A Methodology for Establishment of Safety Culture in Industry through Global Company Practices

Beom Soo Kim,Yujeong Lee,Seong Rok Chang 대한인간공학회 2016 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

Objective:The purpose of this study is to suggest the methodology for establishment of safety culture in industry. Background: There have been studies indicating positive relation between safety culture and safety performance. But the areas of those efforts have been mainly focused on elements or factors consisting of safety culture. So it is expected that studies on methodologies for developing process of the culture could contribute for the industry to understand and apply it accordingly in order to improve their practices. Method: In this study, the scope was considered just for industry, even though there are many fields of culture. As the first step, the limitations of regulatory control and efforts by industry were reviewed, and the trends of researches were presented. In the second step, the global company practices were provided with detailed activities. Results: This paper showed the limitations of present state in government strategies and industry for safety culture improvement. Also the restricted areas in researches were shown. As one of the solutions to resolve those things, such global company practices as perception to safety journey, the steps of culture development, total safety philosophy, structure and elements of safety process, standards and procedures, training, and up to keys to success were suggested. Conclusion: Through this study, the development of the structure of safety process which consists of many purposeful activities has been derived to be very important. Because it will be the seeds of safety culture expressing their thinking process and behaviors. Also it is required to approach success step by step according to the achievement of each step. Application: This study can be used to develop the methodology and safety process in industry with different viewpoints for safety culture establishment.

Regulatory Oversight of Nuclear Safety Culture and the Validation Study on the Oversight Model Components

Young Sung Choi,Su Jin Jung,Yun Hyung Chung 대한인간공학회 2016 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

Objective: This paper introduces the regulatory oversight approaches and issues to consider in the course of safety culture oversight model development in the nuclear field. Common understanding on regulatory oversight and present practices of international communities are briefly reviewed. The nuclear safety culture oversight model of Korea is explained focusing on the development of safety culture definition and components, and their basic meanings. Oversight components are identified to represent the multiple human and organizational elements which can affect and reinforce elements of defense in depth system for nuclear safety. Result of validation study on safety culture components is briefly introduced too. Finally, the results of the application of the model are presented to show its effectiveness and feasibility. Background: The oversight of nuclear licensee’s safety culture has been an important regulatory issue in the international community of nuclear safety regulation. Concurrent with the significant events that started to occur in the early 2000s and that had implications about safety culture of the operating organizations, it has been natural for regulators to pay attention to appropriate methods and even philosophy for intervening the licensee’s safety culture. Although safety culture has been emphasized for last 30 years as a prerequisite to ensure high level of nuclear safety, it has not been of regulatory scope and has a unique dilemma between external oversight and the voluntary nature of culture. Safety culture oversight is a new regulatory challenge that needs to be approached taking into consideration of the uncontrollable aspects of cultural changes and the impacts on licensee’s safety culture. Although researchers and industrial practitioners still struggle with measuring, evaluating, managing and changing safety culture, it was recognized that efforts to observe and influence licensees’ safety culture should not be delayed. Method: Safety culture components which regulatory oversight will have to focus on are developed by benchmarking the concept of physical barriers and introducing the defense in depth philosophy into organizational system. Therefore, this paper begins with review of international regulatory oversight approaches and issues associated with the regulatory oversight of safety culture, followed by the development of oversight model. The validity of the model was verified by statistical analysis with the survey result obtained from survey administration to NPP employees in Korea. The developed safety culture oversight model and components were used in the “safety culture inspection” activities of the Korean regulatory body. Results: The developed safety culture model was confirmed to be valid in terms of content, construct and criterion validity. And the actual applicability in the nuclear operating organization was verified after series of pilot “safety culture inspection” activities. Conclusion: The application of the nuclear safety culture oversight model to operating organization of NPPs showed promising results for regulatory tools required for the organizations to improve their safety culture. Application: The developed oversight model and components might be used in the inspection activities and regulatory oversight of NPP operating organization’s safety culture.

