Development of a Monitoring System for Water-borne Bacteria by a Molecular Technique, PCR-RFLP-sequence Analysis

Ji-Young Lee,Eun-Young Jeong,Kyu-sang Lee,Seul Ju,Jong-Bae Kim,Joon-Wun Kang,Hyeyoung Lee 대한의생명과학회 2003 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.9 No.3

Since water borne infection causes acute diseases and results in spread of diseases by secondary infection, the prevention is very important. Therefore, it is necessary to have a method that is rapid and effective to monitor pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. In this study, we employed a systematic method, Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, to develop an effective monitoring system for possible bacterial contaminants in drinking water. For this purpose, PCR primers were derived from 992 bp region of the 16s rRNA gene that is highly conserved through the different species of prokaryotes. To test whether the PCR primers designed are indeed useful for detecting all the possible microbial contaminants in the water, the primers were used to amplify 16s rRNA regions of different microbial water-borne pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria, and Staphylococcus. As expected, all of tested microorganisms amplified expected size of PCR products indicating designed PCR primers for 16s rRNA indeed can be useful to amplify all different microbial water-borne pathogens in the water. Furthermore, to test whether these 16s rRNA based PCR primers can detect bacterial populations present in the water, water samples taken from diverse sources, such as river, tap, and sewage, were used for amplification. PCR products were for then subjected for cloning into a T-vector to generate a library containing 16s rRNA sequences from various bacteria. With cloned PCR products, RFLP analysis was done using PCR products digested with restriction enzyme such as Hae Ⅲ to obtain species-specific RFLP profiles. After PCR-RFLP, the bacterial clones which showed the same RFLP profiles were regarded as the same ones, and the clones which showed distinctive RFLP profiles were subsequently subjected for sequence analysis for species identification. By this PCR-RFLP analysis, we were able to reveal diverse populations of bacteria living in water. In brief, in unsterilized natural river water, over 60 different species of bacteria were found. On the other hand, no PCR products were detected in drinking tap-water. The results from this study clearly indicate that the PCR-RFLP-sequence analysis can be a useful method for monitoring diverse, perhaps pathogenic bacteria contaminated in water in a rapid fashion.

Comparative assessment of surface and ground water quality using geoinformatics

Giridhar, M.V.S.S.,Mohan, Shyama,Kumar, D. Ajay Techno-Press 2020 Advances in environmental research Vol.9 No.3

Water quality demonstrates physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The quality of surface and groundwater is currently an important concern with population growth and industrialization. Over exploitation of water resources due to demand is causing the deterioration of surface water and ground water. Periodic water quality testing must be carried out to protect our water resources. The present research analyses the spatial variation of surface water and groundwater in and around the lakes of Hyderabad. Twenty-Seven lakes and their neighboring bore water samples are obtained for water quality monitoring. Samples are evaluated for specific physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Cl, SO₄, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Total Hardness (TH). The spatial variation of water quality parameters for the 27 lakes and groundwater were analysed. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out to determine comparative study of lake and ground water. The study found that most of the lakes were polluted and this had an impact on surrounding ground water.

물의 경도가 빵의 제조적성에 미치는 영향

문유진,홍예은,전수정,정성현,권미라 한국식품조리과학회 2018 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.34 No.1

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of water hardness on bread making performance for expanding the applicability of Jeju magma seawater. Methods: Seven water samples with different water hardness levels were used to analyze gelatinization and mixing properties of flour using DSC and mixography, respectively. Bread making performance was evaluated based on dough pH and height after fermentation as well as bread crumb color, volume, texture, and moisture content during storage. Results: With increasing water hardness, gelatinization temperature of flour shifted to a higher temperature and band width of mixograms increased. After fermentation, bread dough height decreased as water hardness increased (R=-0.92, p<0.001). Bread volume decreased in the following order: distilled water>tap water>Samdasoo≈10% ED mineral water>50% ED mineral water≈100% ED mineral water> magma sweater. With increasing water hardness, bread firmness increased (R=0.89, p<0.001). During storage at 4°C, bread firmness increased and bread moisture content decreased. Bread crumb color was not affected by changes in water hardness. Conclusion: Despite the high water hardness of magma seawater, 100% ED mineral water and 50% ED mineral water negatively affected bread making performance, 10% ED mineral water with about 400 water hardness can be successfully applied to achieve equivalent bread quality as tap water, Samdasoo, and distilled water. The results suggest that applicability of magma seawater can be expanded through further investigation by increasing yeast usage and fermentation time as well as by utilizing alkaline-resistant yeast for producing mineralenriched bread.

