이어도 해양과학기지 자료를 활용한 SMAP 인공위성 염분 검증

박재진,박경애,김희영,이은일,변도성,정광영 한국지구과학회 2020 한국지구과학회지 Vol.41 No.5

Salinity is not only an important variable that determines the density of the ocean but also one of the main parameters representing the global water cycle. Ocean salinity observations have been mainly conducted using ships, Argo floats, and buoys. Since the first satellite salinity was launched in 2009, it is also possible to observe sea surface salinity in the global ocean using satellite salinity data. However, the satellite salinity data contain various errors, it is necessary to validate its accuracy before applying it as research data. In this study, the salinity accuracy between the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite salinity data and the in-situ salinity data provided by the Ieodo ocean research station was evaluated, and the error characteristics were analyzed from April 2015 to August 2020. As a result, a total of 314 match-up points were produced, and the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias of salinity were 1.79 and 0.91psu, respectively. Overall, the satellite salinity was overestimated compare to the in-situ salinity. Satellite salinity is dependent on various marine environmental factors such as season, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed. In summer, the difference between the satellite salinity and the in-situ salinity was less than 0.18 psu. This means that the accuracy of satellite salinity increases at high SST rather than at low SST. This accuracy was affected by the sensitivity of the sensor. Likewise, the error was reduced at wind speeds greater than 5 m s−1. This study suggests that satellite derived salinity data should be used in coastal areas for limited use by checking if they are suitable for specific research purposes. 염분은 해양의 밀도를 결정하는 중요한 변수이자 전지구 물의 순환을 나타내는 주요 인자 중 하나이다. 해상염분 관측은 선박을 이용한 현장조사, Argo 플로트, 부이를 통한 조사가 주로 수행되어 왔다. 2009년 염분관측 인공위성이 발사한 이래로, 위성 염분자료를 이용하여 전 지구 해역에서 표층 염분 관측이 가능해졌다. 그러나 위성 염분자료는 다양한 오차를 포함하기 때문에 연구 자료로 활용하기에 앞서 정확도 검증과정이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2015년 4월부터 2020년 8월까지 Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) 위성 염분자료와 이어도 해양과학기지에서 제공하는 실측 염분자료 간의 정확도 및 오차특성을 비교 분석하였다. 총 314개의 일치점을 생산하였으며, 염분의 평균제곱근오차 및 평균편차는 각각 1.79, 0.91 psu로 제시되었다. 전반적으로 위성 염분이 실측 염분보다 과대추정 되는 것으로 나타났다. 위성 염분의 오차는 계절, 표층 수온, 풍속과 같은 다양한 해양 환경적 요인에 의존성을 보였다. 여름철 위성 염분과 실측 염분의 차이는 0.18 psu 이하로 저수온보다는 고수온에서 위성 염분의 정확도가 증가하였다. 이는 센서의 민감도에 따른 결과였다. 마찬가지로 5ms−1 이상 풍속 조건에서 오차가 줄어들었다. 본 연구결과는 연안에서 위성 염분자료를 활용할 경우에는 특정한 연구 목적에 적합한지 확인하여 제한적으로 사용하여야 함을 제시한다.

전주지역 김치와 국${\cdot}$찌개의 염도 및 섭취실태

송미란,이경자,Song, Mi-Ran,Lee, Kyung-Ja 한국식품조리과학회 2008 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

