Clinical Significance of Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance in Detecting Preinvasive Cervical Lesions in Post-Menopausal Turkish Women

Tokmak, Aytekin,Guzel, Ali Irfan,Ozgu, Emre,Oz, Murat,Akbay, Serap,Erkaya, Salim,Gungor, Tayfun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.16

Background: To evaluate the clinical significance of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in PAP test in post-menopausal women and compare with reproductive age women. Materials and Methods: A total of 367 patients who referred to our gynecologic oncology clinic were included to the study between September 2012 and August 2013. Data for 164 post-menopausal (group 1) and 203 pre-menopausal (group 2) women with ASCUS cytology were evaluated retrospectively. Immediate colposcopy and endocervical curettage was performed for both groups and conization for all women with a result suggestive of CIN2-3. Histopathological results and demographic features of patients were compared between the two groups. Results: Mean age of the patients was $54.6{\pm}6.5$ years in group 1 and $38{\pm}6.6$ years in group 2. Some 14 (8.5%) of post-menopausal women and 36 (17.7%) of pre-menopausal women were current smokers (p=011). Totals of 38 (23.2%) post-menopausal and 64 (31.5%) pre-menopausal women were assessed for HPV-DNA. High risk HPV was detected in 7 (4.3%) and 21 (10.3%), respectively (p=0.029). Final histopathological results recorded were normal cervix, low grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN 1), and high grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN2-3). In group 1 results were 84.8%, 12.2% and 1.8%, respectively, and in group 2 were 71.9%, 23.2% and 4.9%. There were no cases of micro invasive or invasive cervical carcinoma in either group. Two cases were detected as endometrial carcinoma in the menopausal group (1.2%). Conclusions: In current study we found that preinvasive lesions were statistically significantly higher in pre-menopausal women than post-menopausal women with ASCUS. Cervicitis was more common in menopausal women. Therefore, we think that in case of ASCUS in a post-menopausal woman there is no need for radical management.

Awareness and Experience of Menopausal Symptom and Hormone Therapy in Korean Postmenopausal Women

( Hee Dong Chae ),( Sun Young Choi ),( Eun Ji Cho ),( Yoo Mi Cho ),( Sa Ra Lee ),( Eun Sil Lee ),( Hyoung Moo Park ) 대한폐경학회 2014 대한폐경학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Objectives: To investigate awareness and experience of menopausal symptom and hormone therapy in Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: A total of 570 postmenopausal women were accepted our survey. The women filled out the questionnaires composed of medical and surgical history, menopausal age and symptom, demand of treatment on menopausal symptom, and personal method for overcoming the symptom. Also, we make inquiries about experience of hormone therapy, concern about hormone therapy, improvement of menopausal symptom after therapy, adverse effect, and cause of cease the therapy. Results: According to the survey, 80% (456/570) of the women experienced menopausal symptom. When they felt the symptom at first, 47% (213/570) of women was 46-50 years old. The most common menopausal symptom was hot flushes (141/570). A number of Korean women regarded that menopause was a natural process of ageing (69%). Eighty two % of women thought to need to have treatment on menopausal symptom. However, only half (43%) visited doctor. The most concerned disease after menopause they had answered was osteoporosis (60%) but only 22% of women were taken regular check-up of bone mineral density. The common causes were unwilling to do treatment were concern about adverse effect (51%) and indefinite fear of cancer (32%). Moreover, many women got diverse information about menopause from the mass media than professional advice. Conclusion: Only a minority of Korean postmenopausal women with menopausal symptoms had taken a hormone therapy. We should provide appropriate education and counsel to Korean peri-menopause women.

복합운동에 따른 폐경 전ㆍ후 비만중년여성의 신체조성, 혈관 염증지표 및 호르몬의 변화

이경렬(Lee, kyung Yul),허만동(Huh, Man-Dong) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The purpose of this study was to identify the change of combined exercise on body composition, inflammatory markers in blood vessels, GH and estrogen in obese pre- and post-menopausal women. In addition, it compared the effects of combined exercise in pre-and post-menopausal women. Ten pre-menopausal women and post-menopausal women participated in this study. After combined exercise for 12 weeks, their body composition, inflammatory markers in blood vessels, and hormones were examined. The data was analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-test, and ANCOVA. The results were as follows: after combined exercise for 12 weeks in the pre-menopausal group, weight, BMI, fat mass, % fat, WHR were decreased and GH was increased. In post-menopausal group, weight, BMI, fat mass, % fat, WHR, TNF-α were decreased, and GH(p<.01) and estrogen(p<.01) were increased after combined exercise for 12 weeks. According to differences of variables between the pre-menopausal group and post-menopausal group, there was only a difference in estrogen. In conclusion, combined exercise for pre- and post-menopausal women influence several variables in body composition, and inflammatory markers in blood vessels. In addition, the effects on estrogen revealed different outcomes pre-menopausal group and post-menopausal.