서울 시내 궁궐 수원의 수질과 유동 특성

이재민,우남칠,김연태,이강진,Lee, Jae-Min,Woo, Nam-C.,Kim, Youn-Tae,Lee, Kang-Jin 한국지하수토양환경학회 2011 지하수토양환경 Vol.16 No.2

This study was objected to provide suggestions for best management practices to restore the cultural and historical values of the wells in Palaces as well as their water qualities. Water resources in the five Palaces in Seoul Metropolitan, including Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Jongmyo Shrine, and Deoksugung, were surveyed for their physical flows and chemical compositions from April to July in 2010. Ground waters in most wells were found at depths within 5 m from the ground surface, showing typical water-table aquifer systems. Hydraulic gradients indicate water resources in Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, and Changgyeonggung flowing toward south, and toward east in Deoksugung area. Especially, water-level fluctuation data at S-10 in Deoksugung implied the influence of groundwater discharge facility. In Jongmyo Shrine, water was not detected in wells, indicating the water level was lower than the well depth. Based on the water chemistry and stable isotope analyses, water resources and their qualities appeared to be formed by the water-rock interaction along the groundwater paths. S-10 (Deoksugung) and S-14 (Changgyeonggung) samples were contaminated with nitrate ($NO_3$) in levels of higher than Korean drinking water standard, 10 mg/L as $NO_3$-N, but once in four sampling campaigns. In the situation that water resources in Palaces still maintain natural characteristics, the materials that will be used for the restoration and improvement of the Palace water supplies should be carefully selected not to disturb the natural integrity. In addition, because the wells are located in the center of metropolitan area, a systematic monitoring should be applied to detect and to manage the potential impacts of underground construction and various pollution sources.

비주거용 시설의 물 사용 실태 분석에 관한 연구

김영규,김기성,라덕관 7개 국립대학교 환경연구논문집 공동발행 위원회 2005 공업기술연구 Vol.5 No.-

Questionnaire survey was executed to evaluate the water usage pattern about using type and overall satisfaction of water-conservation equipment or device, water price and etc. in non-residential district of Jeonnam Province. Speciffic results obtained from the survey are as follows. In non-residential district the largest portion of water usage was as follows; washing and shower in lodging accommodation 50%.0%, cooking in restaurant 61.0%, washing and shower in public bath 50.0%, cooking in office/public institution 41.6% and cooking in school 41.6%. On the other hand, the usage of underground water in the same district was 15.3% in oldging accommodation, 61.0% in restaurant, 57.2% in office/public institution and 84.1% in school. In the survey on the consciousness for water conservation, opinion that waste of water is excessive was 83.1% and consciousness on water shortage country was 91.7%. It was assumed that the water shortage will be happen 5 years after. Opinion that water shortage is necessary was 86.0%. Perchentage for aapropriate water shortage portion was 25.0%. It was shown than television is the most effective media for public information. In non-residential district, water-conservation equipment was installed as 50.1% on an average, 53.1% was satisfied the usage of water-conservation equipment. Water usage was reduced by the equipment as 47%. 29.5% agreed to rise the water price as suitable raising rate, 10%. Dual water system was established in lodging accommodation(4.6%), public bath(4.5%) and office/public institution(2.3%), but it was not established in school. Concern in rainwater harvesting was as follows; lodging accommodation 50.0%, restaurant 49.2%, public bath 77.3%, office/public institution 2.3% and school 38.7%. Results from the survey on recognition of indoor water leakage was shown as lodging accommodation 68.2%, restaurant 80.8%, public bath 81.8%, office/public institution 61.4%, and school 70.5%

