Data

Razis Osman,Mui-How Phua,Zia Yiing Ling,Kamlisa Uni Kamlun 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2012 Journal of Forest Science Vol.28 No.3

Deforestation is a major and very critical problem faced by many tropical countries including Malaysia. Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia and its deforestation rate has been accelerating. This study was conducted to monitor the deforestation in Sabah in the last two decades with Landsat images of 1990, 2000 and 2008. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was conducted using the Landsat data for monitoring deforestation. In total, between 1990 and 2008, Sabah lost half of its intact forest, or more than 1.85 million ha in less than two decades. Overall, the deforestation rate for all forest types combined for the last two decades was 1.6% per year. Deforestation seemed to be accelerating because the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2000 was 0.9% per year and it had increased to 2.7% per year between 2000 and 2008. The deforestation trend seemed to follow a negative exponential from 1990 to 2008. In contrast, the agricultural areas increased rapidly with a total of increment more than 1 million ha. This confirmed that agriculture especially establishment of commercial plantation was the major factor of deforestation in Sabah for the last two decades.

Decoupling of forest water supply and agricultural water demand attributable to deforestation in North Korea

Lim, Chul-Hee,Song, Cholho,Choi, Yuyoung,Jeon, Seong Woo,Lee, Woo-Kyun Elsevier 2019 Journal of environmental management Vol.248 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study focused on changes in water balance attributable to severe deforestation in North Korea. The forest water supply and agricultural water demand of North Korea were quantified to identify their decoupling over the past three decades. Forest water supply and agricultural water demand before and after deforestation were estimated using the InVEST-WY (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs – Water Yield) and EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) models, respectively. Analysis of land cover change before and after deforestation showed that area under forests decreased by 25%, whereas that under cropland increased by 63%, and that the conversion from forest to cropland was the largest for the study period. As a result, agricultural water demand increased and forest water supply decreased, significantly. Analysis of the net impact of deforestation on water budgets using recent climate and two land covers showed that forest water supply decreased by 43% and agricultural water demand increased by 62%. An assessment of the water balance at the watershed level showed that the Taedong, Ryesong, and Tumen Rivers suffered the largest negative change in terms of the large gross impact of deforestation on water resources. The water balance of the entire North Korea has declined by 51% and this is attributable to deforestation. In contrast, South Korea has experienced success in national-scale afforestation in recent decades, and North Korea can emulate this. The restoration of forests in North Korea promises more than environmental benefits; it will provide a new growth engine for the prosperity of the Korean Peninsula as a whole.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> North Korea’s land cover changes before (1980s) and after (2010s) deforestation showed that forests decreased by 25%, cropland increased by 63%. </LI> <LI> Estimating net impact of deforestation using InVEST and EPIC model, indicated that forest water supply decreased by 43% and agricultural water demand increased by 62%. </LI> <LI> The water balance of entire North Korea which was 32,406 million m<SUP>3</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP> before deforestation, was declined by 51% to 16,015 million m<SUP>3</SUP> yr<SUP>−1</SUP> after deforestation. </LI> <LI> Attributable to deforestation, regions that supply water transformed into high demand areas, accelerating negative changes in the national water balance. </LI> </UL> </P>

Assessing the Extent and Rate of Deforestation in the Mountainous Tropical Forest

Eko Pujiono,Woo Kyun Lee,Doo Ahn Kwak,Jong Yeol Lee 大韓遠隔探査學會 2011 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

Landsat data incorporated with additional bands-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and band ratios were used to assess the extent and rate of deforestation in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve (GMNR), a mountainous tropical forest in Eastern of Indonesia. Hybrid classification was chosen as the classification approach. In this approach, the unsupervised classification-iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) was used to create signature files and training data set. A statistical separability measurement-transformed divergence (TD) was used to identify the combination of bands that showed the highest distinction between the land cover classes in training data set. Supervised classification-maximum likelihood classification (MLC) was performed using selected bands and the training data set. Post-classification smoothing and accuracy assessment were applied to classified image. Post-classification comparison was used to assess the extent of deforestation, of which the rate of deforestation was calculated by the formula suggested by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The results of two periods of deforestation assessment showed that the extent of deforestation during 1989-1999 was 720.72 ha, 0.80% of annual rate of deforestation, and its extent of deforestation during 1999-2009 was 1,059.12 ha, 1.31% of annual rate of deforestation. Such results are important for the GMNR authority to establish strategies, plans and actions for combating deforestation.

