Гэсэрийн тууж - Монгол хэлний “Шилжилтийн үе” -ийн онцлогийг тодруулах сурвалж болох нь

바트히식 산기도르지 한국몽골학회 2018 몽골학 Vol.0 No.53

Mongolian language, split from Altaic language, is generally classified into Proto Mongolian, Ancient Mongolian, Middle Mongolian, and Modern Mongolian. Moreover, the 17-18th century Mongolian has been classified as the late Middle Mongolian or the early Modern Mongolian. However, many differences between Middle Mongolian and Modern Mongolian are emerging as essential matters for studying the linguistic characteristics of the two periods. That is, according to the studies up to now, the characteristics of Middle Mongolian led through some process of change to Modern Mongolian, but the explanation of the change is not naturally apprehensible. This implies the possibility that there was another distinct, linguistic period between Middle and Modern Mongolians. Characteristics of every developmental stages of Mongolian language are overviewed by scholars. For instance, Proto Mongolian characteristics have been restored based on sources of Mongolian dialects, comparative studies of language family (Turkic, Manchu-Tungusic), historical phonograph analysis that may have changed the tone of the sound. Moreover, Ancient Mongolian characteristics have been restored by reconstruction methods and identified approximately by Mongolian scripts. Middle Mongolian characteristics have been reflected by sources of Phag`s-pa script, Chinese transcripts of the Secret History of the Mongols as well as Hua Yi-Yu scripts and Arabian and Persian sources such as Muhaddimat Al-Adab. As seen from textual errorlogy, Geser versions have many facts. Those are relevant to Mongolian historical sources and transitional period of Middle Mongolian to Modern Mongolian which have been written in colloquial language.

17~18세기 몽골 문어의 종결어미 연구

이성규 한국몽골학회 2017 몽골학 Vol.0 No.51

In order to examine the changes of Mongolian language in detail, it is necessary to set the 17th and 18th century periods in the Mongolian period different from those of the previous researchers. In order to investigate the linguistic features of this period, I examined the linguistic characteristics of <The Mongolian chronicles of the 17th century>, <Beijing wood engraved version of Geser> and <Three kinds of Mongolian textbooks in the Joseon Dynasty>. In particular, we examined how the terminating suffixes appear in the literature in the 17th and 18th centuries, and compared them with the terminating suffixes of before and after periods. As a result, several features are revealed. 1. Mongolian literary texts of the 17th and 18th centuries have different terminating suffixes of Mongolian depending on the writer and region. Specifically, the <Altan tobči> series of <The Mongolian Chronicle of the 17th century> has many previous terminating suffixes of classical mongolian, which is presumed to be influenced by <The Secret History of Mongols>. On the other hand, many of modern terminating suffixes appear in <Beijing wood engraved version of Geser> or < Three kinds of Mongolian textbooks in the Joseon Dynasty> which is thought to be the influence of spoken language. 2. The 17th and 18th centuries are the period when previous terminating suffixes of classical mongolian and modern terminating suffixes are used together. 3. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, previous terminating suffixes of classical mongolian gradually disappeared and new terminating suffixes of modern Mongolian language appears in the Mongolian literary texts . 4. Terminating suffixes used in some dialects to be a universal form of Mongolian (-γtui/-gtii, -γarai/-gerei, -γujin/-gujin). 5. A feminized phenomenon occurs in some terminating suffixes (-dekün, -jeküi, -gerei, -erei). 6. A palatalization appears in some terminating suffixes (-jiqui/-jiküi, -čiqui/-čiküi, -jiqu). 7. There is a terminating suffixes that can be used in the sense of respect (-yasai/-yesei, -yala/-yele). 8. There are some terminating suffixes are misspelled or difficult to understand, which seems to be the phenomenon that occurs in the process of terminating suffixes of classical Mongolian.