우리나라의 전통적인 식생활에서 나트륨 섭취를 줄여나갈 수 있는 대책마련에 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 전주지역 주부를 대상으로 2007년 5월부터 6월까지 섭취하고 있는 김치와 국${\cdot}$찌개를 수거하여 염도를 조사하고, 설문지를 통해 소금섭취와 관련된 식행동과 섭취실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사대상자의 연령은 40대가 57.8%로 가장 많았고, 가족 수는 4명, 5명 이상이 41.3%로 많았으며, 최종 학력은 고졸이 41.3%로 가장 많았다. 가정의 한달 평균 수입은 100-200만원이 28.4%, 200-300만원이 22.9%였고, 54.1%가 직업을 가지고 있었다. 2. 섭취하고 있는 김치의 평균 염도는 $2.0{\pm}0.5%$였다. 3. 섭취하고 있는 국${\cdot}$찌개의 국물 염도는 $1.0{\pm}0.3%$, 국물과 건더기를 믹서에 갈아서 잰 염도는 $0.8{\pm}0.3%$였다. 국의 염도는 $0.9{\pm}0.3%$, 찌개의 염도는 $1.1{\pm}0.3%$로서 찌개의 염도가 국보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.001). 된장국의 염도 $1.0{\pm}0.3%$, 맑은 국읜 염도는 $0.8{\pm}0.3%$로서 된장국의 염도가 맑은 국보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 4. 염분섭취와 관련된 식행동 점수가 높을수록 즉, 짠 음식을 선호할수록 섭취하고 있는 국${\cdot}$찌개의 염도도 높아 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 5. 식사를 하면서 소금이나 간장을 사용하는지에 대한 질문에서는 '거의 사용하지 않는다'고 응답한 경우가 많았는데, 국${\cdot}$찌개의 염도가 낮은 군에서 높은 군과 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 6. 하루에 섭취하는 김치의 횟수는 대상자의 50% 이상이 매 끼니 섭취하는 것으로 응답하였고, 한번 식사 시 섭취하는 김치의 종류는 1-2종류가 가장 많았다. 섭취하고 있는 김치의 간에 대해 김치 열도가 낮은 군에서 '보통'으로 응답한 경우가 많았고, 김치 염도가 높은 군에서는 '보통' 또는 '짜다'고 응답한 경우가 많아 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 또한 국${\cdot}$찌개의 염도가 낮은 군에서 '싱겁다'고 응답한 경우가 많아 국${\cdot}$찌개의 염도가 높은 군과 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 자주 섭취하는 김치는 배추김치, 파김치, 나물김치, 무김치, 깍두기, 열무김치 등이었다. 7. 하루에 섭취하는 국${\cdot}$찌개의 횟수는 2회 섭취하는 경우가 가장 많았다. 김치염도가 낮은 군에서 높은 군에 비해 국물을 '반 그릇 이상' 먹는 경우가 더 많았고, 또한 국물은 먹지 않고 건더기만 먹는다고 답한 응답자의 비율이 더 많아 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 섭취하고 있는 국이나 찌개의 간에 대한 질문에서는 '보통이다'로 응답한 경우가 많았다. In this study, Kimchi, soup and stew samples were collected from May to June, 2007, in the Jeonju area, and their salinity levels were analyzed. In addition, housewives were surveyed via questionnaire to assess food behaviors and consumption patterns. The average salinity of the Kimchi samples was $2.0{\pm}0.5%$. The average salinity of the soup/stew samples was $1.0{\pm}0.3%$ in the broth portion and $0.8{\pm}0.3%$ in the homogenized mixture of both broth and solids. The average salinity of all types of soup was $0.9{\pm}0.3%$, and that for stews was $1.1{\pm}0.3%;$ the average salinity of the stew was significantly higher than that of the soup (p<0.001). Beanpaste soup had a significantly higher average salinity $(1.0{\pm}0.3%)$ than clear soup $(0.8{\pm}0.3%)$ (p<0.05). The Food behavior scores of the respondents, with regard to sodium intake and salty taste preference, showed significant positive correlations to the salinity of the soup and stew samples (p<0.01). The consumption patterns of the Kimchi and soup/stews were also analyzed to determine whether there was a relationship to the saltiness of the food samples. The respondents were divided into two groups for each food category: Kimchi groups of below 2.0% salinity and above 2.1% salinity, soup/stew groups of below 0.8% salinity and above 0.9% salinity. The below 0.8% salinity soup/stew group used salt or soy sauce in meals significantly less frequently (p<0.01) than the above 0.9% salinity group. The lower salinity Kimchi and soup/stew groups gave significantly higher scores regarding answers that their Kimchi was 'bland' (p<0.05). The types of frequently consumed Kimchi were determined as Korean cabbage, Welsh, wild greens, radish, KKak Du Ki, and Yol Mu Kimchi. When compared to the above 2.1% salinity Kimchi group, the below 2.0% salinity Kimchi group gave higher scores regarding answers that they consumed 'more than half the broth in the bowel' and also gave significantly higher (p<0.01) scores in answering that they consumed only the solid ingredients, leaving the broth.

