주한 미 평화봉사단 연구동향 및 소식지 자료해제

서나래 한국교육사학회 2020 한국교육사학 Vol.42 No.3

The Peace Corps is an independent agency and volunteer program run by the United States Government that provides technical cooperation to countries in need of social and economic aid. The Peace Corps began dispatching volunteers to Korea in 1966 to volunteer in the fields of English education and health, and the Peace Corps withdrew its program in 1981 due to the drastic economic development in Korea. Between 1966 and 1981, Peace Corps volunteers spontaneously published their own newsletters to communicate with each other. Peace Corps volunteers shared their vivid emotions, such as homesickness, culture-shock, or gratified rural life gossip, and tips for Korean life. Several volunteers worked to complete the monthly newsletter. The Korea Peace Corps volunteers’ newsletters were deconstructed for this paper thanks to the digitized works of Peace Corps/Korea materials at the University of Southern California, Korean Heritage Library. This paper provides an introduction to Yobosayo, Jambong, and other newsletters and their unique characteristics. At first, Yobosayo was a regular newsletter that was circulated among the volunteers, who were spread out throughout the country. However, after Aug. 1970, the periodic newsletters disappeared. There reasons that the volunteers could not publish their own official newsletters, such as budget cutdown, the political stance of Peace Corps Seoul Office, censorship, etc. Regular newsletters did not exist again until 1977. From 1977 to 1981, the newsletter, Jambong was issued monthly. However, it appears to have been an official house organ of Peace Corps/Korea rather than a volunteer-initiated newsletter. The newsletters are valuable as historical materials but also have limitations. During the period of publication, explicit rules existed to prevent public commentary about the host country’s political issues. Moreover, the Peace Corps volunteers inevitably experienced authoritarian society in Korea prevalent at that time. Ultimately, despite of the limitation of Peace Corps Volunteers' newsletters, they provide a lens to investigate actual activities and lives of Peace Corps volunteers in 1966-1981 Korea. 평화봉사단(The Peace Corps)은 미국 정부가 자국의 봉사단원을 선발하고 훈련한 뒤 개발도상국으로 파견하여 기술협력을 실시하는 단체다. 우리나라에는 1966년에 처음 들어와서 영어교육과 보건교육 분야에서 기술협력을 담당하다가 1981년 철수하였다. 전국에 흩어진 평화봉사단원들은 서로 소통하기 위하여 자발적으로 소식지를 만들어 간행하였다. 본 연구는 주한 미 평화봉사단의 연구동향을 살피고, 새로운 연구에 기여할 평화봉사단 소식지를 해제할 것이다. 평화봉사단의 소식지 "Yobosayo"와 "짬뽕", 그리고 기타 소식지를 개괄하면서 사료적 가치와 한계를 살펴볼 것이다. 본 연구에서 살펴본 주한 미 평화봉사단 연구 동향과 소식지 해제는, 가르치고 배우는 것을 통해 다층적인 문화교류를 가능하게 했던 한 시절에 대한 토대 작업이 된다.