≪北京版格斯尔≫与≪托忒文格斯尔≫的语音比较研究-以固有名词为例-

한승연 한국몽골학회 2021 몽골학 Vol.- No.66

Since traditional Mongolian has letters indicating the ambiguity of two phonetic values (o/u, d/t, etc.), linguistically clear analysis has been impossible. However, Todo letters are characterized by only one phonetic value, which helps identify some phonetic values in Mongolian. Using the characteristics of these Todo letters, this paper was conducted to compare and analyze the existing traditional Mongolian materials with the Todo letters materials to identify any ambiguous phonetic value in traditional Mongolian. This paper first translated ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ and ≪Todo letter Geser≫ into Latin transcription and then extracted proper nouns recorded with the same word from these ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ and ≪Todo letter Geser≫ to compare the phonetic values of each word. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The "u" in ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ is usually marked "o" in ≪Todo letter Geser≫. 2. The short vowels of ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ mostly are written long vowels in ≪Todo letter Geser≫. 3. The composition of "V+γ/ɡ/v/y+V" in ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ is written in long vowels in ≪Todo letter Geser≫. 4. Many consonant replacements can be found, such as "s > š" and "g > k". 5. The "γ/ɡ" of ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ are written as "q" in ≪Todo letter Geser≫. 6. although there are differences in the transcription of ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ and ≪Todo letter Geser≫ such as "q > x、ǰ > ǰ/z、č > č/c", this phenomenon should be seen as a characteristic of Todo letter orthography, not consonant replacement. 7. Most of the "l" consonants disappeared from the Middle ages to modern times, but ≪Todo letter Geser≫ shows that they were preserved. This seems to be because Western Mongolians are conservative and try to adhere to the custom of their Mongolian language. 8. In the traditional Mongolian language of ≪Beijing edition Geser≫, vowel harmony is relatively well kept, but it is difficult to find words that keep vowel harmony in ≪Todo letter Geser≫. 9. In ≪Beijing edition Geser≫, it is written as a positive word, but in ≪Todo letter Geser≫, there are many proper nouns written as negative words. (The opposite also exists.) The cause of this is currently unknown. This is a matter for further study. 10. ≪Todo letter Geser≫ has a wide variety of transcriptions of one word compared to ≪Beijing edition Geser≫. after ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ was first spread to Mongolia, it seems that the story of Geser was re-transmitted to the western Mongolians in Todo letter. as shown in many examples, ≪Todo letter Geser≫ has many colloquial features. 11. The traditional Mongolian language in ≪Beijing edition Geser≫ appears to have a transitional Mongolian character that connects medieval Mongolian and modern Mongolian. The ≪Todo letter Geser≫ shows that it is closer in sound to modern Cyrillic Mongolian than to traditional Mongolian in ≪Beijing edition Geser≫. 传统蒙古文有一个字可表示两种音值(o/u,d/t等)的模糊性,一直以来无法在语言学上做明确的分析。但托忒文也具备一个字只对应一种音值的特点,这对确定蒙古文的某些音值有一定的帮助。我们将利用托忒文的这种特征将托忒文资料和现存传统蒙古文资料进行比较和分析,旨在确定传统蒙古文的某些模糊的语音。本稿首先将上述两个《格斯尔》进行拉丁转写,之后选取同时出现在两个版本中的固有名词,对这些词的音价进行了比较。结果整理如下: 1. 《北京版格斯尔》的"u"在《托忒文格斯尔》中大部分被标记为"o"。 2. 《北京版格斯尔》中的单元音在《托忒文格斯尔》中标记为长元音。 3. 《北京版格斯尔》中"V+γ/ɡ/v/y+V"的构成在《托忒文格斯尔》中标记为长元音。 4. 像"s > š"和"g > k"一样,可以看到很多辅音交替现象。 5.《北京版格斯尔》中的语中、语末中的"γ/ɡ"在《托忒文格斯尔》中主要标记为"q"。 6. 虽然《北京版格斯尔》的标记和《托忒文格斯尔》的标记中有"q > x、ǰ > ǰ/z、č > č/c"等差异,但这种现象不是辅音交替,而是托忒文的标记法自身的特征。 7. 大部分"l"辅音是从中世纪来到现代时消失的,但从《托忒文格斯尔》可以看出是保存的。究其原因,可能是由于西部蒙古人比较保守,所以想固守这种语言相关的礼节习惯。 8. 在《北京版格斯尔》的传统蒙古文中,元音和谐律相对严谨,但在《托忒文格斯尔》中,很难找到遵循元音和谐律的单词。 9. 同一个单词在《北京版格斯尔》中为阳性词,而《托忒文格斯尔》中存在与之对应的阴性词(相反也存在) 。至于原因现在无法确定。这是今后要研究的问题。 10. 与《北京版格斯尔》相比,《托忒文格斯尔》将一个单词标记为很多种形态。这可能是由于《北京版格斯尔》先得到传播,之后使用托忒文的人们用自己的方言再传下来的原因导致的。诸多例子也表明《托忒文格斯尔》具有很多口语特征。 11. 《北京版格斯尔》中出现的传统蒙古语似乎具有衔接中世纪蒙古语和现代蒙古语的过渡时期性质蒙古语的性质。从《托忒文格斯尔》中可以发现,与《北京版格斯尔》的传统蒙古语相比,它常呈现出与现代喀尔喀蒙古语更接近的形态。

