근위축 마우스 모델에서 한국산 겨우살이 추출물에 의한 단백질 합성 신호전달 경로의 활성화

정주성 ( Juseong Jeong ),박춘호 ( Choon-ho Park ),김인보 ( Inbo Kim ),김종배 ( Jong-bae Kim ) 한국식품영양학회 2017 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.30 No.2

Muscle atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the mass of the muscle. With an increase in life expectancy and chronic illnesses, the incidence of muscle atrophy is increasing and the quality of life of patients is decreasing. Thus, reducing muscle atrophy is of high clinical and socio-economic importance. Mistletoe is a semi-parasitic plant that has been used as a traditional medicine in many countries to treat various human illnesses. It has been reported that Korean mistletoe extract (KME) has diverse biological functions including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity properties, and extension of lifespan. Especially, we have recently reported that KME improves exercise endurance in mice, indicating its beneficial roles in enhancing the capacity of skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated whether KME could activate the signaling pathway related to protein synthesis in a mouse model of muscle atrophy. Interestingly, KME efficiently activated the Akt/mTOR pathway, and Akt and mTOR are important signaling hub molecules for the acceleration of protein synthesis in muscle cells. In addition, KME also increased the activity of S6 kinase which is involved in the regulation of muscle cell size. Moreover, the ERK activity, required for transcription of ribosomal RNA for protein synthesis, was also enhanced in KME-treated mouse muscle. These data support the idea that KME increases muscle mass via increased protein synthesis. Our findings also suggest that Korean mistletoe might be a promising candidate for the development of functional foods that are beneficial for preventing muscle atrophy.

사시 수술 시 측정한 외안근의 폭과 각막 윤부에서 부착부까지의 거리

신현민,유혜린,윤영수,Hyun-Min Shin Helen Lew Young-Su Yun,M,D 대한안과학회 2005 대한안과학회지 Vol.46 No.8

Purpose: This study investigated the differences of muscle width and distance from limbus to muscle insertion site according to age and sex, and the correlation with ocular axial length and strabismus degree. Methods: The study subjects were 100 eyes of 50 horizontal strabismus patients undergoing rectus muscles recession. Ocular axial lengths were measured at preoperation, while muscle width and distance from limbus to muscle insertion site were measured during operation. Preoperative and postoperative comparison items were retrospectively investigated with the medical records. Correlations of muscle width, distance from limbus to muscle insertion site and the comparison items were verified by ANOVA test. Results: Muscle width was 10.05±0.86 mm in medial rectus muscle and 9.38±1.03 mm in lateral rectus muscle. Distance from limbus to muscle insertion site was 5.21±0.85 mm in medial rectus muscle and 6.37±1.01 mm in lateral rectus muscle. Muscle width and distance from limbus to muscle insertion site had no correlations with ocular axial length and strabismus degree, but ocular axial length was significantly longer in the older group compared to the younger group and in the male group compared to the female group. Conclusions: It is presumed that muscle width and distance from limbus to muscle insertion site have no relationship with age, sex and strabismus degree.

눈 주위 근육 피판의 선택적 이용에 의한 안검하수의 교정 및 합병증

한동길,송철홍,장경수,박대환,이재욱,안기영 大韓成形外科學會 1997 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.24 No.3

Eighty-three cases with severe blepharoptosis were treated by the superiorly based muscle flaps around eye including orbicularis oculi muscle, frontalis muscle, levator muscle. The selection of the muscle flaps were done in accordance with the levator function of patients. The orbicularis oculi muscle flap technique in 32 patients who have 2-5 mm levator function, 21 cases of the interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap for 1-3 mm levator function, frontalis muscle flap technique for less than 2 mm levator function, 22 cases of levator muscle resection for 2-8 mm levator function, 7 cases of levator plication for 5-9 mm levator function. The majority of patients recorded as satisfactory results. There has been no complete failure but there were 14 cases of undercorrection, 4 cases of overcorrection, 2 cases of exposure keratitis, 3 cases of corneal erosion, 2 cases of sensory loss, hematoma, loss of wrinkle and a few cases of eyelid deformity such as notching, entropion, fading or unnatural fold. The orbicularis oculi muscle technique or the interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap technique offers several advantages over conventional frontalis muscle flap technique such as being a simple with a good operative field, single incision on supratarsal fold, no depression on the forehead, no risk of neurovascular injury and relatively easy technique with less complication. The levator resection or levator plication could offer good results by careful selection of patients. In conclusion, we would like to say that the interdigitated frontalis orbicularis oculi muscle flap technique is best in cases with less than 2 mm levator function, orbicularis oculi muscle flap technique in 2-4 mm levator function, levator resection in 4-8 mm levator function, levator plication in more than 8mm levator function.