중원 온천지역의 온천폐수로 인한 수질영향평가:수안보온천 폐수가 유입되는 달천강의 수질 현황

허 억,조일환,전태성,박동기 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.9 No.1

The aim of this research was to know the state of water quality in Dal-Chun river receiving the Suanbo spring waste water. Following results are based on this object. The water quality Dal-Chun river receiving a living and thermal waste water from Suanbo was analyzed. The date were as follows: water temperature (3~25℃; yearly mean 14℃), pH(7.3~8.4; yearly mean pH7.9), dissolved oxygen (DO; 8.1~11.4 ㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 9.4 ㎎/ℓ), biochemical oxygen demand(BOD; 0.8~2.8㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 1.4 ㎎/ℓ), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 2.4~4.3 ㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 3.1 ㎎/ℓ), suspended solid (SS; 2.0~11.0 ㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 5.5㎎/ℓ). total phosphorus (T-P; 0.029~0.118㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 0.067 ㎎/ℓ), total nitrogen (T-N; 1.152~5.760 ㎎/ℓ; yearly mean 3.657 ㎎/ℓ), heavy metals (trace or non detectable), and colon bacillus(2-30,000MPN/100㎖; yearly mean 3,000MPN/100㎖). These data indicate that water quality of Dal-Chun river receiving a waste water from the Suanbo looks presently no problems for the supply water. But total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the upstream of Dal-Chun river were very high. Also for dry season, colon bacillus were existed too much(30,000MPN/100㎖). These abnormal levels of the latter is asking that other studies will be carried out soon. Fortunately, a waste water disposal levels in Sangmo should be built by 1998. Then water quality level of the Dal-Chun river will improved much better than now.

일반 논문 : 물과 인권, 그리고 민주주의

이충한 ( Chung Han Lee ) 한국환경철학회 2015 환경철학 Vol.0 No.19

본 고는 물의 민영화가 초래한 물의 공공성 침식에 관한 문제를 다룬다. 물은 모든 생명의 근원이다. 물을 마신다는 것은 단순히 갈증이라는 신체적 상태를 해소하는 차원에 그치는 행위가 아니다. 숨을 쉬는 것과 마찬가지로 물을 마시는 것 역시 ‘살아 있음’ 과 ‘살아 감’을 뒷받침하는 필연적인 인간행위다. 때문에 물은 사적으로 소유할 수 있는 경제적 자원이기 이전에 시민 모두가 행복한 삶을 영위하기 위해 필수적으로 요구되는 필수재이자 공공재라고 할 수 있다. 최근 한국사회는 물 산업 육성화 전략을 바탕으로 물을 경제적 이윤 창출을 위한 도구나 인간에 의해 소비되는 단순 상품으로 접근하는 태도를 적극 수용하면서 물 민영화를 본격적으로 추진하고 있다. 물 민영화는 자본을 통해 물을 소유하고 공급하는 주체의 사적권력이 시장논리에 근거하여 물이라는 공공재의 평등한 분배에 개입한다는 것을 의미한다. 이것은 우리가 정치적 권리 이전에 생존권을 존중받지 못할 수 있다는 가능성을 열어 놓는다. 공공성의 침식은 시민에게 공정하고 평등하게 분배되어야할 사회·경제적 재화나 서비스가 시민 모두를 위한 것에서 그 일부나 소수의 계층들만의 이해관계나 이익을 위해 봉사하기 시작할 때 일어난다. 이것은 공공성을 지닌 재화나 가치가 항상 평등과 정의의 문제를 수반한다는 것을 의미한다. 게다가 그러한 공공성의 침식이 단순히 분배나 정의의 문제에 그치지 않고 국가권력의 주체로서 시민이 지닌 정치적 역량을 훼손하는 결과를 가져온다고 볼 때, 그것은 보다 큰 틀에서 민주주의의 문제로 파악된다고 할 수 있다. 때문에 물 민영화가 지닌 한계와 위험을 드러내고 물의 공공성을 철학적으로 규명하는 작업은 사회적 운동과 실천의 지평을 확장한다는 의미에서 요청될 수 있을 것이다.. 결론에서 필자는 물은 경제적 자원이기 이전에 모든 생명의 근원이라는 관점에서 파악되어야 하며 물 민영화는 그런 관점을 위반하는 곳에서 시작하는 반인권적이고 비민주적인 시도라고 주장할 것이다. This paper will deal with water privatization and its dangers. Water is the essence of life. Drinking water and sanitation are necessary to sustain life, and fundamental to human dignity. These mean that water is not only economic goods but also the life and human rights. Yet, people who insist economic theories of rationality want to ignore views which identify water as the essence of life. They think that water privatization is key to solve the problem of poverty and stable supply of water. But water privatization means that water companies can have the ownership of water. This might lead us to the situation that we can not control the supply of water. This means that we can not drink or use water when we cannot buy water from water companies anymore. This is to violate the superiority of human rights to economic rationality. Furthermore, this kind of violation of human rights might impoverish political liberty and civic ability to participate public realm. So we need to examine water privatization through liberal equality and democratic justice.