갱년기 여성의 폐경지식정도와 폐경관리에 관한 연구

성미혜 ( Mi-hae Sung ) 한국모자보건학회 2002 한국모자보건학회지 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 갱년기 여성의 폐경지식정도와 폐경관리정도를 알아보고, 갱년기 여성의 폐경지식정도와 폐경관리정도간의 관계를 정확히 규명함으로써 갱년기 여성의 폐경에 대한 올바른 인식과 폐경관리의 효율성을 높이기 위한 방안 마련에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 시도되었다. 연구자료는 2001년 9월 1일부터 10월 31일까지 B시에 소재한 일개 보건소 내소자 중 40~60세 사이의 여성을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석대상은 100명이었다. 연구도구 중 폐경지식도구는 Polite와 Larocco (1981)의 연구를 중심으로 송인숙(1983)이 개발한 폐경지식척도를 송애리(1997)가 14문항으로 수정 보완한 도구를 사용하였다. 폐경관리도구는 송애리(1997)가 개발한 주관적 폐경관리 17문항에 최남연 등(1998)이 4문항을 추가한 21문항으로 구성된 도구를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/PC⁺를 이용하여 전산통계 처리하였고, 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 대상자의 폐경지식정도는 14점 만점에 평균 10.13점으로 높게 나타났다. 폐경지식정도가 높은 문항으로는 폐경기 증상, 골다공증 발생 가능성, 월경의 불규칙성 등이었고, 낮은 문항으로는 폐경연령, 정신질환 발생 가능성, estrogen 호르몬 효과 등이었다. 2) 폐경관리 정도는 84점 만점에 평균 51.54점이었다. 자가조절관리(2.75점) 범주가 가장 높았으며, 성생활관리(1.97점) 및 전문적인 건강관리(2.15점) 범주가 낮았다. 3) 일반적 특성별 폐경지식정도는 폐경치료를 받고 있거나 받은 적이 있는 경우와 대상자가 지각하는 현재 건강상태가 양호하다고 인지할수록 높았다. 4) 일반적 특성별 폐경관리정도는 연령이 낮은 경우와 높은 경우, 월수입이 많을수록 높았다. 5) 폐경지식과 폐경관리정도와의 상관관계는 폐경지식이 높을수록 폐경관리점수도 높게 나타나 순상관관계(r=0.584, p<0.001)가 있음을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 보면, 갱년기 여성의 폐경지식은 갱년기 증상을 최소화할 수 있는 폐경관리에 영향을 미치므로, 우선적으로 갱년기 여성을 대상으로 폐경지식을 전달하는 것이 필요하다고 본다. 또한 갱년기 여성의 폐경지식과 폐경관리에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 연구결과가 상이한 부분이 많이 있으므로, 반복적인 연구를 통해 이를 규명할 필요가 있다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the level of knowledge of menopause and menopausal management of the climacteric women, and to investigate the relationship between knowledge and management of the climacteric women. Methods : The subjects were 100 climacteric women, aged 40~60 years, living in B city. The instruments used for this study were the menopausal knowledge scale developed by Song and Song(1997) and the menopausal management scale developed by Song(1997). Data were collected between Sep. 1st and Oct. 31th, 2001 by a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS/PC program. Results : The mean score for knowledge of menopause was 10.13 where maximum score was 14. The items of high score of knowledge of menopause were menopausal symptoms, irregularity of menstruation and the possibility of osteoporosis. The mean score for menopausal management was 51.54 where maximum score was 84. The highest score was marked in self control category. The scores for sexual management and management by health professional were low. Knowledge of menopause was positively associated with menopausal treatment and perceived good health condition. High level of menopausal management was associated with young and old age groups and high income. There was a positive correlation between the knowledge of menopause and menopausal management of climacteric women(r=0.584, p<0.001). Conclusions : This study revealed that the knowledge of menopause is important for climacteric women to improve menopausal management. This finding suggests that it is necessary to develop a program to improve the level of knowledge of menopause for climacteric women.