Профессор И Сөнгюү (Lee Seonggyu)-ийн Монгол судлалын хөгжилд оруулсан хувь нэмэр ба “Монгол судлалын гурван сурвалжийн хэлний судалгаа” (蒙學三書의

바트히식 산기도르지,자야바타르 한국몽골학회 2023 몽골학 Vol.- No.72

Some scholars regard Mongolian language learning during the 13th century as the beginning of Mongolian studies in Korea while other scholars estimate it even earlier during the Khitan period (9th-10th century). Contemporary Mongolian studies in Korea started in the 1950s and the main resources were three books Mongolian No-geol-dae, Cheop-hae Mong-eo and Mong-eo Ryu-hae written for Koreans during the 13th century and collectively known as “Three sources of Mongolian Studies”. In 1990, the two countries established diplomatic relations and the Department of Mongolian Studies was founded at Dankook University. During the past 30 years, Korea’s Mongolists have achieved international recognition and Professor Lee Seonggyu has been the one responsible for educating and graduating them and leading training and research programs. Hence, he is respected as the most prominent Korean Mongolist academic who has played an important role in Mongolian-Korean relations. In this article, firstly, we will introduce and classify his academic papers as registered in the Korea Citation Index (https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/main.kci). He has conducted wide variety of research in the field of Mongolian studies, such as source studies, historical linguistics, Khitan studies, orthography, modern Mongolian language and local dialects. He also leads in terms of number of studies published. Secondly, in this article we wrote an academic review of Professor Lee Seonggyu’s work “Linguistic analysis of Three Sources of Mongolian Studies” (蒙學三書의 蒙古語 硏究, 2002). The three sources are Mongolian No-geol-dae (蒙語老乞大, 1790), Mong-eo Ryu-hae (蒙語類解, 1790) and Cheop-hae Mong-eo (捷解蒙語, 1790) and Professor Lee Seonggyu published a comprehensive study on all forms and grammatical systems of the written and colloquial language within their lexicons. This work will not only serve as a foundation for students who will continue to study the linguistics of "Three Sources of Mongolian Studies", but it also became an important comparative study from historical point of view between the morphological features of this period of Mongolian historical language and other sources and dialects.