Effect of Isometric Horizontal Abduction on Scapular and Shoulder Muscle Activity During Knee Push-up Plus With Different Shoulder Angles in Individuals With Scapular Winging

Choi Jung-Hoon,Cynn Heon-Seock,Baik Seung-Min,Kim Seok-Hyun 한국전문물리치료학회 2023 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.30 No.2

Background: Individuals with scapular winging have a weak serratus anterior (SA) muscle, and to compensate, the pectoralis major (PM) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles excessively activate, which can cause upper extremity dysfunction. This study aimed to compare the effects of isometric horizontal abduction (IHA) on SA, PM, and UT muscle activity, as well as the SA/PM and SA/UT muscle activity ratios during knee push-up plus (KPP) at 90° and 120° of shoulder flexion. Objects: This study aimed to compare the effects of IHA on SA, PM, and UT muscle activity, as well as the SA/PM and SA/UT muscle activity ratios during KPP at 90° and 120° of shoulder flexion. Methods: This study, conducted at a university research laboratory, included 20 individuals with scapular winging. Participants performed KPP with and without IHA at 90° (KPP90) and 120° (KPP120) of shoulder flexion. SA, PM, and UT muscle activity were measured using surface electromyography. Results: PM activity in KPP90 with IHA was significantly lower than KPP90 and in KPP120 was significantly lower than KPP90. UT activity was significantly greater with IHA than without IHA and at 120° than 90° of shoulder flexion. SA/PM muscle activity ratio was significantly higher in KPP90 with IHA than without IHA and in KPP120 than in KPP90. SA/UT muscle activity ratio was significantly lower with IHA than without IHA. Conclusion: KPP90 with IHA and KPP120 are effective exercises to reduce PM activity and increase SA/PM muscle activity ratio. However, applying IHA in KPP90 also reduces SA/UT muscle activity ratio, implying that it would be preferable to apply KPP120 in individuals overusing their UT muscles.

패혈증에서 근위축의 기전

이기동,김호철 대한중환자의학회 2010 Acute and Critical Care Vol.25 No.1

Muscle wasting is commonly seen in patients with sepsis as a consequence of the catabolic response in skeletal muscle. Muscle wasting can occur in cases that have an imbalance between degradation and synthesis of muscle proteins. Although decrements in the synthesis of muscle proteins may contribute to sepsis-induced muscle wasting, it has been recognized that increments in its degradation play a more essential role in muscle wasting. Muscle wasting in sepsis patients has some significant clinical consequences such as reduced ambulation and exercise tolerance, and an increased risk for pulmonary and thromboembolic complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed for sepsis-induced muscle wasting. Increased proteolysis via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the calpains system is one of the principal mechanisms of muscle wasting induced by sepsis. Calpains are activated by calcium, which increases in patients with sepsis. The activation of the calpains system disrupts the sarcomere of the myofibrils, resulting in the release of myofilaments that are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. Recent studies have suggested that transcriptional factors such as NF-κB and FoxO, and the apoptosis and autophagy-lysosome pathways may also be involved in sepsis-induced muscle wasting. This review briefly summarizes the contribution of these mechanisms of muscle wasting in patients with sepsis and the possible therapeutic agents to treat it.

가칭 근육조정술의 4체형 분류에 따른 근육 배속의 한의학적 접근

홍성민 ( Seong Min Hong ),오민석 ( Min Seok Oh ) 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2012 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.21 No.1

Objectives : This study was conducted to understand 4 groups in tentatively named "muscle coordinative manipulation" by Korean medicine. Methods : We researched some articles on meridian-muscle theory and muscle`s action that are classified into 4 groups in muscle coordinative manipulation. Results : The outcome of examining the hypothesis is as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis : ``Elevated shoulder`` group mainly consists of muscles that are involved with shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation. ``Lowered shoulder`` group is mainly composed of muscles that acts of shoulder depression, adduction and internal rotation. ``Elevated pelvis`` & ``Lowered pelvis`` groups didn`t show significant features by the movement of the hips. 2. The 2nd hypothesis : Most of muscles in ``elevated & lowered shoulder`` groups are classified into ``hand taiyang`` meridian-muscle. Most of muscles in ``elevated pelvis`` group are included in ``foot jueyin`` meridian-muscle. Most of muscles in ``lowered pelvis`` group are classified into ``foot taiyang & foot yangming`` meridian-muscle. Conclusions : There is no significant classification in muscles that comprise 4 groups in muscle coordinative manipulation when it comes to meridian-muscle theory and muscle function. More studies on chain reaction of muscle and subsequent analysis in Korean medicine are needed.