Measuring Safety Culture to Promote Aviation Safety Culture

Dae Ho Kim,Jeong Yeol Choi 대한인간공학회 2016 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.35 No.2

Objective: The objective of this research is to study preceding literature on safety culture surveying tools and indicators used in aviation organizations to help the further understanding of aviation safety culture by presenting Korea-Safety Culture Survey Indicator (K-SCSI) as a relevant case. Background: The aviation field puts a great deal of effort in preventive safety management through the application of Safety Management System (SMS), which was co-developed by international aviation organizations such as ICAO and FAA. To successfully operate safety management system, safety culture factors such as the organization member"s level of consciousness, attitude and faith regarding safety must be put together. However, the aviation field currently lacks programs to promote safety culture and the exact understanding of some safety culture concepts. Method: This research inquired into the definition of safety culture in the aviation field and the surveying tools used to measure it. It then described the development and application process of the Korea-Safety Culture Survey Indicator (K-SCSI) mainly focusing on case studies. Results: In this research are presented safety culture promoting programs that can be applied to subordinate indicators of K-SCSI such as organization commitment, management involvement, rationality of reward system, employee empowerment and reporting system. Conclusion: For a mature safety culture to settle successfully, it is essential that safety culture survey indicators are developed and applied in a way that fits the organization"s features. Also, behavior measuring indicators are required to develop a more objective indicator and thus must be standardized. Application: Cases that deal with the development and application of safety culture measuring tools within the aviation field can be studied and applied in other domains to spread safety culture.

원자력 안전문화의 정량화 방법론 개발

제무성 ( Moosung Jae ),한기윤 ( Kiyoon Han ) 한국안전학회(구 한국산업안전학회) 2015 한국안전학회지 Vol.30 No.4

This study developed a Safety Culture Impact Assessment Model (SCIAM) which consists of a safety culture assessment methodology and a safety culture impact quantification methodology. The SCIAM uses safety culture impact index (SCII) to monitor the status of safety culture of the NPPs periodically and it uses relative core damage frequency (RCDF) to present the impact of safety culture on the safety of the NPPs. As a result of applying SCIAM to the reference plant (Kori 3), the standard for the healthy safety culture of the reference plant is suggested. SCIAM might contribute to improve the safety of the NPPs (Nuclear Power Plants) by monitoring the status of safety culture periodically and presenting the standard of healthy safety culture.

Nuclear Safety Culture Self-Assessment

Sa-Kil Kim,Yong-Hee Lee,Tong-Il Jang,Yeon-Ju Oh 대한인간공학회 2013 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

Objective: In this study, a method for determining evaluation indices and measures is proposed in order to ensure the safety culture in nuclear organizations. Background: Currently, nuclear safety cause controversy about organization factors, organizational structure, staffing, safety management systems, safety culture, and so on. Specially, the public interests and concerns on safety culture are getting growing because there were several events like corruption, fraud, and hoax. Although the assessment of safety culture in nuclear power plants keeps progressing, there have no way to improve safety culture. This is because that Korean inherent cultural resolution is not yet installed in the nuclear power industry. Method: In this paper, our research team reviewed existing most references related with safety culture assessment and then suggested a method to consider cultural diversity in each plant organization. Nuclear safety culture assessment items which are classified by characteristics and attributes of safety culture based on IAEA and INPO are selected using the QFD technique. Application: Therefore, our research team expects that nuclear organization make the best use of the proposed method to assessment safety culture considering organizational cultural diversity. Also, a self-assessment of safety culture for achieving safety cultural improvement using the method will be utilized as a basis of the safety management policy.

Relative Importance of Constituting Factors of Safety Culture : Focusing on PRIVATE SECURITY in Republic of KOREA

Bae Du yeol,Lee Kyeong won J-INSTITUTE 2017 Public Value Vol.2 No.2

As complex risk factors become routinized, social safety and safety culture are gaining attention as important social issues. Emphasis on safety culture reflects the fact that the need for social control over complex risk factors keeps increasing. It is difficult, however, to quantify safety culture as it has intangible and qualitative character-istics. Although it can be managed and improved with qualitative data, it can be managed and improved even more effectively when quantitative data are added. In the private security field, it is more important to understand safety culture as a profession which imple-ments safety-related tasks and manages safety. Even though Korea has undergone various incidents and acci-dents on a continual basis due to its compressed economic development, understanding and efforts on safety culture have been deficient owing to lack of awareness and non-systematic activities conducted by the private sector. This study found out assessment factors which constitute safety culture through DHP technique and drew out relative importance of the factors constituting the safety culture. As a result of the 1st Delphi analysis, a total of 73 factors of safety culture were drawn out and, through literature review on the preceding studies and meeting of the experts on researches, individual factors were finally classified into safety value, safety attitude, safety behavior and safety knowledge while organizational factors were classified into safety atmosphere, safety pro-cedure, safety education and safety motivation, totaling 73 factors. Based on the results of the 2nd Delphi, 6 factors with CVR values less than 1.0 and average less than 3.0, which were 1 item of safety attitude, 1 item of safety atmosphere, 2 items of safety procedure and 2 items of safety motive, were deleted, finalizing 67 items. In the 3rd AHP analysis, paired comparison was conducted on 67 factors and weights for each factor and their priority order were drawn out. Among the constituting factors of safety culture, safety value and safety motive had highest weights, followed in descending order by safety behavior, safety atmosphere, safety attitude, safety education, safety procedure and safety Knowledge. Although some factors among those which were studied and drawn out by this study are relatively insignifi-cant, even those factors need to be handled carefully as they also constitute safety culture. This study is expected to work as the basic data and to maintain a high level without compromising any one of the factors. In addition, subsequent studies by other researchers should prevent and prepare for various risks through integrated and long-term management of safety culture, not randomly and sporadically handled by industry, region and occu-pation. Studies on safety have been conducted through history and will also continue with the history of humanity. In the process of these studies, quantification of phenomena related to safety will work as a cornerstone for a higher level of research activities through measurement and comparison.