蒙古文机器翻译研究与进展

那顺乌日图 王斯日古楞(Corresponding) 한국어정보학회 2008 한국어정보학 Vol.10 No.1

We’ve passed through several phases and tried on different methods for the study of Mongolian language (both as a source language and a target language) machine translation. As far as the Chinese‐Mongolian MT research is concerned, we’ve implemented a rule‐based system and an example‐based system as well. Statistics‐based method has been used in the implementation of the Chinese‐Mongolian MT system lately. We also did research on English‐Mongolian, Mongolian‐Japanese, Japanese‐Mongolian and Mongolian‐Chinese MT, using rule‐based method and template‐based method. Mongolian language cannot only be a source language but a target language in a machine translation system, and according to this, we can divide the study on Mongolian language machine translation into two parts: X‐Mongolian MT and Mongolian‐X MT(Xstands for any natural language except for Mongolian language). Generally, we made much more research on X‐Mongolian MT than Mongolian‐X MT. Reviewing the history of the research on Mongolian language machine translation will be very helpful for the researchers who are doing the similar studies of minority language machine translation.

蒙古의 漢族統治와 女眞官僚의 寄與

서병국(Suh Byung-Kuk) 역사실학회 2004 역사와실학 Vol.26 No.-

After the fall of South sung(南宋) by Mongolian regime, the political aspect of the bureaucracies from Kitan(契丹) is found, but they were the common official, the figure of Kitan bureaucracy to become active in the beginning of Mongolian regime was not found. This shows that Mongolian regime reduced the appointment of Kitan bureaucracy sharpely and Kitan people was appointed within the restricted limit. Such as the appointment of Kitan bureaucracy was reduced, the other hand the appointment of Jurchen(女眞) bureaucracy began to be regularized from Sejo's time before the enthronement. Kin Dynasty(金朝) bordered on with South Sung and Jurchen person knew correctly the actual circumstance of South Sung, Mongolian regime appointed Jurchen person to the bureaucracy. Jeom Hap Jung San(粘合重山) was dispatched as the envoy to Jinggis Khan and turned him, he was person who helped Ya Yul Cho Jae(耶律楚材) from Kitan to reneder the greatest achievement in the policy establishment of Mongolian regime. After O Don Se Yeong(d奧敦世英) surrendered Jinggis Khan, didn't kill the prisoner of Kin Dynasty, and Bo Wha(保和), younger brother willing participated in the encouragement of agriculture, such as three men were the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracy. At the time of Sejo(世祖), the appointment of Jurchen bureaucray was regularized, their bureaucratic aspect are as follows. Jo Yang Pil(趙良弼) persuaded the enthronement of Sejo, Yi Jeong(李庭), rendered the disinguished services at the time that enthroned Seongjeong(成宗), Yu Guk Geol(劉國傑) participated in the anmihilation to South Sung. These aspects are the important activity of Jurchen bureaucracy. Jo Yang Pil was dispatched as an envoy to Japan and found out a real condition of this land. Yu Guk Geol had been unofficially decided to have heavy responsibility in time of the expedition to Japan in 1359 year. O Go Son Tak(烏古孫澤) who was Jurchen bureaucracy in the time to the expedition to South Sung, transported the com of Habuk(河北) to Kangnam(江南) and discharged his duties that transported Cho(?, money) to Hyenam(淮南). As these Chinese full name of Jurchen bureaucracy shows, these men were Chinesenized already, but recognized Mongolian regime as a lawful political regime that didn't recognize the chronic distination of Chinese Babarian(華夷). These men showed a devotional attitude in the expedition to South Sung and the conquer to Japan and the installation or the enthronement of the emperor. After Mongolian regime abandoned the conquer to Japan, Jurchen bureaucracies were continually appointed in connection with the Chinese reign that was a important task of Mongolian regime. These bureaucracies contributed on many quarters, example agriculture, knowledge, history compilation. Jurchen burearcracies were the proxy ruler to the Mongol's Chinese, instead these men pressed the Mongolian regime for the Chinesenization. The largest obstacle of the Chinsenization who these men desired was that Mongolian nomadic customs were maintained like that. At the time of Jurchen's demand to Chinesenization, Chinese bureaucracies kept silence. This means that Jurchen bureaucracies were recognized the bureaucratic ability by Mongolian regime, but Mongolian bureaucracies adhered to adherence the customs of themselves continually and didn't abandon that. The national adherence of Mongol shows whole aspect through the respect to Lamaism(喇痲敎). Mongolian's bureaucracies bowed the knees to Lama(喇痲僧), Pae Sul No Chung(??魯?), Jurehen bureaucracy refused to bow the knee to him only. We can analyze it that the Chinesenized Jurchen bureaucracies showed dissatisfaction about the unchinesenization policy of Mongolian's regime, but the mental discord of this bureaucracies will be not small. Because of refusing the Chinesenization demand of Jurehen bureaucracy the nomadic culture of Mongol was maintained like that. We didn't more find th mention about them in 『Yuan Sa(元史)』 not more, after the refusal of Mongol regime,

