모바일 Ad-hoc 무선 네트워크에서 경로 안정성 기반 방향성 안내 라우팅 프로토콜

하수형,리데덩,안병구,Ha, Suehyung,Le, The Dung,An, Beongku 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2012 한국인터넷방송통신학회 논문지 Vol.12 No.6

본 논문에서는 링크 안정성 기반 방향성 안내 라우팅 프로토콜(RSDGR)을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘의 주요한 특징 및 기여도는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노드들의 이동성 정보를 이용하여 두 노드 간 링크 안정성과 멀티 홉 간의 루트 안정성을 정량적으로 계산하고, 소스노드와 목적지 노드 사이에서 가장 안정된 경로를 설정한다. 둘째, 소스노드와 목적지 노드 사이의 경로 안정성에 따라서 경로형성을 위한 방향성 안내 영역을 동적으로 설정하여 최적화한다. 셋째, 두 노드 간 링크 안정성과 멀티 홉 간의 경로 안정성을 정량적으로 계산하기 위한 이론적인 모델을 제시한다. 제안된 라우팅 프로토콜의 성능평가는 OPNET(Optimized Network Engineering Tool)을 이용한 시뮬레이션과 이론적인 분석을 통하여 이루어졌다. 성능평가 결과 경로 안정성에 따른 PDR은 시뮬레이션과 이론적인 분석에서 서로 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 또한 모바일 노드들의 이동속도가 빠를수록, 소스노드의 방향성 안내 영역의 크기는 작을수록 경로 안정성과 그에 따른 PDR은 감소하는 반면 Delay와 Control 오버헤드는 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. In this paper, we propose a Route Stability-based Direction Guided Routing protocol(RSDGR) in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The main features and contributions of the proposed routing protocol are as follows. First, it can calculate link stability between two nodes as well as route stability of multi hop quantitatively by using nodes' mobility. And this protocol can establish the most stable path between a source node and a destination node. Second, according to the route stability between a source node and a destination node, it can control and optimize the direction guided region dynamically for route setup. Third, we suggest theoretical model for quantitative calculation of link stability between two nodes and route stability of multi hop path. The performance evaluation of the proposed routing protocol is performed by simulation using OPNET(Optimized Network Engineering Tool) and theoretical analysis. The results of performance evaluation show that the patterns of PDR are similar in simulation and analysis according to route stability. The faster mobile nodes' velocity and the smaller source node's direct guided reigion, the lower route stability and PDR and the higher delay and control overhead related to this.

A Routing Metric to Improve Route Stability in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

( Yi-han Xu ),( Yin Wu ),( Jun Song ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.5

The hop count routing metric is widely used in routing protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to its simplicity and effectiveness. With a lower hop count route, fewer transmissions are required to send a packet from the source to the destination. This can improve the throughput of a network because fewer transmissions results in less channel contention and interference. Despite this, the hop count routing metric may not be ideal for mobile scenarios where the topology of a network changes constantly and rapidly. In this paper, we propose to increase route stability in mobile WSNs by discovering paths that are more stable during route discoveries using routing metrics. Two routing metrics were proposed, the true beauty of these routing metrics lies in the fact that they can even be used even without specialized hardware such as GPS and other sensors. We implemented the proposed routing metrics in the AODV routing protocol and found that they are highly effective and outperform other stability-based routing metrics and the hop count routing metric.

Damping BGP Route Flaps

Duan, Zhenhai,Chandrashekar, Jaideep,Krasky, Jeffrey,Xu, Kuai,Zhang, Zhi-Li The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2007 Journal of communications and networks Vol.9 No.4

BGP route flap damping(RFD) was anecdotally considered to be a key contributor to the stability of the global Internet inter-domain routing system. However, it was recently shown that RFD can incorrectly suppress for substantially long periods of time relatively stable routes, i.e., routes that only fail occasionally. This phenomenon can be attributed to the complex interaction between BGP path exploration and how the RFD algorithm identifies route flaps. In this paper we identify a distinct characteristic of BGP path exploration following a single network event such as a link or router failure. Based on this characteristic, we distinguish BGP route updates during BGP path exploration from route flaps and propose a novel BGP route flap damping algorithm, RFD+. RFD+ has a number of attractive properties in improving Internet routing stability. In particular, it can correctly suppress persistent route flaps without affecting routes that only fail occasionally. In addition to presenting the new algorithm and analyzing its properties, we also perform simulation studies to illustrate the performance of the algorithm.