중년여성의 폐경 유,무가 여성의 외모지향성 및 피부건강관리에 미치는 영향

신수경 ( Soo Gyeong Shin ),최미옥 ( Mee Ok Choi ) 한국미용학회 2015 한국미용학회지 Vol.21 No.6

This study aims to examine appearance orientation according to the menopausal status in middle-aged women in their forties and fifties and offer effective methods for skin health care to help them improve the quality of life. The subjects were women from 35 years old to 59 years old residing in Jeonnam and Mokpo. A questionnaire survey were conducted with them. The period of survey was about five months from November 11, 2014 to April 8, 2015 and 310 questionnaires were used for the final data. The SPSSWIN 18.0 program was used for statistics processing. Frequency analysis was conducted to analyze the menopausal status of the subjects and chi-square(x2) test was used to examine differences in general characteristics and health and skin conditions according to the menopausal status. Also, t-test was applied to analyze differences in appearance orientation, skin health care knowledge, skin health care attitudes, and skin health care behaviors according to the menopausal status. The results of the study were as follows. First, health concerns were high in both groups irrespective of the menopausal status. While postmenopausal women had high stress in health, diseases, and economic problems, premenopausal women showed high stress in economic problems and future problems. The findings indicated that women``s concerns about health and diseases became higher after menopause. Second, for differences in appearance orientation according to the menopausal status, while there was no difference in appearance concerns between both groups, concerns about a body shape were high in premenopausal women. Third, there was a significant difference in skin health care attitudes, the importance of skin care, and the importance of skin health according to the menopausal status. Skin health care attitudes, the importance of skin care, and the importance of skin health all were high in premenopausal women. Therefore, while postmenopausal women had higher concerns about health and diseases, premenopausal women showed higher concerns about a body shape and the importance of skin health care. There was no difference in appearance concerns between two groups. It suggested that appearance concerns were high in both groups irrespective of the menopausal status. Although this study analyzed differences according to the menopausal status in middle-aged women in their forties and fifties, further research should be conducted with narrower age groups considering an age difference between premenopausal women and postmenopausal women.

폐경 여부에 따른 중년 비만 여성의 스텝퍼 운동이 체력, 혈중지질 및 심혈관 반응에 미치는 영향

강웅근(KangWoong-geun) 한국체육학회 2018 한국체육학회지 Vol.57 No.6

본 연구는 폐경 전·후의 중년 비만 여성을 대상으로 16주간의 스텝퍼를 이용한 유산소운동을 실시하여 신체 구성, 체력, 혈중지질 및 심혈관반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 40세~58세의 중년 비만 여성 19명을 폐경 전 집단과 폐경기가 1년 이상 지속된 자연 폐경 집단으로 구분하여 스텝퍼 운동을 실시하였다. 스텝퍼는 신체를 발판에 올라서서 동작을 하는 운동기기를 사용하였고 준비운동과 정리운동을 포함하여 60분/회, 3회/주, 스텝 운동 강도는 60~70%HRR로 16주간 실시하였다. 그 결과, 두 집단 모두 체중, BMI, 제지방량, 체지방량, %body fat, HR, RPP, SBP, DBP와 MAP에서 개선 효과가 나타났다(p<.05). 또한, 폐경 전 집단이 폐경 집단에 비해 악력, 수직뛰기, 눈감고 외발 서기와 VO2max, TC, TG, LDLC에서 개선 효과가 나타났다(p<.05). 따라서 16주간의 스텝퍼를 이용한 유산소운동은 폐경 전후의 중년 비만 여성의 신체 구성, 체력, 혈중지질, 심혈관 반응의 개선에 효과적이며 폐경 전 비만 여성이 폐경 비만 여성에 비해 건강 체력 및 혈중지질의 유의한 효과를 나타내어 폐경 전의 운동실시가 요구된다고 사료된다. The purpose of this study was to conduct an aerobic exercise using steppers in pre-and post-menopausal obese women for 16 weeks to examine their effects on body composition, physical fitness, and blood lipids. The subjects of the study included 19 middle-aged obese women aged 40 to 58, 11 pre-menopausal women groups (46.0±3.9 yr), and 8 natural menopause women with menopause lasting more than a year (52.0±3.9 yr). The participants completed 60 minutes of stepper exercise program for 3 times a week for 16 weeks. As a result, 1) both groups before and after the 16 weeks of steppers exercise showed improvement in their weight, body mass index, fat mass, fat free mass, and %fat (p<.05), 2) the pulmonary pre-menopausal group increased significantly in grip strength, vertical jump, one leg balance and VO2max compared to post-menopausal groups (p<.05), 3) improvements in total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the pre-menopausal group (p<.05), 4) Both group showed a decrease in heart rate, rate pressure product and an improvement in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (p<.05). The conclusion is that the 16 weeks stepper exercise is an effective exercise program for improving the body composition, physical fitness, blood lipid, and cardiovascular response of pre-and post-menopausal obese women. The results of the stepper exercise shows that pre-menopausal women were required to exercise before menopause as they showed significant effects of health and blood lipids compared to post-menopausal women.