Change of Bacterial and Fungal Community by Soil Salinity Levels in Gyehwa Area of Saemangeum Reclaimed Land

김기윤 ( Kiyoon Kim ),( Denver Walitang ),( Sandipan Samaddar ),( Shamim Ahmed ),사동민 ( Tongmin Sa ) 한국환경농학회 2017 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2017 No.-

Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor related to microbial community structure and fungi have also been reported to be more sensitive to salinity stress than bacteria. Saemangeum reclaimed land is a part of Saemangeum Development Project. Most of the persistent problems of Saemangeum reclaimed land remain to be related to soil salinity. The aim of this study was investigate the effect of soil salinity levels on the microbial communities in Saemangeum reclaimed land using 454 pyrosequencing analysis. Soil samples were collected from 12 sites of Gyehwa area in Saemangeum reclaimed land. For pyrosequencing, 27F/518R (bacteria) and ITS3/ITS4 (fungi) primers were used containing the Roche 454 pyrosequencing adaptorkey- linker (underlined) and unique barcodes (X). Pyrosequencing was performed by Chun`s Lab using the standard shotgun sequencing reagents and a 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing System (Roche, Inc.). Preprocessing and sequence analyses of fasta files containing the trimmed sequences were done using the Mothur application. In the soil samples, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota showed the highest relative abundance in all the soil sample sites. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Plantomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Parcubacteria were shown to have significantly higher abundance in high salinity level soils than low salinity level soils, while Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae have significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. The abundance of fungal, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota and Cerozoa had significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and correlation analysis showed the salinity-related soil parameters affected bacterial and fungal community structure. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Plantomycetes exhibited significantly positive correlation with soil salinity, while Acidobacteria exhibited significantly negative correlation. In the case of fungal community, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were seen to show significantly negative correlation with salinity related soil parameters. These results show that salinity and salinity-related soil parameters greatly influence the bacterial and fungal community structure in Saemangeum reclaimed land. This study also suggests provide understanding soil salinity that are important and potential key players on microbial community of Saemangeum reclaimed land.

Inoculation of abscisic acid-producing endophytic bacteria enhances salinity stress tolerance in <i>Oryza sativa</i>

Shahzad, Raheem,Khan, Abdul Latif,Bilal, Saqib,Waqas, Muhammad,Kang, Sang-Mo,Lee, In-Jung Elsevier 2017 Environmental and experimental botany Vol.136 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Salinity hinders plant growth and results in reduced crop yield. The use of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria is an eco-friendly strategy to counteract such stresses and confer tolerance to the host. Endophytic bacteria have been recognized for their active role in auxin production; however, little is known about their ability to produce abscisic acid (ABA). In recent studies, the bacterial endophyte <I>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</I> RWL-1 has been found to produce ABA, and as such, has the potential to increase plant resistance to salinity stress. Results showed that RWL-1 produced varying concentrations of ABA (0.32±0.015–0.14±0.030ngmL<SUP>−1</SUP>) under normal and saline conditions. The ability of RWL-1 to produce ABA was reduced in response to increasing salinity; however, it maintained its growth by up-regulating production of essential amino acids (glutamic acid and proline). To further investigate the potential of this endophytic bacterium, a plant-microbe interaction experiment was conducted which showed that RWL-1 inoculation significantly increased growth attributes of rice plants as compared to non-inoculated control plants under salinity stress. Micrographs also revealed active symbiosis of RWL-1 with plant roots under normal and salinity stress conditions. The essential amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, proline, and cysteine) were significantly up-regulated by RWL-1 inoculation under salinity stress. In addition, the stress-sensitive endogenous ABA levels were significantly reduced, whereas the levels of endogenous salicylic acid were significantly higher in RWl-1-inoculated plants than in control plants exposed to the same level of salinity stress. The current findings suggest that the phytohormone-producing abilities of endophytic bacteria can increase plant resistance to salinity, in turn improving agricultural productivity.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Seed born endophytic <I>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</I> RWL-1 was producing abscisic acid under saline conditions. </LI> <LI> RWL-1 significantly increased the <I>Oryza sativa</I> growth attributes during salinity. </LI> <LI> Increase in salinity stress tolerance to rice plants was extended by higher synthesis of amino acids during salinity. </LI> <LI> RWL-1 inoculation modulated the endogenous salicylic and abscisic acids showing improved plant physiology. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effects of salinity on growth, fatty acid synthesis, and expression of stress response genes in the cyclopoid copepod <i>Paracyclopina nana</i>