해양안전문화의 확산을 위한 실천적 접근방향 모색

방호삼,주종광 한국경찰연구학회 2017 한국경찰연구 Vol.16 No.4

It is important for the shipping industry to deeply consider safety culture. This is because shipping is called one of the most international industries and also called one of the most dangerous industries. The shipping industry may not be able to see the importance of maritime safety culture as the first-policy due to the priority of cost-reduction and efficiency-first policies. However, safety is required for the sustainable development of dangerous industries. Shipping has the main factor of ship operations at sea and thus it is vital to keep maritime safety through evading or decreasing maritime risk factors in practice. The international community sees the importance of maritime safety and has made a lot of efforts to increase the safety, but it is true that it neglected the prevention of human error which is another main factor in maritime accidents. It is important to control safety matters by means of regulations and systems but statistics show that that is not perfect. Thus it goes without saying that maritime safety should be enhanced by properly dealing with human factors. Based on those points made above, this article attempts to study the concept of maritime safety culture and its background, and tries to find the vital factors of maritime safety culture by analysing domestic and international articles in the field of maritime safety. This is followed by the study of the enhancement and proliferation of maritime safety culture. This study argues that making efforts to culturalize maritime safety by practicing it from the bottom-up is very important since a large proportion of maritime accident results from the lack of safety culture of relevant stakeholders. This study sees that the maritime safety culture instructor, who is able to become a middle man for the proliferation of the national movement of maritime safety culture, needs to be raised and take up the role of the eduction of his or her nationals. In addition, based on the idea that it is desirable for maritime safety culture to be enhanced through finding the answer from the field to the top management, the study recommends that it is important to design the model of the risk identification and awareness drill, which is able to resolve the risk factors of potential maritime safety on board large passenger vessels through the identification of those risks in advance, and also to apply it to ships' emergency drills. 해운산업 전반에 걸쳐 안전문화의 중요성은 매우 크다. 해운은 가장 국제적인 산업인 동시에 매우 위험한 산업 중의 하나라고 일컬어진다. 해운에 있어서 비용 절감, 효율성 제고 등의 요인으로 인해 안전이 자칫 등한시될 소지가 있다. 위험한 산업을 지속시키기 위해서는 산업의 효율도 중요하지만 그 산업의 안전이 뒷받침되어야 한다. 해운은 선박 항행이 수반되는 산업 분야이고 바다 위를 항해하는 선박은 통상적으로 해상 고유의 위험에 노출되기 때문에 위험을 회피하거나 낮추는 등 해양 안전의 유지는 해운에 있어서 매우 중대한 사안이 되는 것이다. 해양안전의 중대성을 인식한 국제사회는 해양안전의 제고를 위해서 많은 노력을 경주해 왔다. 하지만 국제사회는 해양사고를 막기 위해 선박의 구조, 성능 등 기술적인 요소에 치중한 나머지 해양사고의 발생의 또 다른 축인 인적 과실을 예방하는 데는 소홀한 측면이 없지 않다. 기술적인 규정과 시스템을 만들어 통제하는 것만으로는 인적과실로부터 기인하는 해양사고를 줄일 수 없음이 통계로 나타난다. 따라서 인적 과실을 잘 다루어 해양안전의 향상을 꾀하는 것에 대한 논의는 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 이 논문은 해양안전 문화의 의미, 배경을 파악해 보고 이어 해양안전 문화와 관련된 국내외 논문을 분석하여 해양안전 문화의 제약 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 그런 후 궁극적으로 해양안전 문화의 고양과 확산 방안에 관하여 검토하였다. 이 논문은 해양사고의 대부분이 이해당사자들의 안전의식 결여에서 기인하는 인적과실로부터 발생하고 있는 만큼 아래로부터의 해양안전을 실천하여 문화화하려는 노력이 필요함을 역설하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 해양안전문화가 범국민운동으로 확산되는데 매개체 역할을 할 수 있도록 해양안전문화 강사를 양성하여 해양안전문화의 국민교육 부분을 전담시켜야 한다고 제안하고 있다. 또한 해양안전문화의 향상은 현장에 그 해답을 찾아서 점차 상위의 관리부분으로 확산하는 것이 바람직하다는데 착안하여, 다중이용선박에서 잠재적인 해양안전 위험요인을 예지하여 해결할 수 있도록 보장하는 위험예지훈련 모델을 설계하여 비상훈련 시 적용하도록 제안하였다.