Lightweight Multicast Routing Based on Stable Core for MANETs

( Abdulmalek Al-hemyari ),( Mahamod Ismail ),( Rosilah Hassan ),( Sabri Saeed ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.12

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have recently gained increased interest due to the widespread use of smart mobile devices. Group communication applications, serving for better cooperation between subsets of business members, become more significant in the context of MANETs. Multicast routing mechanisms are very useful communication techniques for such group-oriented applications. This paper deals with multicast routing problems in terms of stability and scalability, using the concept of stable core. We propose LMRSC (Lightweight Multicast Routing Based on Stable Core), a lightweight multicast routing technique for MANETs, in order to avoid periodic flooding of the source messages throughout the network, and to increase the duration of multicast routes. LMRSC establishes and maintains mesh architecture for each multicast group member by dividing the network into several zones, where each zone elects the most stable node as its core. Node residual energy and node velocity are used to calculate the node stability factor. The proposed algorithm is simulated by using NS-2 simulation, and is compared with other multicast routing mechanisms: ODMRP and PUMA. Packet delivery ratio, multicast route lifetime, and control packet overhead are used as performance metrics. These metrics are measured by gradual increase of the node mobility, the number of sources, the group size and the number of groups. The simulation performance results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other mechanisms in terms of routes stability and network density.

모바일 애드 혹 네트워크 환경에서 경로 신뢰성 분석

이도현 한국융합보안학회 2011 융합보안 논문지 Vol.11 No.5

모바일 애드 혹 네트워크를 형성하는 노드들은 불규칙한 이동성을 갖기 때문에 소스 노드와 목적지 노드 간의 초기 경로 설정 시 임의의 시간동안 경로 유지가 가능한 최적의 중계 노드들을 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 이의 분석을 위해, 본 논문에서는 중계 노드들 간의 초기 거리 및 이동 속도를 고려한 링크 유지 확률을 유도하고 임의의 시간 동안 두 중 계노드 간 링크 유지가 가능한 최적의 거리를 제시하며, 이를 기반으로 임의의 두 노드 간에 설정되는 경로의 신뢰성을 분석한다. Mobile nodes in MANETs have the nature of unrestricted mobility so that they will join and leave the network frequently. Therefore, it important consideration to determine the optimal distance progress between relaying nodes along the route in order to maintain the established route for an arbitrary length of time (i.e., route duration). In this paper, we derived the link maintenance probability by considering the initial distance between two relaying nodes and node mobility. Based on the link maintenance probability, we further analyzed the route stability by considering the impact of distance progress between relaying nodes along the route.

Preparation of nanorod hydroxyapatite by combination of chemical precipitation and microwave technique

Li-li Wang,Xiu-feng Wang,Hong-tao JIANG 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2015 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.16 No.4

Nanorod hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized using H3PO4 and Ca(OH)2 as precursor materials via a combination of chemical precipitation and microwave techniques route. Effects of various reactive solvent, heating mode of microwave and microwave time on phase stability and morphology of as-prepared hydroxyapatite were investigated based on orthogonal design. The results suggested that when the reactive solvent was pure water, uniform, no agglomerated rod-like hydroxyapatite was formed. Increasing microwave time improved the crystallinity and morphology of rod-like hydroxyapatite, significantly. Heating mode of microwave had a profound influence on the shape, dispersibility and morphology of nanorod hydroxyapatite. Continuously heating by microwave was better for synthesis of nanorod hydroxyapatite. Phase stability of high energy metastable hydroxyapatite brought by microwave route was improved by low temperature presintering.

지오멀티캐스트: 모바일 Ad-hoc 무선 네트워크에서 경로 안정성을 이용한 위치기반 멀티캐스트 라우팅 프로토콜

하수형(Sue Hyung Ha),리데덩(Le The Dung),안병구(Beongku An) 대한전자공학회 2013 전자공학회논문지 Vol.50 No.7

본 논문에서는 모바일 Ad-hoc 무선 네트워크에서 경로 안정성을 이용한 위치기반 멀티캐스트 라우팅 프로토콜(지오멀티캐스트)을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 지오멀티캐스트의 주요한 특징 및 기여도는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어떤 특정한 지역 내에 분포하는 모바일 노드들 중 특정 노드들에게 데이터 전송이 가능하다. 둘째, 노드들의 이동성 정보를 이용하여 안정적인 라우팅 경로를 선택한다. 셋째, 지오멀티캐스트 가이드라인 정보를 사용하여 경로 설정을 위한 불필요한 컨트롤 오버헤드나 전력의 낭비를 줄일 수 있다. 넷째, 지오멀티캐스트 서비스를 지원하기 위한 안정된 경로 설정 관련 이론적인 모델을 전개한다. 제안된 지오멀티캐스의 성능평가는 OPNET을 이용한 시뮬레이션과 이론적인 분석을 통하여 이루어졌으며, 이론적인 결과와 시뮬레이션 결과가 유사하게 일치함을 확인 하였다. 그리고 특정한 영역에 있는 특정한 그룹에 속해있는 노드들에게 효과적으로 데이터 페킷 전송이 이루어짐을 알 수 있다. In this paper, we propose a location based multicast routing protocol, called Geomulticast, in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The main features and contributions of the proposed geomulticast are as follows. First, support data transmission to only the specific mobile nodes within a target area. Second, establish stable routing route by using mobility information of nodes. Third, reduce control overhead, power for construction of routing route by using geomulticast guided line information. Fourth, present a theoretical model for establishing stable route. The performance evaluation of the proposed geomulticast is executed by using OPNET simulation and theoretical analysis, and the results of simulation and theoretical analysis have similar patterns. And we can see that data packets are efficiently transmitted to specific user groups within a specific area.