Lee, Seung-Hwi,Lee, Min-Chul,Puthumana, Jayesh,Park, Jun Chul,Kang, Sujin,Hwang, Dae-Sik,Shin, Kyung-Hoon,Park, Heum Gi,Souissi, Sami,Om, Ae-Son,Lee, Jae-Seong,Han, Jeonghoon Elsevier 2017 Aquaculture Vol.470 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In marine ecosystems, salinity fluctuations are critical in modulating energy balance, inducing stress proteins, providing reproductive success and affecting the distribution of copepods. Salinity induces osmotic stress in organisms when they are not in their optimal condition and the stressful status increase the energy demand required for osmoregulation, which in turn reflects in all biological processes. Effects of salinity stress on life history traits and tolerance are species-specific. In this study, we used the estuarine cyclopoid copepod <I>Paracyclopina nana</I> to understand the responses towards the hypo (5ppt) and hypersalinity (25 and 30ppt) conditions, and compared that with the control (15ppt). We investigated the life cycle parameters (e.g. growth and fecundity), fatty acid (FA) synthesis, lipid accumulation (as lipid droplets [LDs]) and modulation of heat shock proteins (<I>hsps</I>) in response to salinity stress. As a result, life cycle parameters and FA synthesis, LDs, and modulation of <I>hsps</I> were found highly dependent on salinity changes in <I>P. nana</I>. Particularly, hypersalinity resulted in developmental retardation, reduced fecundity, decreased FA synthesis, a drop in lipid accumulation, and modulation of stress response proteins, suggesting that <I>P. nana</I> devoted increased energy to cope with the osmotic imbalance due to salinity stress in hypersalinity conditions. This finding provides a better understanding of how salinity affects in vivo endpoints and the relevant molecular responses in estuarine copepods.</P> <P><B>Statement of relevance</B></P> <P>We envisage that this manuscript will be helpful to understand salinity-dependent lipid composition changes in copepods and optimize the optimal salinity for the mass culture for this species.</P> <P>Considering the small size (~600μm) of <I>P. nana</I> and its potential as live feeds for finfish larviculture, the present findings have considerable importance for the aquaculture industry.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The P. nana devoted increased energy to cope with the osmotic imbalance due to salinity stress in hyper salinity condition. </LI> <LI> Life cycle parameters and FA synthesis, LDs, and modulation of hsps were found to be highly salinity dependent in P. nana. </LI> <LI> Hypersalinity resulted in in vivo life parameters, a drop in lipid accumulation, and modulation of stress response proteins. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effect of salinity and incubation time of planktonic cells on biofilm formation, motility, exoprotease production, and quorum sensing of <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>