주한 미 평화봉사단의 정치적 성격과 단원들의 인식

서나래 ( Seo Narae ) 한국교육사학회 2021 한국교육사학 Vol.43 No.4

본 연구는 냉전 질서 하에서 활동한 주한 미 평화봉사단 조직의 정치적 성격을 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그동안 주한 미 평화봉사단의 교육 활동은 한미 민간친선강화 정책으로 여겨졌으며 그들의 활동은 아름다운 봉사, 영원한 우정으로 알려졌다. 그렇지만 주한 미 평화봉사단은 냉전시대의 첨예한 국제정치의 질서를 담지하고 있었다. 주한 미 평화봉사단의 정치적 성격을 확인하기 위해 본 연구에서는 첫째, 평화봉사단의 기원과 평화봉사단에서 추구한 정치적 중립성을 살펴본다. 베트남 전쟁으로 인해 위기에 몰린 미국에 대해 한국은 전투병과를 파견했고 주한 미 평화봉사단은 베트남 전쟁에 전투병력 파병이라는 협상의 결과로서 파견되었다. 둘째, 주한 미 평화봉사단의 파견 과정을 살핀다. 1970년대 초반까지 한국에 파견된 일부 평화봉사단원들은 오히려 베트남 전쟁에 반대하며, 징집을 연기하거나 회피하기 위한 수단으로 평화봉사단을 택했다. 셋째 봉사단원들의 평화봉사단 조직 인식을 검토한다. 주한 미 평화봉사단원들은 평화봉사단이라는 조직이 신 제국주의적 관점에서 미국의 패권주의에 부역하는 기관임을 주장하기도 하고 개발도상국에서 인도주의를 실천하며 상호이해를 돕는 기관이라고 옹호하기도 하였다. 결국 주한 미 평화봉사단이라는 조직과 교육적 실천은 정치적으로 결코 중립적일 수 없었다. 그렇지만 주한 미 평화봉사단이 철수한지 약 40여년이 흐른 지금 당시 단원들이 깨닫지 못했던 한국 생활의 경험과 가치를 논할 수 있게 되었으며 학문적으로 이를 입증하는 것도 가능하게 되었다. 이것은 주한 미 평화봉사단원들이 소식지에서 첨예하게 논박할 때 좀처럼 예상하지 못한 미래이기도 하다. The purpose of this article is to confirm the politics of the U.S. Peace Corps in Korea during the Cold War era. Until now, the educational activities of the U.S. Peace Volunteer Corps in Korea have been regarded as a policy to strengthen good-neighbor relations between Korea and the U.S. Their activities have been viewed as a benevolent service. However, the U.S. Peace Corps in Korea was a microcosm of the tense relationships of foreign affairs during the Cold War era. To confirm the politics of the U.S. Peace Corps in Korea, I first examined the origin of the Peace Corps in the U.S. and apolitical attitude pursued by the Peace Corps. During the mid-1960s, South Korea dispatched combat troops to aid the United States in the Vietnam War. In return, the U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers were dispatched from the U.S. to South Korea, as a reward for Korea’s military assistance. Second, I reviewed the dispatch process of the U.S. Peace Corps to Korea. The Peace Corps was seen as a by-product of the Vietnam War, but in an ironic twist, some volunteers had joined the Peace Corps in order to avoid or defer conscription. Third, I identified the volunteers’ own perspectives towards the Peace Corps through their periodical newsletter. Some volunteers in Korea argued that the Peace Corps’ underlying purpose was to establish the United States soft power and neo-imperialism. Others defended the Peace Corps as an organization that practices humanitarianism and fosters mutual understanding. Ultimately, the disputes among volunteers in Korea proved that the U.S. Peace Corps could never be an apolitical agency that fully reflected the logic of the Cold War. However, the experience of Peace Corps Volunteers’ and values reflected through their work, can now be mentioned and discussed academically in Korean studies after almost 40 years, since the withdrawal of Peace Corps in Korea in 1981. This has had unforeseen consequences, since volunteers vigorously disputed their political opinions in the newsletters.

주한 미 평화봉사단의 초기 사전 훈련 운영과 교육적 특징

서나래(Seo, Narae) 교육사학회 2021 교육사학연구 Vol.31 No.1

미국의 평화봉사단(The Peace Corps)은 자국민을 대상으로 봉사단원을 선발하고 훈련한 뒤 개발도상국에 파견하여 2년간 현지에서 봉사활동을 진행하는 기구다. 한국에는 1966년에 처음으로 평화봉사단이 파견되어 중등학교나 대학의 영어강사나 보건소의 보건요원으로 활동하다가 한국이 경제적으로 일정한 수준에 도달한 1981년 철수하였다. 본 연구는 주한 미 평화봉사단의 초기 사전 훈련을 분석하여 교육적 특징을 살피는데 그 목적이 있다. 사전 훈련(Pre-Service Training)이란 해외 파견에 앞서 3개월 간 파견국의 언어와 기술, 비교문화를 배우며 합숙훈련을 하는 것이다. 주한 미 평화봉사단 TESOL 프로그램은 기존의 암기 위주의 교육시스템에서 벗어나 새로운 방법론을 찾아 인력자원개발을 하는 것을 당면과제로 하였다. 주한 미 평화봉사단 사전 훈련의 교육적 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사전훈련을 관장했던 평화봉사단 아시아·태평양본부는 미국의 최신 교육학을 반영하여 사전 훈련 방법론을 구성했다. 둘째, 사전 훈련의 이론과 당시 한국 교육현장의 실제는 이질적이었고 때로는 부조화를 야기했다. 이러한 시행착오를 통해 주한 미 평화봉사단의 사전 훈련은 한국적 맥락에 맞는 교육을 실시하는 개선점을 도출하였다. 하지만 이러한 개선점은 주한 미 평화봉사단이 한국의 경제발전과 근대화를 특별히 고려해서라기보다는 미국의 대외정책의 전환을 반영한 것이라 할 수 있다. The Peace Corps is a United States volunteer agency. They select volunteers and train them. After their own training program, the Peace Corps dispatches them to developing countries and processes a voluntary service for two year. In Korea, the Peace Corps had dispatched volunteers and serviced since 1966. The Peace Corps Korea withdrew its service in 1981 because at that time Korea was not classified as a developing country anymore. The purpose of this article is to present educational characteristics of Peace Corps’ pre-service training (PST) in initial stage. PST in the Peace Corps is a boarding training program for trainees who are supposed to dispatch developing countries and they learn the host country’s language, their own technic and cross-culture. TESOL program of Peace Corps in Korea showed problems in the initial stage. It aimed to escape from rote learning and to find new teaching methods to develop manpower resources for nation’s modernization. The characteristics of Peace Corps’ PST in Korea are below. Initially, a headquarter of East Asia and Pacific of the Peace Corps organized PST methods reflecting the United States’ trendy pedagogy. Second, the gap between theoretical grounding of PST and reality of Korean education caused dissonance. After those trials and errors, the Peace Corps found an improvement enforcing education not in American point of view but in Korean context. However, this improvement was resulted not from considering Korean economic development and modernization but from foreign policy change of the United States.