Muscle-derived Stem Cells Differentiate into Functional Smooth Muscle Cells for Ureter Tissue Engineering: An Experimental Study

Zhan-Kui Zhao,Hong-Lian Yu,Fei Xiao,Shi-Wen Li,Wen-Biao Liao,Kai-Liang Zhao 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.3

We assessed the ability of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) to differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMC) and their potential to promote the regeneration of smooth muscle with a vessel extracellular matrix (VECM)for tissue engineering of the ureter. MDSC were isolated,proliferated, and identified by flow cytometry. SMC phenotype differentiation was induced with a smooth muscle induction medium. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)and Western blot studies. The VECM was obtained by a decellularization process, and cytotoxic effects were evaluated by exposing the induced cells to a VECM extract. The induced cells were seeded onto VECM in vitro for 1 week, and then the compound grafts were used for ureter reconstitution in vivo. The grafts were obtained for histological studies at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-operation. Intravenous urography was used to evaluate renal function and ureteral patency. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the MDSC expressed Sca-1 and desmin, but did not express CD45. After induction, SMC phenotype gene expression was confirmed in the induced cells by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot studies. VECM exhibited a nontoxic effect on the induced cells in vitro. At 16 weeks postoperation,a histological evaluation showed that multilayered urothelium and organized muscle fiber bundles had formed in the grafts. Intravenous urography demonstrated no evidence of ureteral stricture or hydroureteronephrosis. These results demonstrate that MDSC can be induced into SMC and that this was useful for promoting regeneration of smooth muscles for ureter tissue engineering. We assessed the ability of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) to differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMC) and their potential to promote the regeneration of smooth muscle with a vessel extracellular matrix (VECM)for tissue engineering of the ureter. MDSC were isolated,proliferated, and identified by flow cytometry. SMC phenotype differentiation was induced with a smooth muscle induction medium. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)and Western blot studies. The VECM was obtained by a decellularization process, and cytotoxic effects were evaluated by exposing the induced cells to a VECM extract. The induced cells were seeded onto VECM in vitro for 1 week, and then the compound grafts were used for ureter reconstitution in vivo. The grafts were obtained for histological studies at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks post-operation. Intravenous urography was used to evaluate renal function and ureteral patency. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the MDSC expressed Sca-1 and desmin, but did not express CD45. After induction, SMC phenotype gene expression was confirmed in the induced cells by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot studies. VECM exhibited a nontoxic effect on the induced cells in vitro. At 16 weeks postoperation,a histological evaluation showed that multilayered urothelium and organized muscle fiber bundles had formed in the grafts. Intravenous urography demonstrated no evidence of ureteral stricture or hydroureteronephrosis. These results demonstrate that MDSC can be induced into SMC and that this was useful for promoting regeneration of smooth muscles for ureter tissue engineering.

Effects of Intermittent Sciatic Nerve Stimulation on the Soleus and Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Atrophy in Hindlimb Suspended Rats

Park, Byung-Rim,Cho, Jung-Shick,Kim, Min-Sun,Chun, Sang-Woo The Korean Physiological Society 1992 대한생리학회지 Vol.26 No.2

The present study was designed to evaluate effects of intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve on the atrophic response of antigravity muscles, such as the soleus (slow m.) and medial gastrocnemius (fast m.) muscles. Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 245-255g) were subjected to a hindlimb suspension and divided into three groups : one was with hindlimb suspension (MS) and another with hindlimb suspension plus intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (HS ES). Control group (CONT) was kept free without strain of the hindlimb. After 7 days of hindlimb suspension, the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles were cut at their insertion sites, and were then connected to the force transducer to observe their mechanical properties. Optimal pulse width and frequency of electrical stimulation were 0.2ms, 20Hz for the soleus muscle and 0.3ms, 40Hz for the medial gastrocnemius muscle under supramaximal stimulation. Body weight and circumference of the hindlimb were significantly decreased in HS and HS-ES groups compared with the control group. In HS-ES group, however, the weight of the soleus muscle was not different from that in the control group while the weight of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was lower than that in the control group. In HS group, mechanical properties of muscle contraction including contraction time, half relaxation time, twitch tension, tetanic tension, and fatigue index of both muscles were significantly decreased compared with the control group except for twitch tension and tetanic tension of medial gastrocnemius muscle. The degree of atrophy of the soleus muscle in HS group was more prominent than that of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Twitch tension and fatigue index of the soleus muscle and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in HS-ES group were not different from those of the control group. While mechanical properties of the soleus muscle examined were all significantly increased in HS-ES group compared with HS group, only contraction time and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were significantly increased in HS-ES group. These data indicate that intermittent electrical stimulation may be useful in prevention of muscle atrophy.