한국과 일본의 원자력발전의 안전문화 비교― 후쿠시마 원전 사고 이후를 중심으로 ―

박성하 한국일본학회 2018 日本學報 Vol.0 No.114

본 논문에서는 체르노빌 원전사고 이후 일본 원전에 있어서의 안전문화 개념과 안전문화의 중요성 인식 과정을 고찰해 보았다. 특히 후쿠시마 원전사고의 발생 원인과 안전문화 관점에서의 사고의 교훈을 반영한 안전문화 전개과정을 소개하고, 향후 한국의 원자력 안전문화의 체계 구축에 대한 방향을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 일본류의 안전 문화는 개인보다 조직, 즉 집단 윤리가 의사결정을 지배하는 것을 감안하여, QMS와 안전문화 양성 활동을 통합한 시스템을 구축하여 운영해 나가는 것이고, 이것이 확고한 안전 문화를 구축하는 열쇠가 된다는 사실을 인식할 수 있었다. 한국에 있어서도 실천에 바탕을 둔 안전문화를 도입하기 위해서 집단문화, 동료의식을 극복할 수 있는 과학적으로 매니지먼트가 가능한 시스템을 구축하고 적극적으로 활용하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다. 본 논문에서 원전의 안전성 확보를 위해서는 원자로 등의 하드웨어적인 안전성 확보도 중요하지만 조직과 개인의 자세와 품성이 결집된 원자력 안전문화(소프트웨어적인 측면)가 더 중요하다는 점을 제시해 보았다. 이것은 원전의 안전성을 확보하기 위해서는 안전문화의 구축이 반드시 필요하다는 것을 의미한다고 하겠다. In this paper, we introduce the concept of safety culture after the Chernobyl nuclear accident, to recognize the importance of safety culture in Japan. In particular, I would like to introduce the safety culture development process that reflects the cause of the Fukushima nuclear accident and the lessons learned from the viewpoint of safety culture, and present a direction for establishing the system of nuclear safety culture in korea in the future. I realized that establishing a safety culture such as Japan, in other words, decision making is dominated by group ethics in organizations rather than individuals, is the key to establishing a stable safety culture by building and operating a system that integrates QMS and safety culture development activities. I think that it is necessary to build and actively use scientific management system that can overcome group culture and fellow consciousness to introduce safe culture based on practice also in Korea. In this paper, I suggest that nuclear safety culture (software aspect), which is a combination of organization and individual attitude and personality, is more important than securing nuclear safety of nuclear reactors in order to secure nuclear safety. This means that it is necessary to build a safety culture in order to secure the safety of nuclear power plants.

연구실 문화유형이 연구활동종사자들의 안전행동에 미치는 영향

조한진(Han Jin Jo),이황원(Hwang Won Lee),노영희(Young Hee Roh) 안전문화포럼 2023 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.25

