동영상의 화면크기와 아바타의 제스처 유형이 학습자의 실재감 지각에 미치는 영향

류지헌,양은별 한국교육방법학회 2019 교육방법연구 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of screen size and avatar's gesture in the instructional video on the virtual presence. A large-screen and a small-screen condition were implemented as one of the independent variables. The screen was large as much as it can display an avatar as a human-like size for the large-screen condition. However, the small-screen condition was approximately 18% of the large-screen. The avatar had three types of gestures: deictic, conversational, and no-gesture. Seventy-two college students participated in the study, with 38 females (52.8%) and 34 males (47.2%). All of the participants were randomly assigned to the study groups. The dependent variable was a virtual presence with two sub-categories: situational and realistic presences. The experimental design of this study was a two-way factorial analysis with multiple dependent variables. The experiment revealed that there were no main-effects by the screen-size and avatar's gesture. However, significant interaction effects were found in two dependent variables. The situational presence showed the highest scores on the large-screen condition while it revealed the lowest score on the small-screen condition. For the realistic, presence, the large-screen size did not have an impact. Instead, the small screen increased the realistic presence combined with the no-gesture condition. The result supported that the avatar's gesture may distract the user's attention on the avatar. 이 연구는 학습용 동영상의 화면크기와 아바타의 제스처 유형이 가상실재감에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위한 것이다. 선행연구에 따르면 화면크기가 커지면 동영상에 나타나는 아바타에 대한 실재감이 높아질 것으로 기대된다. 이 연구의 목적은 화면크기를 키울 경우에 아바타가 어떤 유형의 제스처를 사용하는 것이 더 효과적이고 학습자와의 상호작용을 높일 수 있는가를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 실험참가자는 대학생 72명이었으며, 남성 34명(47.2%)과 여성 38명(52.8%)이었다. 실험참가자는 화면크기(작은 화면 vs. 큰 화면)와 제스처 유형(지시적 제스처 vs. 대화적 제스처 vs. 제스처 없음)의 처치조건별로 12명씩 무선배치되었다. 이들은 기상과 기후에 대한 동영상을 학습하고, 실험이 종료된 이후에 학습동영상에 대한 감각적 실재감과 상황적 실재감 설문에 응답했다. 연구결과에 따르면, 상황적 실재감과 감각적 실재감에서 모두 화면크기와 아바타의 제스처 유형에 따른 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 우선 큰 화면에서 아바타가 대화적 제스처를 사용할 때 작은 화면에 비해 상황적 실재감이 높게 지각되었다. 그렇지만 큰 화면에서는 제스처 유형에 따른 감각적 실재감의 차이는 없었다. 한편, 작은 화면인 경우에는 제스처가 없을 때 감각적 실재감이 가장 높게 지각된 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해서 상황적 실재감과 감각적 실재감이 서로 다르게 지각되고 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다. 큰 화면에서는 대화적 제스처를 사용하는 것이 상황적 실재감 지각을 높이는데 효과적이었다. 반면에 작은 화면에서는 아바타가 제스처를 사용하지 않았을 때 감각적 실재감이 높아졌다.

실시간성을 고려한 차량 움직임 상호의존성 활용 딥러닝 기반 차량 경로 예측 연구

오기성(Geesung Oh),김희중(Heejung Kim),임세준(Sejoon Lim) 한국통신학회 2020 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.8

Influence of small size pyramid texturing on contact shading loss and performance analysis of Ag-screen printed mono crystalline silicon solar cells