주한 미 평화봉사단 교육사업의 특징과 그 유산

서나래 ( Narae Seo ) 한국교육사학회 2021 한국교육사학 Vol.43 No.2

미국의 평화봉사단은 자국 시민을 대상으로 봉사단원을 선발하여 개발도상국에서 2년간 봉사활동을 주관하는 단체다. 평화봉사단은 1966년부터 1981년까지 한국에 TESOL 강사, 보건요원 등을 파견했다. 본 연구는 주한 미 평화봉사단 영어교육 성과에서 벗어나 주한 미 평화봉사단의 유산을 검토하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 우선 주한 미 평화봉사단 교육사업의 특징을 살필 것이다. 주한 미 평화봉사단의 교육사업은 쌍방국가주의(bi-nationalism)에 실패하였고 상이한 교육 사조로 인해 난항을 겪었다. 결국 주한 미 평화봉사단은 현상 유지(status-quo)의 교육을 선택하는데 이는 오히려 한국적 맥락에 맞추어 가는 것이었다. 주한 미 평화봉사단의 유산은 한국 공교육에 남았다고 보기 어려운데 이것은 오히려 한국과 미국 양 국가의 학계에 남았다. 일부 주한 미 평화봉사단원들이 파견 종료 이후 적극적으로 한국학을 연구하면서 지역학으로서 한국학이 탄생하고 발전하였으며 한국 역시 주한 미 평화봉사단이라는 타자집단을 통해 한국적인 것을 재발견했다. 이러한 유산은 주한 미 평화봉사단이 시작될 당시 정책결정자뿐만 아니라 봉사단원들도 의도하지 않은 결과다. The Peace Corps is a United States volunteer agency selecting volunteers and dispatching them abroad for two years after three months of training. From 1966 to 1981, Peace Corps volunteers worked in field of English education, special education, public health etc. in Korea. This paper aims not to analyze the English education performance of Peace Corps but to examine the legacy of them in Korea. In order to review the legacy, I will investigate the characteristics of Peace Corps’ educational work in Korea. Its educational work neither did succeed bi-nationalism which initially meant enhancing cooperation between the educational practices of the United States and the host country, Korea, nor did accord with Korean educational philosophy. After all, the Peace Corps carried out the education status-quo which did not harm the homogeneity of Korean education. The legacy of Peace Corps’ educational work does not remain in field of public education in Korea but in field of academia broadly between the United States and Korea. Some returned Korea Peace Corps volunteers devoted Korean Studies after their duty and this trend made it possible to develop Korean Studies as area studies in the United States. Korean discovered “Koreaness” throughout Peace Corps volunteers and vice versa. The legacy of the Peace Corps has unforeseen consequences since the time of its initiation in Korea, not only for policy-makers but also for the Peace Corps volunteers.