Risk Assessment: Factors Contributing to Discomfort for Menopausal Women in Workplace

( Mehdi Jafari ),( Bahar Seifi ),( Mohammad Heidari ) 대한폐경학회 2017 대한폐경학회지 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study was to review the Factors contributing to discomfort for menopausal women in workplace and the perceived effects of working conditions on menopausal symptoms, and to produce recommendations for managers and women. This study was a review article. We searched PubMed and Science Direct for articles related to menopause and workplace. Keywords included: menopause AND workplace OR occupational health or menopausal women AND managers. Because we aimed to update the literature following the 2011 review of menopause and workplace, only English-language articles published between 2011 and 2017 were included. This review showed that how managers could be help and awareness and what should be done for menopausal women in workplace by risk assessment. Many risk factors are contributing to discomfort for menopausal women in workplace and managers should be assessed them. Managers should be aware that menopausal transition causes difficulty for some women at work, then occupational health and safety and health promotion policies will be increasingly important. It may help inform the development of tailored occupational health policies and programs that cater for the needs of women as they transition through menopause in the workplace. (J Menopausal Med 2017;23:85-90)

The Effects of Middle-aged women based on menopausal symptoms of skin changes

( Jeong-sun Gwon ),( Su-yeon Kim ),( Won-jung Cho ),( Oun-ha Park ),( Moon-sin Jung ) 한국미용예술경영학회 2012 미용예술경영연구 Vol.6 No.2

Menopause contains the various development duties such as playing the central role in the society and the economics, be responsible in bearing and education the children, and planning ahead for the senior life after retiring from the social economic activities. As a result, women experience the increasing burden in the need to adapt to the changes they feel internally and externally and experience the most stress than any other time in their life. This study recognizes and symptoms of middle-aged women on the effect of changes in the skin that provides the basic data has been written to help. This study in 2011, May 1 to May 30, 30 days residing in Seoul, Gwangjin openings, etc. 50-59 years old middle-aged women (menopause one year or more) were surveyed. Menopausal symptoms severe menopausal symptoms(M=3.54), moderate menopausal symptoms(M=3.05), mild menopausal symptoms(M=2.53) skin changes were in order. Skin according to the menopause symptoms showed an effect on the moisture, elasticity, figment, sensitiveness, regeneration, and hair loss of skin, the more the person experienced the menopause symptoms. In the future, I hope that various programs and researches regarding the skin depending on middle-age women's physical, psychological stress and symptoms are developed so middle-age women can spend their middle age years abundantly.

중년여성의 폐경에 대한 증상, 지식, 태도 및 관리와의 관계

박춘화,오은주,박정숙 한국모자보건학회 2012 한국모자보건학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives: This study was to identify the relationship between the Menopausal symptoms, Menopausal knowledge, Menopausal attitude and Menopausal management of the Middle Aged Women. Methods: The data was collected from three hundred and five Middle Aged Women whose children are studying in K university which is located in B metropolitan city. Results: The mean score of menopause symptoms, menopause knowledge, menopause attitude and menopause management among subjects were 41.08±8.78, 12.66±2.32, 58.67± 8.35 and 46.63±6.91 respectively. There was a positive relation between menopause symptoms and menopause knowledge (r=-.159, p=.006). But, between menopause symptoms and menopause attitude, there was a negative correlation (r=-.130, p=.023). This result showed a significant difference between menopause symptoms and the variables of age, education, job, physical health, and hobby. Also, it showed a significant correlation between menopause management and the variables of religion, income, satisfaction level with life, hobby, exercise, eating habits, eating pattern and regular medical check-up. Conclusion: The present work suggested that it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs to increase the ability of menopause management through further research on influential factors in menopause symptoms and menopause management.

Quality of Life of Postmenopausal Women in Urban and Rural Communities

( Binu Paulose ),( Neetha Kamath ) 대한폐경학회 2018 대한폐경학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Objectives: Menopause is a transitional time in a woman’s life leading to both physical and emotional challenges which affects the quality of life (QOL). Average age of menopause is around 48 years but it strikes Indian women at the age of 40 to 45 years. So, menopausal health demands higher priority in Indian as well as global scenario. The present study was conducted to compare the QOL of postmenopausal women residing in urban and rural communities. Methods: The study adopted quantitative research approach with comparative survey design. The samples were 100 postmenopausal women from rural urban communities selected using non probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by interview using demographic performa and menopause specific QOL. Results: The mean QOL score (X₂ = 27.24) of rural women was higher than the mean QOL score (X₁ = 26.34) of urban women. The calculated independent ‘t’ value (t = 0.86; P < 0.05) is lesser than the table value (t₉₈ = 1.980). There was association between QOL of urban postmenopausal women and monthly income of the family (x² = 4.023) was statistically significant at 0.05 levels. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the QOL of postmenopausal women in rural and urban areas. Indian women are ignorant about the changes taking place in their reproductive system. Religion and culture of our society also inhibits to express these changes. Health care professionals have a great role in addressing these issues to prepare women to face the challenges of reproductive health. (J Menopausal Med 2018;24:87-91)