한국 몽골학의 현재와 미래

이성규 한국몽골학회 2021 몽골학 Vol.- No.65

When an organization begins to form, the corresponding people and countries are created accordingly. Our ancestors, who are located in the east of Eurasia, have been protecting and cultivating their language, history, and culture with the national identity of the Korean people for long time. On the other hand, in the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula and the central part of the Eurasian continent, the Mongols based on nomadic life have established their own culture and interacted with the surrounding people and countries. Geographically adjacent Koreans and Mongolians were inevitably in contact and had to know each other for mutual benefit. An area studies is the study to know the other person, and Mongolian studies fall into that category. As Korea has long been neighboring and interacting with Mongolia, it has a high understanding of Mongolia, and several uncomfortable relations have raised interest in Mongolia. Specifically, even after 100 years of Mongolian interference at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, Joseon Dynasty still learned Mongolian in consideration of its relations with Mongolia, and this tradition continued until 1894 when the ministry of foreign was abolished. The tradition of Korean Mongolian studies, which was cut off for 100 years due to foreign power and ideology, was restored in 1990 when the Republic of Korea established diplomatic ties with Mongolia, and Korean Mongolian studies returned to previous direct research. Korean Mongolian studies, which have missed the time to lay the foundation for modern academic research, have filled the gap through explosive interest and research over the past 30 years, and at the center were the “Korean Association for Mongolian Studies” and a number of research institutes. Korean Mongolian studies have continued to make efforts to restore the tradition that has been cut off, and have achieved considerable results. However, Korean Mongolian studies are still lacking in many areas, especially in basic research. In order to expand the base of Mongolian studies in Korea, more Mongolian original text should be translated and high-level annotations should also be made. A long tradition of Korean Mongolian studies and frequent contact with Mongolia, there are Mongolian-related materials in Korea and have been treated as a central research material for Korean Mongolian studies. In recent years, through joint research with Mongolia, we have also been collecting data that we have investigated in Mongolia. However, we should consider the fact that we are not fully utilizing hard-earned data or materials we have. Mongolian studies are no exception at this time when convergence is a major academic trend. Only joint research in various fields is a shortcut to understanding Mongolia correctly. In addition, joint research with local institutions and scholars in Mongolia is essential, and exchanges and joint research with Mongolian scholars from various countries around the world will also serve as an opportunity to develop Korean Mongolian studies. 민족이나 국가란 조직이 형성되기 시작하면 그에 상응하여 민족과 국가도 만들어진다. 유라시아 대륙의 동쪽에 자리 잡은 우리 조상들은 꽤 오랜 시간 한민족이란 민족 정체성을 가지고 자신들의 언어와 역사, 문화를 지키고 가꾸어 왔다. 반면 한반도의 북서부와 유라시아 대륙의 중앙부에는 유목 생활을 기반으로 하는 몽골족이 독자적인 문화를 구축하고 주변의 민족이나 국가와 교류하여왔다. 지리적으로 인접한 한민족과 몽골족은 필연적으로 접촉할 수밖에 없었고 상호 간의 이익을 위하여 상대방을 알아야만 했다. 지역학은 상대방을 알기 위한 학문이고 몽골학도 그 범주에 속한다. 한국은 몽골과 오랫동안 이웃하면서 교류하여왔기 때문에 몽골에 대한 이해도가 높으며 몇 차례의 불편한 관계는 더욱 몽골에 대한 관심도를 높였다. 구체적으로 고려말 100년간의 몽골 간섭기 이후에도 조선에서는 몽골과의 관계를 고려하여 여전히 몽골어를 학습하였고 이 전통은 1894년 사역원이 폐지될 때까지 이어졌다. 외세와 이념으로 100년간 끊어진 한국 몽골학의 전통은 1990년 대한민국이 몽골과 수교함으로써 다시 복원되었고 한국의 몽골학은 이전의 직접적 연구로 돌아갔다. 근대적인 학문연구의 기초를 다지는 시기를 놓쳐버린 한국 몽골학은 지난 30년간 폭발적인 관심과 연구를 통하여 공백을 메꾸어왔으며 그 중심에는 <한국몽골학회>와 다수의 연구기관이 있었다. 한국 몽골학은 그동안 단절된 전통을 복원하기 위하여 끊임없는 노력을 해 왔으며 상당한 성과를 거두었다. 그러나 아직 한국 몽골학은 여러 분야에서 부족한 점이 많으며 특히 기초연구에서 미진한 점이 많다. 국내 몽골학의 저변을 확대하기 위해서는 더 많은 몽골 원전들이 번역되어야 하고 높은 수준의 주석서도 나와야 한다. 한국 몽골학의 오랜 전통과 몽골과의 빈번한 접촉으로 국내에는 몽골 관련 자료들이 있으며 한국 몽골학의 중심 연구 자료로 다루어져 왔다. 그리고 최근에는 몽골과의 공동연구를 통하여 몽골 현지에서 조사한 자료들도 확보해 나가고 있다. 그러나 어렵게 확보한 자료나 가지고 있는 자료들을 충분히 활용하지 못하고 있는 점은 고민해보아야 한다. 융복합이 학문의 대세인 지금 몽골학도 예외일 수는 없다. 다양한 분야의 공동연구만이 몽골을 올바르게 이해하는 지름길이다. 또 몽골 현지의 기관이나 학자들과의 공동연구는 필수적이며 세계 여러 나라의 몽골학자들과의 교류와 공동연구도 한국 몽골학을 발전시키는 계기가 될 것이다.