본 연구의 목적은 연구실 문화유형을 집단문화, 개발문화, 위계문화, 합리문화의 4가지로 구분하고 안전행동에 미치는 영향 관계에서 안전분위기의 매개효과를 확인하는 것이다. 이를 통하여 향후 연구실 안전 관련 정책수립과 안전교육 방향성 확보에 기초자료를 제공하여 연구실에서 발생하는 사고 예방에 이바지하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 연구실 문화유형, 안전분위기, 안전행동 간의 영향력을 검정하기 위하여 선행연구를 바탕으로 설문 도구를 개발하였다. 설문 조사는 연구실안전법 적용대상의 연구활동종사자를 대상으로 온라인으로 실시하였으며, 총 420개를 회수하고, 최종 364개를 활용하여 분석하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구실 집단문화, 개발문화, 위계문화, 합리문화유형은 모두 연구실 안전분위기에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 연구실 집단문화, 개발문화, 위계문화, 합리문화유형은 모두 연구활동종사자의 안전행동에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 연구실 안전분위기는 연구실 문화유형이 연구자의 안전행동에 미치는 영향 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 연구실 안전분위기 하위요인 중 안전규정과 안전교육은 연구실 집단문화, 개발문화, 위계문화, 합리문화가 안전행동의 하위요인인 안전순응 행동에 미치는 영향 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 연구실 안전분위기 하위요인 중 안전교육과 안전소통은 연구실 집단문화, 개발문화, 위계문화, 합리문화가 안전행동의 하위요인인 안전참여에 미치는 영향 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면 연구실 문화의 모든 유형은 연구활동종사자들의 안전행동에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 안전분위기는 이들 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 세부적으로 안전순응 행동을 증가시키기 위해서는 연구실의 안전규정과 안전교육 강화가 필요하고, 안전참여 행동을 증가시키기 위해서는 연구실 안전교육과 안전소통의 강화가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 안전분위기 하위요인 중 안전교육은 모든 변인 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타나 기관 안전환경관리자와 연구실책임자는 연구활동종사자들의 안전교육이 잘 이수 될 수 있도록 각별한 신경을 써야 할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to classify laboratory culture types into four types: group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture, and to confirm the mediating effect of safety climate in the relationship of influence on safety behavior. Through this, we aim to contribute to preventing accidents that occur in laboratories by providing basic data for establishing future laboratory safety-related policies and securing safety education directions. To this end, a survey tool was developed based on previous research to test the influence between laboratory culture type, safety climate, and safety behavior. The survey was conducted online targeting people engaged in research activities subject to the Laboratory Safety Act, a total of 420 were collected, and the final 364 were used for analysis. The main research results are as follows. First, the types of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture were all found to have a positive effect on the laboratory safety climate. Second, the types of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture were all found to have a positive effect on the safety behavior of researchers. Third, the laboratory safety climate was found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory culture type on researchers' safety behavior. Fourth, among the sub-factors of laboratory safety climate, safety regulations and safety education were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture on safety compliance behavior, which is a sub-factor of safety behavior. Fifth, among the sub-factors of laboratory safety climate, safety education and safety communication were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between the influence of laboratory group culture, development culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture on safety participation, which is a sub-factor of safety behavior. Summarizing these results, all types of laboratory culture were found to have a positive effect on the safety behavior of researchers, and safety climate was found to play a mediating role in these relationships. In detail, it was found that in order to increase safety compliance behavior, the laboratory's safety regulations and safety education should be strengthened, and in order to increase safety participation behavior, laboratory safety education and safety communication should be strengthened. In particular, among the safety climate sub-factors, safety education appears to mediate the relationship between all variables, so institutional safety environment managers and laboratory directors need to pay special attention to ensure that safety education is successfully completed by those engaged in research activities.

Safety Culture, A New Challenge to Human Factors Engineering for 21st Century

Yong-Hee Lee 대한인간공학회 2016 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.35 No.6

Objective:This paper discusses the recent challenges to human factors engineering due to the safety culture. Background: As incidents occurring in specific fields such as logistics, plant, energy and medical sectors in Korea, as well as in the public sectors including railway, road, aviation and shipping, are recently raised as social issues from the disaster dimension, those incidents are dealt with as man-made disasters in many cases. The trend regarding all accidents as man-made disasters has been expanded in the active perspective that the controllability of all incidents should be ensured in technology development, due to change from a fatal point of view regarding disasters as random occurrence of uncertainties in the past. Method: Man-made disasters are concluded as human errors, and safety culture stands out as a cause of human errors or a new cause item recently. Because safety culture, however, is a very comprehensive term, of which true nature is obscure, although many definitions of safety culture have been presented, the safety culture may make avoid the true nature and responsibility of an incident, or make the main player and subject obscure. Raising safety culture as a cause without presenting a specific countermeasure will be just a wisdom of hindsight. Results and Conclusion: This study reviews the fundamental discussions on “Is safety culture a task of human factors engineering?” and the existing approach carried out from various perspectives in order to seek an effective approach on the new task of safety culture in the human factors engineering field. This study discusses an engineering approach to meet a precondition that safety culture is not just an added factor through a review of the approaches in the proactive fields such as nuclear power and aviation, and the traditional approaches of human factors engineering. Application: This study especially defines the perspective of socio-technological system that has expanded the existing man-machine system, and discusses a systemic approach embracing various interactions, and several overriding tasks.