Jahid, Iqbal Kabir,Mizan, Md. Furkanur Rahaman,Ha, Angela J.,Ha, Sang-Do Elsevier 2015 FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Vol.49 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of salinity and age of cultures on quorum sensing, exoprotease production, and biofilm formation by <I>Aeromonas hydrophila</I> on stainless steel (SS) and crab shell as substrates. Biofilm formation was assessed at various salinities, from fresh (0%) to saline water (3.0%). For young and old cultures, planktonic cells were grown at 30?°C for 24?h and 96?h, respectively. Biofilm formation was assessed on SS, glass, and crab shell; viable counts were determined in R2A agar for SS and glass, but <I>Aeromonas-</I>selective media was used for crab shell samples to eliminate bacterial contamination. Exoprotease activity was assessed using a Fluoro™ protease assay kit. Quantification of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) was performed using the bioreporter strain <I>Chromobacterium violaceum</I> CV026 and the concentration was confirmed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) was determined with <I>Vibrio harveyi</I> BB170. The biofilm structure at various salinities (0–3 %) was assessed using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM). Young cultures of <I>A.?hydrophila</I> grown at 0–0.25% salinity showed gradual increasing of biofilm formation on SS, glass and crab shell; swarming and swimming motility; exoproteases production, AHL and AI-2 quorum sensing; while all these phenotypic characters reduced from 0.5 to 3.0% salinity. The FESEM images also showed that from 0 to 0.25% salinity stimulated formation of three-dimensional biofilm structures that also broke through the surface by utilizing the chitin surfaces of crab, while 3% salinity stimulated attachment only for young cultures. However, in marked contrast, salinity (0.1–3%) had no effect on the stimulation of biofilm formation or on phenotypic characters for old cultures. However, all concentrations reduced biofilm formation, motility, protease production and quorum sensing for old culture. Overall, 0–0.25% salinity enhanced biofilm formation and expression of quorum sensing regulatory genes in young cultures, whereas these responses were reduced when salinity was >0.25%. In old cultures, salinity at any concentrations (0.1–3%) induced stress in <I>A.?hydrophila</I>. The present study provides insight into the ecology of <I>A.?hydrophila</I> growing on fish and crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs in estuarine and seawater.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Salinity controls biofilms formation by <I>Aeromonas hydrophila</I>. </LI> <LI> Planktonic age is important for controlling biofilms and quorum sensing. </LI> <LI> Salinity modulates quorum sensing, motility and exoprotease activity. </LI> <LI> Water salinity contributes to biofilms formation on crab shell by <I>A.?hydrophila</I>. </LI> </UL> </P>

2010년 여름 담수방류에 의한 영산강 하구의 염분 및 수온 분포 변화

박효봉,강기룡,이관홍,신현정,Park, Hyo-Bong,Kang, Kiryong,Lee, Guan-Hong,Shin, Hyun-Jung 한국해양학회 2012 바다 Vol.17 No.3

