A virtual experimental approach to evaluate transverse damage behavior of a unidirectional composite considering noncircular fiber cross-sections

Jeong, Gyu,Lim, Jae Hyuk,Choi, Chunghyeon,Kim, Sun-Won Elsevier 2019 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES -BARKING THEN OXFORD- Vol.228 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigated the transverse damage behavior of a unidirectional composite containing a complex microstructure having noncircular fiber cross-sections. For this purpose, a finite-element (FE) model based real microscopic images of the M55J/M18 composite was generated with the signed distance function (SDF) by the level-set method and the trimming mesh technique. In addition, the interphase zone was constructed along the interface between the fiber and the matrix. Subsequently, a virtual experiment simulating a three-point bending test was conducted with the generated FE model. Crack propagation analysis was carried out with the cohesive zone model (CZM) by applying transverse tension under plane strain condition. The crack length and propagation directions were compared to those of the three-point bending test. To make a nice correlation between the virtual experiment and actual experiment, the effects of the fiber shape, thermal residual stress, and various fracture toughnesses were investigated on the length and propagation direction of the cracks. It was found that, the fiber shape is vital to the inter-fiber distance and fiber volume fraction (<I>V</I> <SUB>f</SUB>), which strengthen or weaken the stress concentration, thus making the propagation direction of the cracks warped and the length of cracks varied.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A complex microstructure is modelled by the trimming mesh and the level set method. </LI> <LI> The proposed scheme can handle convex and concave shape of fibers accurately. </LI> <LI> A virtual three-point bending simulation propagates cracks in a complex microstructure. </LI> <LI> The crack propagation simulation show excellent agreement with the test results according to the applied displacement. </LI> <LI> The effect of the fiber shape on the length and propagation angle of cracks is investigated. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

디지털 이미지 처리와 강형식 기반의 무요소법을 융합한 시험법의 모서리 점과 이미지 해상도의 영향 분석

박준원,정연석,윤영철 한국전산구조공학회 2024 한국전산구조공학회논문집 Vol.37 No.1

본 논문에서는 역학적 변수들을 측정하는 방안으로 디지털 이미지 프로세싱과 강형식 기반의 MLS 차분법을 융합한 DIP-MLS 시험법을 소개하고 추적점의 위치와 이미지 해상도에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. 이 방법은 디지털 이미지 프로세싱을 통해 시료에 부착된 표적의 변위 값을 측정하고 이를 절점만 사용하는 MLS 차분법 모델의 절점 변위로 분배하여 대상 물체의 응력, 변형률과 같은 역학적 변수를 계산한다. 디지털 이미지 프로세싱을 통해서 표적의 무게중심 점의 변위를 측정하기 위한 효과적인 방안을 제시하였다. 이미지 기반의 표적 변위를 이용한 MLS 차분법의 역학적 변수의 계산은 정확한 시험체의 변위 이력을 취득하고 정형성이 부족한 추적 점들의 변위를 이용해 mesh나 grid의 제약 없이 임의의 위치에서 역학적 변수를 쉽게 계산할 수 있다. 개발된 시험법은 고무 보의 3점 휨 실험을 대상으로 센서의 계측 결과와 DIP-MLS 시험법의 결과를 비교하고, 추가적으로 MLS 차분법만으로 시뮬레이션한 수치해석 결과와도 비교하여 검증하였다. 이를 통해 개발된 기법이 대변형 이전까지의 단계에서 실제 시험을 정확히 모사하고 수치해석 결과와도 잘 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 모서리 점을 추가한 46개의 추적점을 DIP-MLS 시험법에 적용하고 표적의 내부 점만을 이용한 경우와 비교하여 경계 점의 영향을 분석하였고 이 시험법을 위한 최적의 이미지 해상도를 제시하였다. 이를 통해 직접 실험이나 기존의 요소망 기반 시뮬레이션의 부족한 점을 효율적으로 보완하는 한편, 실험-시뮬레이션 과정의 디지털화가 상당한 수준까지 가능하다는 것을 보여주었다. In this paper, we presen t a DIP-MLS testing method that combines digital image processing with a rigid body-based MLS differencing approach to measure mechanical variables and analyze the impact of target location and image resolution. This method assesses the displacement of the target attached to the sample through digital image processing and allocates this displacement to the node displacement of the MLS differencing method, which solely employs nodes to calculate mechanical variables such as stress and strain of the studied object. We propose an effective method to measure the displacement of the target's center of gravity using digital image processing. The calculation of mechanical variables through the MLS differencing method, incorporating image-based target displacement, facilitates easy computation of mechanical variables at arbitrary positions without constraints from meshes or grids. This is achieved by acquiring the accurate displacement history of the test specimen and utilizing the displacement of tracking points with low rigidity. The developed testing method was validated by comparing the measurement results of the sensor with those of the DIP-MLS testing method in a three-point bending test of a rubber beam. Additionally, numerical analysis results simulated only by the MLS differencing method were compared , confirming that the developed method accurately reproduces the actual test and shows good agreement with numerical analysis results before significant deformation. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of boundary points by applying 46 tracking points, including corner points, to the DIP-MLS testing method. This was compared with using only the internal points of the target, determining the optimal image resolution for this testing method. Through this, we demonstrated that the developed method efficiently addresses the limitations of direct experiments or existing mesh-based simulations. It also suggests that digitalization of the experimental-simulation process is achievable to a considerable extent.