Morphology controlled synthesis of 2-D Ni–Ni3S2 and Ni3S2 nanostructures on Ni foam towards oxygen evolution reaction

CHAUDHARINITIN KADUBA,Oh Aram,Sa Young Jin,Jin Haneul,백현석,Kim Sang Gu,이석중,주상훈,Lee Kwangyeol 나노기술연구협의회 2017 Nano Convergence Vol.4 No.7

Catalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) are at the heart of key renewable energy technologies, and development of non-precious metal catalysts with high activity and stability remain a great challenge in this field. Among various material candidates, metal sulfides are receiving increasing attention. While morphology-dependent catalytic performances are well established in noble metal-based catalysts, relatively little is known for the morphology‒catalytic performance relationship in metal sulfide catalysts. In this study, uniform spider web-like Ni nanosheets–Ni3S2 and honeycomb-like Ni3S2 structures are deposited on nickel foam (Ni3S2/NF) by a facile one-step hydrothermal synthetic route. When used as an oxygen evolution electrode, the spider web-like Ni–Ni3S2/NF with the large exposed surface area shown excellent catalytic activity and stability with an overpotential of ~310 mV to achieve at 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope of 63 mV/dec in alkaline media, which is superior to the honeycomb-like structure without Ni nanosheet. The low Tafel slope of the spider web-like Ni–Ni3S2/NF represents one of the best OER kinetics among nickel sulfide-based OER catalysts. The results point to the fact that performance of the metal sulfide electrocatalysts might be fine-tuned and optimized with morphological controls.

An Adaptive Energy Aware Algorithm for Reliable Transmission Sensor Networks

Shi-Hua Cao,Qi-Hui Wang,Li-Dong Wang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.9 No.8

Route maintenance and repair process plays an important role in mobile self-organizing network. On the basis of considering route stability and energy aware routing protocol, a new scheme is proposed in this paper. Firstly, signal strength, rest energy and port queue length are periodically and alternately detected; secondly, cross-layer method is adopted for route maintenance, and the alternate route is actively established for data transmission according to the routing repair mechanism “Make-before-Break”; finally, relevant experiment is carried out in NS2 to simulate and compare the proposed protocol and other similar routing protocols such as RSEA and LAER. The experiment result shows that the new scheme has good performance in the aspects of data packet delivery ratio, overhead control and end-to-end delay.

ERPM: An Entropy-based Routing Protocol using Mobility in Mobile Ad-hoc Wireless Networks

안병구,이주상,An, Beong-Ku,Lee, Joo-Sang The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2011 電子工學會論文誌-CI (Computer and Information) Vol.39 No.1

본 논문에서는 모바일 Ad-hoc 무선 네트워크에서 유비쿼터스 융합 서비스를 효과적으로 지원하기 위한 이동성을 이용한 엔트로피 기반 라우팅 프로토콜(ERPM)을 제안한다. 제안된 ERPM의 주요한 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, ERPM은 노드들의 이동성을 이용한 엔트로피 개념을 기반으로 하여 안정된 라우팅 경로들을 설정할 수 있다. 둘째, ERPM은 노드들의 이동성을 이용한 엔트로피 개념에 의해서 경로들의 안정성을 평가 할 수 있다. 셋째, ERPM은 소스노드와 목적지 노드 사이에 다중 경로가 존재할 때 경로들의 이동성 측면에서 가장 안정된 경로를 선택할 수 있다. 제안된 ERPM의 성능평가는 OPNET을 사용한 시뮬레이션과 이론적 분석을 통하여 이루어진다. 성능평가를 통하여 제안된 ERPM은 안정된 경로 설정 및 데이터 전송효율을 효과적으로 증가 시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다. In this paper, we propose an Entropy-based Routing Protocol using Mobility (ERPM) for supporting ubiquitous convergence services efficiently in mobile ad-hoc wireless networks. The main features that the ERPM introduces to obtain the goals can be summarized as follows. First, ERPM can construct stable routing routes based on the entropy concepts using mobility of nodes. Second, ERPM can quantitatively evaluate the stability of route by entropy concepts using mobility of nodes. Third, ERPM can select the most stable route in the view points of mobility of routes between a source node and a destination node, where multiple paths are available. The performance evaluation of the proposed ERPM performed via simulation using OPNET and analysis shows that the ERPM can support the construction of stable routing routes and increase the transmission ratio of data efficiently.