淸代滿文對蒙古文的影響

장산 ( Chang Shan ) 한국알타이학회 2017 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.27

Written Manchu in Qing Dynasty had a great influence on written Mongolian in Mongolian people`s education, and writing learning. Firstly, in Qing Dynasty, besides going to Mongolian official schools especially set up for Mongolian Eight Banners, children of these Mongolian Banners also went to Manchu educational institutions for written Manchu learning for the future ascending into the ruling class after taking examinations of Manchu rulers. Thus, written Manchu learning had become the most important task for Mongolians in Qing Dynasty. Secondly, in Qing Dynasty the Mongolian literate people, when actively learning written Manchu, started to use Manchu letters to mark the sound of Mongolian language. As a result, in Qing Dynasty as well as Min Guo time, written Mongolian with Manchu transcription of sounds became a very popular trend, such as there were “Mongolian borrowings written in Manchu,” “Manchu transcribing of Mongolian sounds” and “mixed written Manchu and Mongolian ways in writing.” Besides that, in the process of using written Manchu to mark the Mongolian sounds, written Manchu shed influences to Mongolian letters resulting in the infiltration of Manchu way of writing to that of Mongolian. In Qing Dynasty, influenced by written Manchu, Mongolian letters used to transcribe loan words took many Manchu ways as a reference, or Mongolian people directly used Manchu letters in transcribing Chinese loan words or they added special spelling way to transcribe other loan words.