Generalized fracture toughness for specimens with re-entrant corners: Experiments vs. theoretical predictions

Alberto Carpinteri,Pietro Cornetti,Nicola Pugno,David Taylor,Alberto Sapora 국제구조공학회 2009 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.32 No.5

In this paper the results of a series of experimental tests upon three-point bending specimens made of polystyrene and containing re-entrant corners are firstly described. Tests involved different notch angles, different notch depths and finally different sizes of the samples. All the specimens broke at the defect, as expected because of the material brittleness and, hence, the generalized stress intensity factor was expected to be the governing failure parameter. Recorded failure loads are then compared with the predictions provided by a fracture criterion recently introduced in the framework of Finite Fracture Mechanics: fracture is assumed to propagate by finite steps, whose length is determined by the contemporaneous fulfilment of energy balance and stress requirements. This fracture criterion allows us to achieve the expression of the generalized fracture toughness as a function of the tensile strength, the fracture toughness and the notch opening angle. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data turns out to be more than satisfactory.

Generalized fracture toughness for specimens with re-entrant corners: Experiments vs. theoretical predictions

Carpinteri, Alberto,Cornetti, Pietro,Pugno, Nicola,Sapora, Alberto,Taylor, David Techno-Press 2009 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.32 No.5

In this paper the results of a series of experimental tests upon three-point bending specimens made of polystyrene and containing re-entrant corners are firstly described. Tests involved different notch angles, different notch depths and finally different sizes of the samples. All the specimens broke at the defect, as expected because of the material brittleness and, hence, the generalized stress intensity factor was expected to be the governing failure parameter. Recorded failure loads are then compared with the predictions provided by a fracture criterion recently introduced in the framework of Finite Fracture Mechanics: fracture is assumed to propagate by finite steps, whose length is determined by the contemporaneous fulfilment of energy balance and stress requirements. This fracture criterion allows us to achieve the expression of the generalized fracture toughness as a function of the tensile strength, the fracture toughness and the notch opening angle. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data turns out to be more than satisfactory.

High Temperature Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites under the Different Loading Conditions

( Hu Weiguang ),( Soo-jeong Park ),( Yun-hae Kim ) 한국복합재료학회 2017 Composites research Vol.30 No.3

The mechanical properties of composites are significantly affected by external environment. It is essential to understand the degradation of material performance and judge the material`s lifetime in advance. In the current research, changes in mechanical properties of glass fiber and unsaturated polyester composite materials (GFRP, Glass fiber reinforced plastic) were investigated under different bending stress and submerged in hot water at a temperature of 80°C. Loading time of 100 H (hours), 200 H, 400 H, 600 H, 800 H for testing under stresses equal to 0% (stressfree state), 30%, 50% and 70% of the ultimate strength was applied on the GFRP specimens. From the values of bending stress, obtained from three-point bending test, fracture energy, failure time, and life curve were analysed. Moreover, a normalized strength degradation model for this condition was also developed. It was observed that within 100 H, the decline rate of the bending strength was proportional to the pressure.

Comparative Study on Mechanical Properties of CR340/CFRP Composites through Three Point Bending Test by Using Theoretical and Experimental Methods

이민식,강충길,서형윤 한국정밀공학회 2016 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.3 No.4

In this study, Cold Rolled 340 (CR340)/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composites were fabricated, and experiments and simulation were performed to compare their flexural properties from three-point bending tests. The mechanical properties of CR340 and CFRP were input by dividing the material regime into elastic, plastic, and fracture regions in order to improve the simulation reliability. A forming limit diagram was determined through a stretch test for the CR340 steel plate and used as data input in the simulation. For CFRP, simulation was carried out using the Hashin damage theory and damage evolution obtained from references. Results showed that the maximum bending stress, fracture displacement, and gradient in the experiments closely matched those obtained from the simulation.