Ju, Minkyu,Mallem, Kumar,Dutta, Subhajit,Balaji, Nagarajan,Oh, Donghyun,Cho, Eun-Chel,Cho, Young Hyun,Kim, Youngkuk,Yi, Junsin Elsevier 2018 Materials science in semiconductor processing Vol.85 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Front side textured random pyramids are widely utilized in major industries for the performance enhancement of crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Random pyramids not only reduce the surface reflectance but also improve the light trapping effect. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the pyramid height affecting the cell performance, further improving cell efficiency. In this work, we present an experimental study to investigate the influence of pyramids size on the contact shading loss mechanism of silver (Ag) screen-printed p-type c-Si solar cells. Three alkaline texture solutions with sodium silicate additives were optimized to develop the small pyramid (0.5–2.0 µm) size, middle pyramid (5.0–9.0 µm) size and large pyramid (10–15 µm) size on the c-Si surface, respectively. It was noticed that screen-printed finger width strongly depends on pyramid size. Even though, same mesh patterns and screen printing conditions resulted in 20 µm widening of metal finger width on the large pyramids as compared to the small pyramids. This was attributed to the increase in the size of cell surface pyramids that not only varied the gap between the screen mesh and cell surface while screen-printing but also hindered the contraction of metal electrodes during the firing process. The c-Si solar cells with large pyramids suffered from an extra shading loss during fabrication, thus, led to the reduction of the short circuit current density (~0.7 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>) resulting in lower efficiency (~17.72%) as compared to efficiency (~18.60%) of small pyramid based cells.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Random textured pyramid size effect on the Ag-printed Si solar cells is investigated. </LI> <LI> Anisotropic etching and pyramid size was controlled with NaOH-IPA additive of Na<SUB>2</SUB>SiO<SUB>3</SUB>. </LI> <LI> Improved performance of small pyramid archived of ~0.7 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> higher than large pyramid. </LI> <LI> Textured pyramid height and figure contact roughness was confirmed by SEM images. </LI> <LI> Contact widening and shading loss analysis of small to large pyramid cells are studied. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

터치가 소유를 이끈다: 디스플레이 화면크기와 입력방식이 온라인 쇼핑 행동에 미치는 영향

김지호 ( Gho Kim ),신지연 ( Jiyeon Shin ) 한국소비자학회 2016 소비자학연구 Vol.27 No.1

정보의 제공과 구매의 편리함을 동시에 갖춘 온라인 쇼핑은 태블릿 PC 및 스마트폰과 같은 여러 형태의 스마트 기기들이 등장하면서 사용 형태가 다양화되고 있다. 이를테면 데스크탑 PC에서 쇼핑을 하는 소비자는 큰 모니터와 마우스를 이용해 쇼핑을 하고, 작은 화면의 스마트폰을 손가락으로 터치하며 쇼핑을 즐기기도 한다. 여기서 화면크기와 입력방식은 쇼핑을 하고 있는 소비자에게 직접적으로 인식되는 요소는 아니지만, 기존 연구에 따르면 소비자의 지각 및 정서적 반응에 영향을 줄 수 있는 환경적 요소로 분류될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 선행 연구를 바탕으로 하여 화면크기와 입력방식이 소비 행동 및 제품 반응에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 따라서 실제 온라인 쇼핑에 사용되는 컴퓨터 모니터, 태블릿 PC, 스마트폰을 대상으로 하여 연구를 진행하였으며, 참가자를 마우스를 사용하는 집단과 터치 입력방식을 사용하는 두 집단으로 나누어 입력방식에 따른 차이를 살펴볼 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 제품 유형을 촉각이 중요한 촉각적 경험재와 비교적 촉각의 중요성이 적은 탐색재로 나누어 그 효과를 세밀하게 알아보았다. 연구 결과 화면크기는 제품에 대한 생생함을 더 높여주며, 입력방식은 실질적인 구매 행동에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 효과는 제품 유형에 따라 달라질 수 있는데, 촉각적 경험재에서 터치 입력방식의 효과가 더 두드러지게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 대상을 만지는 행위는 대상에 대한 지각된 가치를 높여준다는 보유효과 이론이 터치 입력방식에서도 적용될 수 있음을 시사하며, 촉감과 같은 속성이 중요한 제품일수록 시·촉각적 효과가 더 크게 작용한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 기기의 특성에 따라 소비자의 반응이 달라질 수 있으며, 따라서 온라인 쇼핑 사이트나 앱의 제작 및 판촉이 제품 유형 및 기기의 유형에 따라 다르게 나타나야 한다는 시사점을 함의한다. Nowadays online shopping is a major way for product purchase beyond offline shopping. With the rapid growth in technology, consumers are granted with many options on how they can shop from home. With the advent of tablets and smartphones, consumers in today`s world now can shop on such devices by swiping and touching. In other words environmental factors of online shopping have varied since the advent of smart devices ― display size and input type. For instance, Consumers use not only a desktop pc with a large display size using mouse input, but also a smart phone with a small size using touch input. Although screen sizes and input types are not the elements of product that comsumer can easily notice, Previous studies found that Both factors affect their perception and affective response. Therefore, this study examined the direct impacts of screen size and input type on consumption behavior and response according to products. So the current experiment adopted a 3(screen size: PC monitor(23.6") vs. tablet computer(11.6") vs. smartphone(5.5")) × 2(input type: mouse vs. touch) × 2(product type: haptic experience goods vs. search goods) mixed factorial designs. Screen size and product type are within-subjects factor, and input type is a between-subjects factor. The result of experiment shows that When shopping online, participants preferred touching and inputting using a large and small size devices. However, on bigger sized screen devices, participants felt uncomfortable. In consumer responses according to products, large screen size enhance vividness of a product image and touch input devices have a positive effect in purchase behavior. It shows that endowment effect―physical contact influences valuations positively― is also applicable in touch display. Besides, these effects are apparent when participants see tactile experience goods. These results suggest that marketers have to consider device`s attributes and product type when they select a way to promote, designs of online shopping sites, and applications.