평화봉사단의 영어교육적 함의와 사회∙교육적 영향 분석: 정부기관 공식 문서를 중심으로

강후동 팬코리아영어교육학회 2017 영어교육연구 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the English educational implication and socio-educational influence of the Peace Corps who served in Korea in the past. Peace Corps service was separated by three different time periods in the study: From 1966 to 1981, from 1982 to 2010, and from 2011 to the present. The first period is the time period that the Peace Corps officially served in Korea. The second period is the time period that the Peace Corps who remained after 1981 personally served in Korea. In the third period, there have been two of representative services: Activities of‘Friends of Korea’in America, and partnership of Korea with America for international development assistance. The study results revealed that English education was always at the forefront of the Peace Corps service and the Language Laboratory Association which became the forerunner of KATE had a positive influence on the Peace Corps service to effectively take root in Korean English education. The difficulties of the Peace Corps service at high schools in the beginning stopped their service there and moved their service to middle schools, universities, and other areas such as science education, health and tourism.

神風特攻隊と知覽特攻平和會館の讀法 -日本の戰爭と平和に對する誤った敎え-

박균섭 한국일본근대학회 2015 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.49

第2次世界大戰の末期に日本軍は神風特攻隊を組織して戰爭を遂行した。神風特攻隊は特攻を支援した瞬間からすでに靖國神社の神としての地位を與えられた。日本の極右は神風特攻隊が誇らしく自爆したと主張したが、實際に愛國心があふれる操縱士が僅かはいたかも知れないが相當數はそうではなかった。鹿兒島知覽にある知覽特攻平和會館は數多くの觀覽客が訪れてくるほど人氣のある觀光地である。特攻の聖地という村のイメ-ジが作られたのである。明らかにこの名稱は加害者日本に對する省察が缺如した名前である。特に知覽特攻平和會館は特攻作戰が展開した1945年の春(1945.3.26~7.19)を時間帶に設定した展示が成り立っている。アジア·太平洋戰爭を15年戰爭という流れ中で眺めておらず、日本の若者たちを死に追い遣ったことに對する反省の見解がなく、そのような殘酷な歷史を繰り返さないという確約もない。彼らが語る平和は世界普遍の恒久的な平和ではない日本特有の平和、ガラパゴス症候群としての平和であった。これこそ、戰爭と平和に對する誤った敎えである。 Japanese army organized the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps and carried out the war in the last of World WarⅡ. The Kamikaze Special Attack Corps had been given to a god-like status and enshrined at the Yasukuni Shrine at the moment of the application for the job. Japanese extreme rightists insist proudly on suicide bombing of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps, in effect considerable number of the soldiers did not agree with it. It is doubt whether there were full of patriotic spirit soldiers. The Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots is a popular tourist attraction in Kagoshima Prefecture. The village was made up an image the Holy Land of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps. Obviously, the title is a lack of reflection on the Japanese assailant. Especially, the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots is settled an exhibition as a time zone of 1945 spring(1945.3.26~7.19). They did not watch the Pacific War the inside of the current of Fifteen Years War. They also did not reflect that they drove out the young generation into death and did not make a definite promise to repeat cruel history. What they say the peace is Japanese’s characteristic peace as a Galapagos Syndrome. It is not a world universal permanent peace. This indeed can tell a miseducation of war and peace.

神風特攻隊と知覽特攻平和會館の讀法 ‒ 日本の戰爭と平和に對する誤った敎え ‒

朴均燮 한국일본근대학회 2015 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.49

Japanese army organized the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps and carried out the war in the last of World WarⅡ. The Kamikaze Special Attack Corps had been given to a god-like status and enshrined at the Yasukuni Shrine at the moment of the application for the job. Japanese extreme rightists insist proudly on suicide bombing of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps, in effect considerable number of the soldiers did not agree with it. It is doubt whether there were full of patriotic spirit soldiers. The Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots is a popular tourist attraction in Kagoshima Prefecture. The village was made up an image the Holy Land of the Kamikaze Special Attack Corps. Obviously, the title is a lack of reflection on the Japanese assailant. Especially, the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots is settled an exhibition as a time zone of 1945 spring(1945.3.26~7.19). They did not watch the Pacific War the inside of the current of Fifteen Years War. They also did not reflect that they drove out the young generation into death and did not make a definite promise to repeat cruel history. What they say the peace is Japanese’s characteristic peace as a Galapagos Syndrome. It is not a world universal permanent peace. This indeed can tell a miseducation of war and peace.