Assessing the Extent and Rate of Deforestation in the Mountainous Tropical Forest

Pujiono, Eko,Lee, Woo-Kyun,Kwak, Doo-Ahn,Lee, Jong-Yeol The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2011 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

Landsat data incorporated with additional bands-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and band ratios were used to assess the extent and rate of deforestation in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve (GMNR), a mountainous tropical forest in Eastern of Indonesia. Hybrid classification was chosen as the classification approach. In this approach, the unsupervised classification-iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) was used to create signature files and training data set. A statistical separability measurement-transformed divergence (TD) was used to identify the combination of bands that showed the highest distinction between the land cover classes in training data set. Supervised classification-maximum likelihood classification (MLC) was performed using selected bands and the training data set. Post-classification smoothing and accuracy assessment were applied to classified image. Post-classification comparison was used to assess the extent of deforestation, of which the rate of deforestation was calculated by the formula suggested by Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The results of two periods of deforestation assessment showed that the extent of deforestation during 1989-1999 was 720.72 ha, 0.80% of annual rate of deforestation, and its extent of deforestation during 1999-2009 was 1,059.12 ha, 1.31% of annual rate of deforestation. Such results are important for the GMNR authority to establish strategies, plans and actions for combating deforestation.

Multi-temporal Analysis of Deforestation in Pyeongyang and Hyesan, North Korea

( Sunmin Lee ),( Sung Hwan Park ),( Hyung Sup Jung ) 대한원격탐사학회 2016 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Since forest is an important part of ecological system, the deforestation is one of global substantive issues. It is generally accepted that the climate change is related to the deforestation. The issue is worse in developing countries because the forest is one of important natural resources. In the case of North Korea, the deforestation is on the rise from forest reclamation for firewood collection and food production. Moreover, a secondary effect from flood intensifies the damage. Also, the political situation in North Korea presents difficulty to have in-situ measurements. It means that the accurate information of North Korea is nearly impossible to obtain. Thus, assessing the current situation of the forest in North Korea by indirect method is required. The objective of this study is to monitor the forest status of North Korea using multitemporal Landsat images, from 1980s to 2010s. Since the deforestation in North Korea is caused by local residents, we selected two study areas of high population density: Pyeongyang and Hyesan. In North Korea, most of clean Landsat images are acquired in fall season. The fall images have an advantage that we can easily distinguish agriculture areas from forest areas, also have an disadvantage that the forests cannot be easily identified because some of trees have turned red. To identify the forests exactly, we proposed a modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (mNDVI) value. The deforestation in Pyeongyang and Hyesan was analyzed by using mNDVI. The dimension of forest has decreased approximately 36% in Pyeongyang for 27 years and approximately 25% in Hyesan for 16 years. The results show that the forest areas in Pyeongyang and Hyesan have been steadily reduced.

라틴아메리카에서 삼림 파괴 결정 요인: 부패요인을 중심으로

최욱진 ( Wook Jin Choi ),권기수 ( Kisu Kwon ) 한국포르투갈-브라질학회 2021 포르투갈-브라질 연구 Vol.18 No.2