하구언이 설치된 하구의 여름철 환경변화는 방류되는 담수에 의해 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 영산강 하구언 담수방류에 의한 하구의 염분 및 수온 분포를 파악하기 위하여 2010년 6월 소규모 방류시와 8월의 집중방류 중 후로 3회에 걸쳐 8개 정점에서 관측한 CTD 자료를 분석하였다. 6월의 소규모 방류시 표층염분은 30~32.5 psu를 나타냈고, 수평구배는 고하도 근해에서 다른 해역에 비해 상대적인 큰 값을 보여주었다(0.25~0.32 psu/km). 그러나, 저층염분은 약 33 psu의 일정한 값을 보여 수평구배는 존재하지 않았다. 영산강 하구내 수온은 $19{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ 범위를 보이며 동서방향보다 남북방향의 구배가 상대적으로 크게 나타났다. 대규모 방류가 진행 중이었던 8월 12일의 경우 표층염분은 9~26 psu로 감소하였다. 또한, 고하도 북쪽 수로의 표층과 저층 수평구배가 각각 3.79 psu/km와 0.28 psu/km인 강한 염분전선이 형성되었다. 수온은 하구언에서 높고 멀어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 고하도 북쪽수로 표층과 저층에서 각각 $-0.45^{\circ}C/km$와 $-0.12^{\circ}C/km$의 공간적 변화가 나타났다. 집중방류 후(3차 관측) 표층염분은 22~26 psu로 회복되었으나 고하도 주변해역에서 여전히 높은 수평구배가 나타났다. 저층염분은 26.5~27.5 psu의 범위로 전반적으로 감소하였으나 수평구배는 크지 않았다. 하구언 가까운 정점에서 관측한 염분과 수온 시계열 자료에 의하면, 상층의 고온저염수가 일시적으로 하강하였다가 빠르게 회복하는 패턴을 보여주었는데, $13{\times}10^6$ 톤 방류시 회복속도는 약 0.4 m/hr로 나타났다. 영산강 하구는 대규모 방류 후 전반적으로 저염화되고, 여름철의 강한 태양복사에 의해 표층수온은 증가하여 하구 내 성층구조가 강화되고 수직혼합이 억제되는 환경이 형성되었다. 담수방류에 따른 염분의 공간적인 분포특성을 볼 때, 수평구배가 높은 고하도 주변해역, 고하도에서 하구언까지 염분이 낮은 내측해역, 그리고 상대적으로 높은 염분을 보이는 고하도에서 연안까지 외측해역으로 구분할 수 있다. The short-term variation of salinity and temperature in a dyked estuarine environment is mainly controlled by the freshwater discharge from the dyke. We examined the distribution of salinity and temperature by the freshwater discharge in the Yeongsan River estuary using the CTD data obtained from 8 stations through three surveys in June (weak discharge) and August (intensive discharge), 2010. During the weak discharge in June, the surface salinity showed 30-32.5 psu and its horizontal gradient was relatively high around Goha-do (0.25~0.32 psu/km). On the other hand, the salinity of the bottom layer was almost constant in the range of 33 psu. Water temperature ranged $19{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ and displayed higher gradient in north-south direction than the gradient of east-west direction. During the intensive freshwater discharge on August 12, the salinity dropped to 9~26 psu. The maximum horizontal gradient of surface salinity reached 3.8 psu/km in the north of Goha-do where the strong salinity front was formed, and the horizontal salinity gradient of bottom layer was 0.28 psu/km. The horizontal gradient of water temperature was $-0.45^{\circ}C/km$ in the surface and $-0.12^{\circ}C/km$ in the bottom with high surface temperature near the dyke and decreasing gradually to the river mouth. After 3 days of the intensive discharge ($3^{rd}$ survey), the surface salinity increased to 22~26 psu. However, there still existed relatively high horizontal gradient around Goha-do. In the mean time, the bottom salinity decreased to 26.5~27.5 psu, but its gradient was not big as much as the surface gradient. According to time series of CTD profile near the dyke, the discharged fresh water jetted down temporarily and then recovered gradually with the recovering speed of 0.4 m/hour for the discharge case of $13{\times}10^6$ ton. Due to the combined effects of freshwater discharge and surface heating during the summer of 2010, the Yeongsan estuary, in general, underwent intensified vertical stratification, which in turn caused the inhibition of vertical mixing, especially inside area of estuary. Based on the spatial distribution of salinity and temperature, the Yeongsan estuary can be divided into three regions: the Goha-do area with strong horizontal gradient of salinity and temperature, inner estuary from Goha-do to the dyke with low salinity, and outer estuary from Goha-do to the coasts with relatively high salinity.

Assessment of Iranian wheat germplasm for salinity tolerance using analysis of the membership function value of salinity tolerance (MFVS)

Gholizadeh Amir,Dehghani Hamid,Akbarpour Omidali,Amini Ashkboos,Sadeghi Kaveh,Hanifei Mehrdad,Sharifi-Zagheh Aram 한국작물학회 2022 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.25 No.5