Non-destructive assessment of the three-point-bending strength of mortar beams using radial basis function neural networks

Alex Alexandridis,Ilias Stavrakas,Charalampos Stergiopoulos,George Hloupis,Konstantinos Ninos,Dimos Triantis 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2015 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.16 No.6

This paper presents a new method for assessing the three-point-bending (3PB) strength of mortar beams in a non-destructive manner, based on neural network (NN) models. The models are based on the radial basis function (RBF) architecture and the fuzzy means algorithm is employed for training, in order to boost the prediction accuracy. Data for training the models were collected based on a series of experiments, where the cement mortar beams were subjected to various bending mechanical loads and the resulting pressure stimulated currents (PSCs) were recorded. The input variables to the NN models were then calculated by describing the PSC relaxation process through a generalization of Boltzmannn-Gibbs statistical physics, known as non-extensive statistical physics (NESP). The NN predictions were evaluated using k-fold cross-validation and new data that were kept independent from training; it can be seen that the proposed method can successfully form the basis of a non-destructive tool for assessing the bending strength. A comparison with a different NN architecture confirms the superiority of the proposed approach.

실험적 규명을 통한 적층각도가 적용된 CFRP 삼점 굽힘 시험편의 파괴거동평가

황규완,조재웅 한국기계기술학회 2016 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.18 No.5

In order to provide the basis data for broad use and safe design of carbon fiber reinforced plastic, this paper aims at investigating the fracture behavior on CFRP specimen composed of one directional fiber through three point bending test. On the basis of experimental result, the improvement of composite layer specimen can be secured with the other data to compare the existing specimen. The fracture behavior happened at the experimental procedure is investigated in this study. The maximum loads of 1200 N, 1700N and 1600N are shown respectively at the specimens with the layer angles of 30°, 45° and 60°. The highest load is shown at the layer angle of 60° among all specimens and the longest displacement is maintained until each of the layer structure is broken down. The fracture due to the force applied from the outside can be prevented by applying the result of this study to the real structure. As structural safety can be evaluated and anticipated through this study, it is thought that the safe design is devoted.

Glazing 횟수가 전장지르코니아에 미치는 굴곡강도와 표면 미세구조의 변화

오선미,Oh, Seon Mi 대한치과기공학회 2021 대한치과기공학회지 Vol.43 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the flexural strength and surface microstructure of the zirconia crown according to the number of glazing zirconia prostheses. Methods: The specimens were made as follows. A specimen without glazing: 1ea, first glazed specimens (group B): 10ea, second glazed specimens (group C): 10ea, third glazed specimens (group D): 10ea. Three-point measuring strength equipment and electron microscopes were used for strength measurement and microstructure observation. As for statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and t-test (level of significance level=5%) were used to determine the difference in the change in flexural strength according to the number of glazing zirconia prostheses. Results: ANOVA analysis of groups B (1st glazing), C (2nd glazing), and D (3rd glazing) revealed that the change in strength between the groups is statistically significant (p=0.023). The Mann-Whitney test for each group revealed that the difference in flexural strength between groups B and C was not statistically significant (z=-0.302, p=0.762) while that between groups C and D was statistically significant (z=-0.257, p=0.01). Microstructure observation revealed 3 changes in the microstructure of the surface of the glaze powder were observed. Conclusion: According to the number of glazing zirconia prostheses, it was found that the difference in strength between groups was statistically significant, and changes in the microstructure were observed.

적층한 콘크리트 복합구조체의 파괴역학적 거동

김상철,김연태,Kim, Sang-Chul,Kim, Yeon-Tae 한국콘크리트학회 1999 콘크리트학회지 Vol.11 No.1

본 연구는 시멘트를 기초로 하는 준 취성재료를 2개 결합시킨 복합구조체의 파괴거동을 시뮬레이션 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 작용하중방향에 직각으로 콘크리트와 시멘트를 적층하여 시편을 제작하였고, 비선형파괴해석에서 사용되는 각 구성재료별 파괴계수들을 구하기 위해 콘크리트와 시멘트 각각에 대해 3점휨시험 및 간접인장강도시험을 실시하였다. 시험을 통해 산정한 계수들을 도출한 이론식에 적용하여 복합체로 제작한 시편의 실험 결과치와 비교한 결과, 가상균열이론에 입각한 이론치와 실험결과치는 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 파괴에너지와 강도의 향상은 복합체를 구성하는 구성재료의 적층순서에 크게 의존하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 구조물의 목적에 맞게 복합체를 적절히 배열하므로써 구조물의 취성과 연성을 상승시킬 수 있음을 본 연구를 통해 알 수 있었다. The objective of this study is to simulate the fracture behavior of composite structure bonded with more than 2 different cementitious materials. For this, concrete and cement were stacked and bonded in a direction perpendicular to loading and specimens were tested. Each constituent material of concrete and cement was fabricated independently also, and three point bending and indirect tensile tests were carried out for the acquisition of measured values applicable to the proposed model. As a result of comparing theoretical results and experimental ones, it was found that the proposed model derived from fictitious crack theory can be used to predict the fracture behavior of composite structures on the vases of well agreement with experimental results. It was also noted that the degree of improvement of fracture energies and strengths is greatly dependent on the stacking sequence of layers composing of a composite structure. Thus, it can be concluded that brittleness or ductility of a composite structure can be accomplished by a proper arrangement of layers on one's purpose throughout the proposed analysis.