개신교가 주한 몽골인들에게 미치는 영향

나랑 바타르(Naranbaatar NAMSRAI) 대구가톨릭대학교 다문화연구소 2016 다문화와 인간 Vol.5 No.1

본고는 개신교가 주한 몽골인들에게 미치는 영향을 연구한 논문이다. 더 구체적으로는 갈릴리 몽골 교회에 참여하는 주한 몽골인들을 대상으로 기독교가 그들의 한국생활에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 이러한 연구주제를 구체화하기 위해서 본고는 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문대상으로 선정된 주한 몽골인들은 갈릴리몽골교회에 참석하는 62명의 신자들이었다. 이러한 조사연구를 위해 갈릴리 몽골 교회가 선택된 것은 규모면에서 갈릴리 몽골 교회가 다른 몽골 교회보다 규모가 컸기 때문이다. 설문지의 전체 문항은 80개의 항목이었으며, 설문지의 구성은 단순 객관식과 서술식으로 구성되었다. 갈릴리몽골교회에 참석하는 주한 몽골인들의 종교의식을 조사 결과, 흥미로운 사실이 나타났다. 이들이 교회에 참석하는 이유가 단지 의료 및 복지에 대한 서비스를 받기 위해서거나 공동체의 유대관계 형성하기 위해서만이 아니라는 것이다. 그들은 교회에 대한 만족도를 묻는 질문에 대부분 설교와 예배에 ‘만족한다’고 대답했으며, 교회에 참석하는 이유를 질문하였을 때, 대부분의 사람들이 예배와 설교가 ‘좋아서’라는 대답을 하였다. 이러한 조사결과는 갈릴리 몽골 교회에 참석하는 주한 몽골인들에게 의료나 복지와 같은 외적 요인도 중요하지만 개인의 신앙에 대한 깊이 역시 중요하게 다루어져야 함을 나타낸 것이라고 할 수 있다. This thesis is a study on the effect that Protestantism has on the Mongolians living in Korea. To put it more concretely, it is a study on the effect that Protestantism has on the Mongolians who attend the Galilee Mongolian Community Church in Seoul. The method used in the research is that of the survey, which was conducted on 62 participants who attend the Galilee Mongolian Community Church. The medium was a questionnaire of 80 items. The reason for which this study is conducted among the Mongolians who attend The Galilee Mongolian Community Church is that it is the biggest church of the Mongolian community in Korea. The second chapter largely explains Mongolians’ religious views and their history. It contains a description of the representative Mongolian beliefs, that is shamanism, buddhism, islam, and protestantism and a review of state policies on religion in Mongolia after the 1990s. The third chapter, which is the background for chapter four, introduces the diplomatic relation between Korea and Mongolia and, subsequently, the analysis of the survey’s questions connected to the Mongolians" present life in Korea. The fourth chapter researches the relationship between the Galilee Mongolian Community Church and the Mongolians that attend it. The first step in doing this is to present the church’s program for a year’s period and the weekly church service. The last part is analyzing the results of the survey conducted on the Mongolians attending the Galilee Mongolian Community Church. In its conclusion, the research reveals the reason which Mongolians in Korea choose to attend the Galilee Mongolian Community Church. While I anticipated that the reason for which Mongolians attend a protestant church in Korea is the church’s medical care and welfare, the research showed that, in fact, the Mongolians attend the protestant church not only to benefit from the medical care and welfare but also out of personal faith.