In this study, 17 morphological and agronomic traits as indicators for identifying salinity tolerance genotypes in wheat were evaluated among a set of 110 different genotypes including advanced lines in breeding programs, wheat landraces collected from landraces throughout Iran, some well-known tolerant and sensitive cultivars and many commercial wheat cultivars. Plant materials were grown under non-saline (NS) and saline stress (SS) conditions (Electrical conductivity [EC] of 2 and 10 ds m -1 , respectively). The membership function value of salinity tolerance (MFVS) was used as a comprehensive index for evaluation and selection of wheat salinity tolerance. A comprehensive evaluation method, the membership function value of salinity tolerance (MFVS), which combined the salinity-tolerant coefficient (SC) of morphological and agronomic traits that could be easily estimated, was used to investigate the wheat salinity tolerance in this study. The mean value of all 17 traits decreased under saline stress condition, among the 17 traits, spike weight (SW), kernel weight per spike (KWS), number of fertile tillers (NFT), biological yield (BY) and grain yield (GY) decreased >25%. This suggested that these 5 traits were more sensitive to salinity stress. Ten genotypes with highly salinity tolerance were selected based on MFVS and could be applied for salinity tolerance improvement in wheat. Correlation analysis indicated that the wheat salinity tolerance was highly significantly and positively correlated with variations of 13 traits under both non-saline and saline stress conditions (P < 0.01). Factor analysis showed that salinity-tolerant coefficients of 5 traits of grain yield, biological yield, spike weight, kernel weight per spike and number of fertile tillers have the most interrelationships with the membership value of salinity tolerance (MFVS). Therefore, these five traits could be applied as an indicator to screen wheat germplasm for salinity tolerance in wheat breeding programs.

Managing Soil Organic Matter and Salinity by Crop Cultivation in Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land

Bae, Hui Su,Jang, Hyeonsoo,Hwang, Jae Bok,Park, Tae Seon,Lee, Kyo Suk,Lee, Dong Sung,Chung, Doug Young Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.1

This study was to evaluate the effect of organic amendments incorporation on soil properties and plant growth under two different soil salinity levels and various cultivated crops at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land for three years from 2012 to 2014. The soil texture of the experimental site was sandy loam. Four different crops, sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora), sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor-Sorghum sudanense), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were cultivated at low (< $1dS\;m^{-1}$) and high (> $4dS\;m^{-1}$) soil salinity levels. The soil salinity was significantly lowered at the rice cultivation site compared to continuous upland crops cultivation site in high soil salinity level. But the soil salinity was increased as cultivating sesbania coutinuously in low soil salinity level. The soil organic matter content was increased with the incorporation of straw at the continuous site of rice and barley, and the average of soil organic matter was increased by $0.9g\;kg^{-1}$ per year which was effective in soil aggregate formation. The highest biomass yield plot was found in barley (high salinity level) and sesbania (low salinity level) cultivation site, respectively. Our research indicates that rice cultivation in paddy field with high salinity level was effective in lowering soil salinity and sesbania cultivation was useful to biomass production at upland with low salinity. In conclusion, soil salinity and organic matter content should be considered for multiple land use in newly reclaimed tidal land.

Managing Soil Organic Matter and Salinity by Crop Cultivation in Saemangeum Reclaimed Tidal Land

Hyeonsoo Jang,Hui Su Bae,Jae Bok Hwang,Tae Seon Park,Kyo Suk Lee,Dong Sung Lee,Doug Young Chung 한국토양비료학회 2018 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.51 No.1

This study was to evaluate the effect of organic amendments incorporation on soil properties and plant growth under two different soil salinity levels and various cultivated crops at Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land for three years from 2012 to 2014. The soil texture of the experimental site was sandy loam. Four different crops, sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora), sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor-Sorghum sudanense), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were cultivated at low (〈 1 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP>) and high (〉 4 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP>) soil salinity levels. The soil salinity was significantly lowered at the rice cultivation site compared to continuous upland crops cultivation site in high soil salinity level. But the soil salinity was increased as cultivating sesbania coutinuously in low soil salinity level. The soil organic matter content was increased with the incorporation of straw at the continuous site of rice and barley, and the average of soil organic matter was increased by 0.9 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP> per year which was effective in soil aggregate formation. The highest biomass yield plot was found in barley (high salinity level) and sesbania (low salinity level) cultivation site, respectively. Our research indicates that rice cultivation in paddy field with high salinity level was effective in lowering soil salinity and sesbania cultivation was useful to biomass production at upland with low salinity. In conclusion, soil salinity and organic matter content should be considered for multiple land use in newly reclaimed tidal land.