Effects of screen size, viewing angle, and players’ immersion tendencies on game experience

Hou, Jinghui,Nam, Yujung,Peng, Wei,Lee, Kwan Min Elsevier 2012 Computers in Human Behavior Vol.28 No.2

<P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► We examine the effect of screen size and users’ immersion tendencies. ► Large screen size leads to higher level of presence and better gaming experiences. ► Users’ immersion tendencies have a moderating effect on presence experiences.</P> <P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>This study investigated the effects of viewing angle manipulated through screen size and the moderating role of players’ immersion tendencies on presence experience in the context of computer game playing. Thirty participants played a third-person computer game, <I>Tomb Raider 2</I>, in two screen size conditions: a 12.7-in. and an 81-in. display. ANCOVA analyses showed that playing in front of a large screen led to a more favorable impression on the game character, a more positive mood change, and significantly higher feelings of both physical and self-presence, confirming previous research. Our findings also revealed that individuals’ intrinsic immersion tendencies have a positive moderating effect on the sensation of physical and self-presence, above and beyond the influence of screen size. The results suggest that feeling of presence as well as overall game experience is determined by the interaction between technological factors and human influence.</P>

Preparation and characterization of high drug-loaded microgranules: Particle sizing and mechanical properties

Cho, Cheol-Hee,Hwang, Kyu-Mok,Hwang, Kyu-Min,Seok, Su Hyun,Kim, Su-Hyeon,Seo, Jeong-Woong,Park, Eun-Seok Elsevier 2018 Powder technology Vol.326 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study focuses on understanding the physicochemical principles for the preparation of high drug-loaded microgranules with a desired size distribution and mechanical properties. Mesalamine was selected as a model drug, and microgranulation was performed using an extruder and a conical screen mill. Throughout the processes, factors including the binder to powder ratio, the shape of the impeller, and type and hole size of the screen significantly affected the size distribution of the microgranules. In particular, the number of milling stages made a noticeable difference, as the addition of a pre-milling stage could increase the yield of microgranules within the target interval by facilitating the particle escape from the screen. Moreover, the effect of three commonly used excipients, microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, and lactose monohydrate, were investigated with the expectation of enhancing the mechanical properties of microgranules. Unexpectedly, however, the addition of excipients resulted in a rather negative effect on the friability of microgranules owing to the inhomogeneous distribution of the binder polymer. An attrition test was determined to be a suitable method for evaluating the mechanical properties of microgranules due to its dynamic test condition. In contrast, tests performed using a texture analyzer were static, which in turn distorted the strength of microgranules. As various active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients have their own characteristics, investigation into their physicochemical fundamentals is an essential prerequisite for the successful preparation of a high drug-loaded microparticle system.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Microgranules were prepared using an extruder and a conical screen mill. </LI> <LI> The number of milling stage was influential for determining size distribution. </LI> <LI> Attrition test was a suitable method for evaluating mechanical properties. </LI> <LI> MCC, DCPD, and lactose does not always ensure improved mechanical properties. </LI> <LI> Detailed physicochemical investigation on each component should be preceded. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