한국 언론에 비친 미 평화봉사단의 영어교육 및 사회·교육에 끼친 영향 연구

강후동(Kang, Hoo Dong) 영미어문학회 2021 영미어문학연구 Vol.35 No.1

Kang, Hoo Dong. 2021. “The Effects of American Peace Corps on English Education and Socio-education in Korea in the Newspapers.” J ournal of British & American Language, Literature & E ducation 35(1), 27-49. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Peace Corps on English education and socio-educational aspect in the Korean Peninsula in Korean newspapers. For this study, 127 newspaper articles from 1966 to 2015 were collected from the Chosun Ilbo, the Dong-A Ilbo, the Chungang Ilbo archives, Korea Times, and so on. The collected articles showed the significant influence of Peace Corps activities on the life patterns of Korean people during this period. The results of the study reveal that the Peace Corps’ service in Korea contributed to and influenced on the life of not only their students but also participants themselves as Peace Corps in various aspects. This study categorizes the influences into five domains: 1) diplomatic relations, 2) spread of Korean culture, language, and literature, 3) religious activities in English, 4) friendship and more, 5) the effect of English education. The study concluded that the articles of Korean newspapers more highlighted the effects of Peace Corps on other domains above rather than on English education, even though their duties more heavily focused on English education.

일본의 아시아 ODA 확대와 청년해외협력대의 설립: 일본은 왜 1960년대 ‘일본형 평화봉사단’을 출범했는가?

한송이,최은봉 한양대학교 평화연구소 2023 문화와 정치 Vol.10 No.3

본 연구는 1965년 일본형 평화봉사단인 청년해외협력대의 국내적 창설 요인의 메커니즘을 설명하기 위해 일본 국제협력사업단의 자료 및 주요 일간지, 국회의사록을 토대로 Push-Pull-Mooring(PPM) 이론을 적용했다. 일본 청년해외협력대가 출범하기까지 세 번의 국면 전환을 거쳤다. 첫째, 청년해외협력대의 출범 논의 시기, 둘째, 청년해외협력대에 대한 지향성의 경합과 정책 네트워크 형성 시기, 셋째, 기존의 평화부대에서 청년봉사대로 명칭이 변경된 시기이다. 청년해외협력대의 출범에는 미국의 영향과 요청이 있었으나 추진 요인으로 국내 청년 문제에 대한 대책, 전후 일본의 신뢰 회복과 국가 이미지 제고를 위한 공공 외교의 프로그램 구축이라는 의도가 중요하게 작용했다. 외무성, 자민당 신세대 의원, 청년단체는 청년해외협력대에 대한 상이한 기대를 가지고 있었으나 추진 요인의 공통 분모에 동의하며 정책 네트워킹의 매개 역할을 담당했다. This study applied PPM theory based on JICA's materials, major daily news papers and the National Assembly minutes to explain the domestic factors behind the establishment of JOCV, Japanese version Peace Corps, in 1965. It went through three phase transitions before the launch of JOCV. First, phase of discussing the establishment of JOCV, second, phase of competition among directions of JOCV and the formation of policy network, third, phase of the name was changed from Japanese version Peace Corps to JOCV. Though there had been influences and requests from the US for the establishment of JOCV, there also were push factors functioned importantly such as the measure against domestic youth issues, and the intention to establish a public diplomacy program for Japan's trust restoration and national image reinforcement. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, new generation members of the Liberal Democratic Party, and youth organizations had different expectations for the JOCV, but they all agreed to the push factors and played a mediating role in the policy networking.

The Interplay of Language Planning in the Peace Corps/Korea TEFL Program

이지혜 미래영어영문학회 2019 영어영문학 Vol.24 No.1

This paper is aimed at looking critically at the interplay between the status planning and acquisition planning in the Peace Corps/Korea TEFL Program conducted in Korea from 1966 till 1981. In the case of English in Korea, it is modernization that should be added to Hornberger’s (2006) existing policy goals of status planning such as officialization, nationalization etc. As such, modernization was accepted by both the U.S. and Korea as a keyword of the program particularly in accordance with the modernization theory fully-fledged during the 1950s and 1960s. As far as the concept of modernization is concerned, however, it is pointed out that the U.S. was more interested in a sweeping societal change of Korea in its nation-building process, whereas Korea was more concerned with its economic development in terms of Peace Corps’ newly introduced English education. The dichotomy in Language Planning and Policy (LPP) between the two macro-institutions gave rise to a few major controversies or conflict of interests between the Peace Corps/ Korea and the Korean schools, ending in de facto only a status quo of English education in Korea, despite PCVs’ far-reaching audio-lingual oriented emphasis on spoken English.