몽골 대학들의 한국어 교육

권성훈(Kwon Seong Hun) 동악어문학회 2009 동악어문학 Vol.53 No.-

본고에서는 몽골 대학들에서 이루어지고 있는 한국어 교육에 대한 전반적인 현황과 문제점에 대해 다루었다. 몽골에서는 1991년 10월에 최초로 몽골 국립대학교에 한국어과가 개설되어 본격적으로 한국어 교육을 시작했다. 뒤를 이어 외국어대학교(1992)와 국립 울란바타르대학교(1994), 사립 울란바타르대학교(1995), 국립 사범대학교(2000) 등에 한국어과가 개설되었다. 그 수는 꾸준히 늘어 2009년 현재 몽골의 25개 대학에서 한국어를 가르치고 있다. 그 중에서 정식으로 학과(한국어과 또는 한국학과)가 개설된 대학은 19곳에 이른다. 몽골 대학들의 한국어 교과과정을 보면, 대체적으로 1,2학년에는 회화, 문법, 어휘 과목이, 3,4학년에는 한-몽, 몽-한 번역 및 한국학의 주요 과목이 배정되어 있다. 2000년 이후 몽골 대학에서의 한국어 교육에 나타난 가장 큰 변화 중 하나는 몽골인 교수들의 약진이다. 1990년대 초에는 주로 한국인 유학생들과 KOICA 단원들이 한국어 교육을 담당했다. 몽골인 교수의 숫자는 손에 꼽을 정도였다. 그러나 현재 몽골 대학에서 가르치는 한국어 교수의 숫자는 몽골인이 63명, 한국인이 45명으로 몽골인의 수가 훨씬 더 많다. 한국어 교재 개발 및 출판에 있어서도 몽골인 교수들의 약진이 두드러진다. 2000년 이전에는 한국인 교수들이 교재 개발을 주도했다면, 현재는 몽골인 교수들이 주도하고 있다. 또 다른 변화는 몽골 대학들이 한국어과에서 한국학과로의 전환을 모색하고 있다는 것이다. 이는 학생들에게 한국의 언어 뿐 아니라, 정치, 경제, 문화, 역사, 과학ㆍ기술 등 다양한 전공의 기회를 제공하기 위함이다. 실제로 한국어를 전공한 학생들은 대학원을 진학할 때 한국어문학이나 한국어 교육을 주로 선택하는 경향이 있는데, 한국학 전공자는 전공 선택의 폭이 다양하다. 이런 이유에서 몽골국립대학교와 인문대학교의 한국어과가 각각 1994년과 2003년에 한국학과로 개명했으며, 사립 울란바타르대학교는 2003년에 한국어과와는 별도로 한국학과를 설치해 운영하고 있다. 몽골 대학들의 한국어 교육의 문제점은 각 대학 한국어과들 간의 교육수준 편차의 심화, 경험 있는 한국인 교수의 부족, 교과과정의 비현실성, 제한적인 한국어 교수방법의 적용, 교재개발에 있어서 전문가들 간의 협력부족 등을 들 수 있다. 이상의 문제점들을 개선하고, 한국과 몽골 양국 정부와 기업인들이 노력하여 한국어의 사회적 수요를 지속적으로 창출해 나간다면 한국어는 몽골에서 각광받는 제2 외국어가 될 것이다. This article reviews the present state and problems of Korean language education in Mongolian universities. In October 1991, the first Department of Korean Language in Mongolia was established at the National University of Mongolia. This was followed by the establishment of Departments of Korean Language at the University of Foreign Languages(1992), Ulaanbaatar College (1995), and the Mongolian University of Education(2000). The curriculum of Korean language education in Mongolian universities emphasizes conversation, grammar, and vocabulary in the first and second grade and Korean-Mongolian translation, Mongolian-Korean translation, and Korean Studies in the third and fourth grade. Since 2000, one major change in Korean language education has been the rapid progress of Mongolian professors. In the early 1990s, Korean language education in Mongolian universities was dominated by Korean students and members of the Korean International Cooperation Agency(KOICA). However, the number of Mongolian professors currently teaching Korean has exceeded the number of Korean professors in Mongolian universities(63 Mongolian, 45 Korean). In the development of Korean language teaching materials, Mongolian professors have also shown rapid progress. Another remarkable change in Mongolian universities has been the conversion of Departments of Korean Language to Departments of Korean Studies, in order to provide an expanded variety of classes for students learning Korean. Problems of Korean language education include: the large gap between the levels of language education among Mongolian universities, the lack of experienced Korean teachers, the fact that the Korean language curriculum does not accurately reflect the student’s actual level, the limited teaching methods in Mongolia, and the lack of cooperation in the development of teaching materials. If we can solve the above problems and the governments and businessmen of Korea and Mongolia can make an effort to address the needs of the Korean language, Korean may be spotlighted as a secondary foreign language in Mongolia.