입자 크기가 PZT계 압전 후막의 물성에 미치는 영향

김동명,김정석,천채일 한국세라믹학회 2004 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.41 No.5

알루미나 기판 위에 Pb(Ni$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_3$-PbZrO$_3$-PbTiO$_3$ 후막을 스크린 인쇄한 후 800∼100$0^{\circ}C$에서 소결하여 압전 후막을 제조하였다. 마모 밀과 볼 밀 분쇄법을 이용하여 입자 크기가 서로 다른 압전 분말을 제조하였으며, 압전 분말의 입자 크기가 후막의 미세구조와 전기적 성질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 마모 밀링한 분말의 평균 입자 크기는 0.44 $\mu\textrm{m}$로 볼 밀링한 분말의 평균 입자 크기, 2.87 $\mu$m 보다 훨씬 작았다. 후막을 80$0^{\circ}C$에서 소결하였을 때는 마모 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막의 입자 크기가 볼 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막의 입자 크기보다 더 작았으며, 소결 온도가 증가함에 따라 그 차이가 점차 감소하였다. 그리고, 전체 소결 온도 구간에서 마모 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막이 볼 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막보다 균일하고 치밀한 미세구조를 보였다. 소결 온도가 90$0^{\circ}C$ 이상일 때, 마모 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막이 볼 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막보다 우수한 전기적 성질을 가졌다. 90$0^{\circ}C$에서 소결한 마모 밀링한 분말로 제조한 후막의 유전상수($\varepsilon$$_{r}$), 잔류분극(P$_{r}$), 항전계(E$_{c}$)는 각각 559, 16.3 $\mu$C/$cm^2$, 51.3 kV/cm이었다.다.. Pb(Ni$\_$1/3/Nb$\_$2/3/)O$_3$-PbZrO$_3$-PbTiO$_3$ thick films were screen-printed on platinized alumina substrates and fired at 800-1000$^{\circ}C$. Two kinds of powders with different particle size were prepared by attrition and ball milling methods. Effects of particle size of starting material on the microstructure and electrical properties of the thick films were investigated. Average particle size of attrition milled-powder (0.44 ${\mu}$m) was much smaller than that of ball milled-powder (2.87 ${\mu}$m). Average grain size of the thick film prepared from attrition-milled powder was smaller than that of the thick film prepared from ball-milled powder at the sintering temperature of 800$^{\circ}C$. However, the difference in average particle size became smaller with increasing the sintering temperature. Thick films prepared from attrition-milled powders showed more uniform and denser microstructures at all firing temperatures. Thick films prepared from attrition-milled powders had better electrical properties at the firing temperature above 900$^{\circ}C$ than thick films prepared from ball-milled powders. Dielectric constant, remanent polarization and coercive field of the thick film prepared from attrition-milled powders and fired at 900$^{\circ}C$ were 559, 16.3 ${\mu}$C/cm$^2$, and 51.3 kV/cm, respectively.

Fabrication of a Porous Ni-Based Metal with a Multi-pore Structure by a Screen Printing Process

이유정,Min‑Jeong Lee,Jung‑Yeul Yun,Byoung‑Kee Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.5

Porous metals are commonly considered as having relatively excellent characteristics, such as a large surface area, light,lower heat capacity levels, high toughness, and good permeability. Ni alloys have high corrosion resistance, good heat resistanceand chemical stability for high-temperature applications. In this study, porous Ni-based metals for hydrogen reformercatalyst support are developed with Ni alloys, in this case Ni–Cr powder (28 μm), NiO powder (2 μm), and a fine Ni powder(< 1 μm). Ni–Cr powders are spread onto Al2O3substrate by a printing process. Ni-based foam is then placed on the printedpowder and a loading plate. These are sintered at 1200 °C under a high vacuum condition. The NiO powder and the fine Nipowder slurry are then screen-printed sequentially on the double structure (NiCr-coated Ni foam). In this study, the fine Nipowder is printed one, three, and five passes. The porous Ni alloys, which have double-pore structure, triple-pore structureand quadruple-pore structure, are fabricated by screen printing processes. With increased stacking of the pore structure,the porosity decreased from 86 to 82%, and the pore sizes decreased from 6.25 to 0.3 μm. The porosity and pore size of themulti-pore structure can be controlled by the size of powder and screen printing process.