기후변화가 세계적인 이슈로 부각되면서 기후변화를 촉발하는 주범인 삼림 파괴에 관한 관심도 뜨겁다. 그러나 이러한 높은 관심에도 불구하고 삼림 파괴에 영향을 미치는 제도적 요인에 관한 실증적인 연구는 매우 미흡한 실정이다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 대표적인 생물자원의 보고이며 무분별한 삼림 파괴로 골머리를 앓고 있는 라틴아메리카를 분석대상으로 객관적인 데이터를 사용해 삼림 파괴에 영향을 미치는 제도적 요인을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 특히 라틴아메리카 20개국을 대상으로 부패가 삼림 파괴에 영향을 미치는지를 실증분석을 통해 규명하였다. 실증분석 결과, OLS와 고정효과 모델 모두에서 부패의 통제 수준이 엄격해 질수록, 부패의 인식 수준이 높을수록 삼림 파괴가 감소하는 것으로 입증되었다. 또한 본 연구에서는 경제성장에 따른 소득 증대, 도시화의 확대가 삼림 파괴의 또 다른 중요한 요인이라는 점을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 경제성장과 도시화로 삼림 파괴가 불가피하기는 하지만 부패 축소를 통해 삼림 파괴 속도를 지연시킬 수 있다는 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. As climate change emerges as a global issue, interest in deforestation, the main culprit of climate change, is also hot. However, the empirical studies on the institutional factors affecting the deforestation are very insufficient. Against this background, this study investigated whether corruption, one of the representative institutional factors, affects deforestation in Latin America through empirical analysis. As a result of empirical analysis, it was proved that deforestation decreased with higher level of control of corruption and higher level of perception of corruption in both OLS and fixed-effect models. In addition, in this study, it was confirmed that the increase of income(GDP) and the expansion of urbanization driven by economic growth are other important factors of deforestation. The results of this study provide policy implications that deforestation is inevitable due to economic growth and urbanization, but the rate of deforestation can be suppressed by reducing corruption.