An herbal formula consisting of <i>Schisandra chinensis</i> (Turcz.) Baill, <i>Lycium chinense</i> Mill and <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliv alleviates disuse muscle atrophy in rats

Cho, Seongguk,Hong, Riwon,Yim, Poorm,Yeom, Mijung,Lee, Bombi,Yang, Woong Mo,Hong, Jongki,Lee, Hyang Sook,Hahm, Dae–,Hyun Elsevier 2018 Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol.213 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Ethnopharmacological relevance</B></P> <P> <I>Schisandra chinensis</I> (Turcz.) Baill (SC), <I>Lycium chinense</I> Mill (LC) and <I>Eucommia ulmoides</I> Oliv (EU) are representative tonic herbal medicines that help to strengthen body muscles and bones making them stronger according to the Donguibogam, a tradition medical book of the Joseon Dynasty in Korea.</P> <P><B>Aim of the study</B></P> <P>To evaluate effects of an herbal formula consisting of SC, LC and EU on muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes and in a rat model of immobilization-induced muscle atrophy.</P> <P><B>Materials and methods</B></P> <P>Muscle atrophy was developed by cast immobilization of unilateral hindlimb on rats for 3 weeks. Treatments were administered orally 14 times over 3 weeks. After treatments, we compared the change of body weight, muscle weight, grip strength, muscle fiber size, muscle fiber type shift by Grip strength meter, H&E stain and ATPase stain. And western blot was used for evaluating molecular mechanism in muscle atrophy on C2C12 cells.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>When taken individually, SC was the most effective of the three in inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced degeneration of C2C12 myogenesis. The formulation with a mass ratio of 2:1:1 SC: LC: EU (SSLE) was more effective against TNF-α-induced muscle atrophy than was a 1:1:1 SC: LC: EU (SLE) formula or any of the single herbal extracts. In a rat model of disuse muscle atrophy, the SSLE formula significantly inhibited reductions in muscle weight, grip strength and muscle fiber size induced by hindlimb immobilization, in a dose-dependent manner. The formula also inhibited immobilization-induced shifting of the muscle fiber type in soleus muscle. Treatment with SSLE inhibited TNF-α-induced expression of the atrogenes atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein 1 in C2C12 cells. The SSLE formula also increased myoblast differentiation markers (myoD and myogenin) and activation of the Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>These findings suggest that the SSLE formula prevents muscle atrophy through inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system as well as upregulation of myoblast differentiation and muscle protein synthesis in C2C12 cells. Taken together, we conclude that the SSLE formula is invaluable for the development of therapeutic medicines to prevent disuse muscle atrophy and its accompanying muscle weakness.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Comparison of muscle contraction patterns in a sitting position in children with muscle tone problems

하선영,성윤희 한국운동재활복지협회 2023 운동재활·복지 Vol.4 No.2

Children with hypotonia and hypertonia due to muscle tone problems commonly have reduced trunk stability. The study aimed to investigate the trunk and lower extremity muscle contraction pattern in a sitting position in children with muscle tone problems. For typically developing (TD) children (n = 11), children with hypertonia (n = 11), and children with hypotonia (n = 10), the muscle activity of the trunk and lower extremities and the thickness of the abdominal muscles were observed in sitting with both arms relaxed and in sitting with shoulder joint flexed 90°. Muscle activity was measured using surfaced electromyography, while muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography. As a result, the rectus abdominal muscle activity in the sitting position was significantly lower in the TD children than in the other groups (p < .05), the hamstring activity in the sitting position with the shoulder joint flexed 90° was higher in the children with hypertonia than in the TD children (p < .05). Children with hypotonia had thinner transversus abdominis than in the other groups (p < .05). In summary, in a sitting position, children with hypotonia showed a decrease in the activity of the transversus abdominis, which is considered a local muscle, while children with hypertonia showed excessive activity of global muscles such as the external oblique and rectus abdominal muscle.