학습용 에이전트가 적용된 멀티미디어 자료에서 화면크기와 텍스트 제시방식이 주의집중 및 중복효과에 미치는 영향

기수현(Suhyun Ki),양은별(Eunbyul Yang),류지헌(Jeeheon Ryu) 중앙대학교 한국교육문제연구소 2020 한국교육문제연구 Vol.38 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 학습용 에이전트(animated pedagogical agent: APA)를 활용한 멀티미디어자료에서 화면크기와 텍스트의 제시방법에 따른 학습자의 주의집중 정도 변화를 검증하기 위한 것이다. 특히, 이 연구에서는 텍스트와 내레이션이 동시에 제공되는 상황에서 중복효과가 어떻게 나타나는지 확인하고자 하였다. 중복효과에 대한 선행 연구들은 과제난이도나 학습영역의 특징에 따라서 오히려 긍정적인 학습효과가 나타날 수 있고, 핵심어나 설명요약과 같은 텍스트 제시방법이 중복효과에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 하였다. 중복효과에 따른 주의집중 정도를 분석하기 위하여 시선추적 분석기법을 활용해 시선고정시간과 빈도를 측정했다. 연구대상은 4년제 국립대학에 재학 중인 대학생 27명이었다. 이들은 멀티미디어 자료가 제시되는 화면크기(모니터, 프로젝터)에 따라 두 집단으로 구분되었다. 실험에 사용된 멀티미디어 자료는 텍스트 제시방법에 따라서 세 개의 세션(텍스트 없음, 핵심어 텍스트, 설명요약 텍스트)으로 구분했다. 또한 멀티미디어 자료의 관심영역(AOI)은 APA 영역과 학습내용 영역(No text와 Text영역)으로 설정하여 시선추적 데이터를 수집하였다. 이 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 화면 크기와 텍스트 제시방법 간 유의미한 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 텍스트가 없는 경우에는 큰 화면에서 학습내용 영역에 더 많은 주의집중을 하지만, 텍스트가 많아지면 작은 화면에서 더 높은 주의집중이 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 상호작용이 없는 APA에 대한 주의집중 효과는 나타나지 않았으며 대신 텍스트에 대한 주의집중이 나타났다. 셋째, 핵심어 텍스트만 제시하면 이미지를 더 많이 주시하고 텍스트에 주의집중을 못하는 부정적인 중복효과가 나타났다. 그러나 설명요약 텍스트에서는 이런 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 내레이션과 시간적 근접성을 고려한 텍스트 설계전략을 제시하였다. The purpose of thi함 study is to examine how a learner’s level of attention can be changed based on screen size and text display methods in multimedia with an animated pedagogical agent (APA). In particular, this study focused on checking how redundancy effects would occur in a situation where the text and narration were provided simultaneously. Additionally, text display methods such as core text or explanatory summary can influence the redundancy effects. In order to measure a level of attention caused by the redundancy effects, the time and frequency of eye fixation were evaluated using the eye tracking analysis method. Twenty-seven college students were divided into two groups, separated by which type of screen (monitor or projector) they would use displaying the multimedia resource. The resource was separated into 3 sessions (no text, core text, explanatory summary text) by the text display methods. Also, eye tracking data was collected by areas of interest (AOI): APA area, learning content area (No text area vs. text area). The findings of this study were as follows: First, there was a significant interaction effect between screen size and text display methods. If there was no text, more attention was paid to the learning content area on the large screen. However, if there was more text, more attention was given on the smaller screen. Second, less attention was paid to the APA without social interaction, instead, there was more focus on the text. Third, presenting only core text resulted in negative redundancy effects, which focused more on the image and failed to focus on the text. However, the explanatory summary text didn’t show these effects. Based on these findings, there were discussions about text design strategies to consider the narration and temporal contiguity effects.

Large Touch Screen을 적용한 휴대폰 사용 행태에 관한 연구

조한경(Jo Han-Kyung),반영환(Pan Young-Hwan) 한국디자인학회 2009 디자인학연구 Vol.22 No.4