김정은 시대 산림정책의 특징

오삼언,김은희,김경민 동국대학교 북한학연구소 2018 북한학연구 Vol.14 No.2

1990년대 중반부터 제기됐던 북한의 산림 황폐화 문제는 김정은 시대에 이르러서야 국가적 과제로 부각됐다. 북한은 산림녹화를 ‘자연과의 전쟁’으로 규정했으며 산림녹화사업을 ‘산림복구전투’라고 명명했다. 이에 더해 김정은 위원장이 산림복구전투를 직접 지휘한다는 점을 강조하면서 ‘벌거숭이산’을 ‘황금산’, ‘보물산’으로 전변시키기 위해 전 국가적 차원의 대응, 전투를 역설하고 있다. 2018년 7월에도 김정은 위원장은 산림정책을 ‘현 시기 가장 중요하고 선차적인 정책적 과업’으로 강조했다. 이 연구는 김정은 시대를 가늠하는 정책으로 부상한 산림정책이 어떻게 시행되고 있으며 그 특징은 무엇인지 등을 분석했다. 산림복구전투는 김정은 시대가 추구하는 사회주의 강성국가를 위한 세 가지 목표인 정치군사강국, 경제강국, 문명강국 건설 중에 경제강국, 문명강국의 중요 과제로 위상을 자리매김했으며 각각 경제림과 풍치림 조성으로 강조되고 있다. 산림복구전투를 국가 전략목표와 연결지어 의의와 중요성을 극대화하고 국가적 차원에서 대중을 동원하기 위한 의도가 포함돼있다. 산림복구전투는 김정일 시대와는 다른 김정은 시대의 새로운 부강조국 청사진을 그려보게 하는 효과를 만들어낸다. 벌거숭이산이 변화하는 모습은 1990년대 고난의 행군 후과로 꼽히는 ‘벌거숭이산’, ‘흙산’과 자연스럽게 비교되면서 변화에 대한 기대를 만든다. ‘벌거숭이산(고난의 행군/과거)’→‘산림복구(산림복구 전투/현재)’→‘보물산, 황금산(사회주의 강성국가/미래)’의 도식은 벌거숭이산의 변모를 사회주의 강성국가로 들어서는 희망의 연상고리로 작용하게 한다. 이 같은 측면에서 보면 산림복구전투는 사회주의 강성국가라는 국가전략목표와 연결된 핵심 전투고지라고 말할 수 있다. 강성국가건설의 담론으로 활용되는 ‘김정일애국주의’는 특히, 산림 분야와 맥락이 직접적으로 연결된다. ‘김정일애국주의’에 대해 김정은 위원장이 ‘내 조국의 풀 한포기, 나무 한 그루까지도 다 자기 가슴에 품어안고 자기의 더운 피로 뜨겁게 덥혀주는 참다운 애국주의’로 규정했기 때문이다. 따라서 김정일애국주의를 기반으로 ‘산림복구전투=후대를 위한 애국사업’으로 여기고 ‘푸른 숲=애국심을 평가하는 척도’라고 규정하며 ‘한 그루를 나무를 더 심는 사람=진정한 애국자’로 호칭하는 등 산림분야에서 김정일애국주의는 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 북한이 본격적으로 산림복구전투에 나선 것은 2015년이다. 10년 시한을 못박으면서 전국에 산림 관련 사업체계가 세워진 점이 주목된다. 중앙산림복구전투 지휘부의 지도 밑에 도, 시, 군들에서 해당 지역의 산림복구전투를 진행하는 체계가 세워졌으며 중앙, 도, 시 군들에 양묘장들이 조성됐다. 산불감시정보봉사체계와 전국산림자원관리정보체계 등 전국적인 시스템도 구축됐다. 산림복구전투는 사회주의경쟁운동으로 진행되며 보여주기사업, 따라앞서기, 따라배우기, 경험교환운동 등 여러 형태로 진행되고 있다. 김정은 시대 산림정책은 원상 복구가 아니라 개조를 동반한 복구방향을 지향하고 있다는 점도 특색이다. 산림의 경제적 기능만이 아니라 생태환경적 기능을 복구방향으로 강조하거나 임농복합경영을 추진하는 것 등은 산림개조의 맥락에서 중요하게 언급된다. 자강력제일주의와 함께 산림분야의 과 ... North Korea has named greening as ‘War with Nature’ and greening project as ‘War on Deforestation.’ War on Deforestation has been chosen as a key project of economic power and soft power which are two of three National Strategic Objectives of Kim Jong-Un era in which the other one is political and military power. As part of this project, establishment of economic forest, prevention of disasters, and development of scenic area are being highlighted. Connecting War on Deforestation to National Strategic Objectives might have intension to maximize its significance and mobilize the public in country level. War on Deforestation is an effective way for the people to draw a new blueprint on strong and wealthy nation which differs from Kim Jong-Il era. Greening will contradict the image of two eras in a fact that the bare mountains are the major outcome of Arduous March in 1990s, and the people will look forward to change brought by greening. The schema 'Bare mountain (Arduous March/past)'→’Reforestation (War on Deforestation/present)'→'Gold Mountain (Powerful Socialist Country/future)' presents hopeful association between the change of bare mountain and opening of the strong nation. Especially, Kim Jong-Il Patriotism discussed in the discourse of foundation of powerful country is directly connected to the forest sector in the context. In the basis of Kim Jong-Il Patriotism, this context is being applied to the forest sector in various ways, by considering War on deforestation as patriotic activity for the future generation, green forest as measure for patriotism, and person who plants trees as real patriot. In 2015, North Korea started to put an action to War on Deforestation in earnest. It is noticeable that forest-related project systems have been built in nationwide with 10-year deadline. Central Command Group of War on Deforestation organized systems for reforestation project in states, provinces, and cities, and fostered tree nurseries in each area. In addition, several national systems including National Forest Resources Information and Management System and National Forest Fire Monitoring Information Service were developed. Forest rehabilitation in North Korea is for socialist competition campaign, and it is being progressed in various forms such as ‘performance-business’, ‘taking the lead’, ‘learning-along’, and ‘exchange of experience’. The purpose of policies on forestry in Kim Jong-Un Era is not on restoration into its original state, but rather on remodeling. In the context of remodeling, it is important to emphasize not only the economical function of forest but also its eco-environmental function, and implement agroforestry management. In line with self-reliance ideology, there is an attempt to synthesize research on forestry scientific technology with socialist competition campaign to disseminate and popularize the technology. This shows that scientific technology, the keyword of Kim Jong-un era, is being highlighted also in forest sector.