수자원의 합리적인 배분

박종찬(Park Jong Chan) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2007 江原法學 Vol.24 No.-

Water is an inevitable factor for human life. For all that, human being has a tendency to ignore its importance like air. In these day, by reason that insufficiency of water is rampant in the world due to the development of industry and increase of population, every country strives to find a solution to use water getting short as efficient as possible. This article is an attempt to make an approach to the reasonable Distribution of Water Resources in Korea by paying special attention to the water Rights in Korean Civil Cope. Traditionally, water for legal purposes has been classified into ① water in water- courses, ② underground water, and ③ diffused surface water. This article reviews the characteristics of water rights and analyzes the specific types of water rights law pursuant to the status of water in the hydrologic cycle. According to the theories related in the United States, there were two conventional doctrines, one was Riparian Rule and the other was Prior Appropriation, which were to control the matter of water right possession. This article would introduce and analyze the theories of water right in the Korea, America, Germany, Japan, Mexico and Israel and then assist in distributing a base for the system to use the water resources more efficiently.

Occurrence and exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) through the consumption of drinking water in Korea

Lee, S.,Jeong, W.,Kannan, K.,Moon, H.B. Pergamon Press 2016 Water research Vol.103 No.-

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in commercial products. Limited data are available on the occurrence and exposure of OPFRs via drinking water consumption. In this study, 127 drinking water samples were collected from tap water, purified water (tap water that is passed through in-house filters) and bottled water from major cities in Korea in 2014. The total concentrations of OPFRs (ΣOPFR) in all of the samples ranged from below the method detection limit (MDL) to 1660 (median: 48.7) ng/L. The predominant OPFR compounds in drinking water were tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP). Significant differences were observed in the levels of TCPP, TBEP and ΣOPFR among various types of drinking water. TCPP is introduced in the drinking water during the water purification process. Regional differences existed in the levels and patterns of OPFRs in water samples, which indicated the existence of diverse sources of these contaminants. Purified water was a significant contributor to the total OPFR intake by humans. The estimated daily intake of OPFRs was lower than the tentative oral reference dose (RfD) values. In comparison with exposure of OPFRs via dust ingestion, water consumption was a significant source of chlorinated PFRs (99% for TCEP and 34% for TCPP to the total intakes) for Koreans.

주거단지 내 수공간에 대한 주민 만족도와 선호도 조사 연구 -광주광역시 5개 아파트 단지를 대상으로-

박원규 ( Won Kyu Park ),이치헌 ( Chi Hun Lee ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2010 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.13 No.6

This study focused on the analysis of satisfaction and preference of residents` for water space as a environmental friendly facility in residential complex. The purpose of this study is to serve design data of water space in residential complex, in order to make water space that residents` satisfaction are high. In this study, residents` satisfaction and preferences of water space in 5 residential complex were analyze through a questionnaire survey of residents. The major findings of the study are as follows. First, in terns of the need of the water space, 60.4% of the respondents answered that water space are need to improve the amenity. Secondly, in terms of satisfaction, 57.3% of the respondents have been satisfied with location of water space in the residential complex, and the maintenance satisfaction degree is above average level. Overall satisfaction degree is above average level too, but it is are not high as compared construction cost. Thirdly, in terms of preference, 26.5% of respondents have been prefer to the combined type of water space, and 25.9% of respondents prefer to dropping water type, and 25.9% of respondents prefer to flowing stream type. It appeared that the preference levels of 3 type is high similarly, so we can assume that residents prefer to moving water type because of having a feeling refreshed through the sound of water. The results of this study can be used as the design data of water space in residentialcomplex and expected to contributed in making the water space that residents` satisfaction are high.