국제PR관점으로 본 공공외교전문성에 관한 연구: 문화 중심적 접근을 통해

안보섭 ( Bo Seob An ) 한국PR학회 2011 PR연구 Vol.15 No.4

International public relations activities have been done by various actors such as governments, conglomerates, non-governmental organizations, and broadcasting companies. Public diplomacy is also defined as diplomacy by a variety of actors beyond government. These overlapped and intertwined activities of international public relations and public diplomacy are different from traditional and independent activities of both sides. There are two opinions on international public relations and public diplomacy. Some scholars regard international public relations activities as part of public diplomacy activities. They think of international public relations as promotion activities of national brands or forming activities of public opinion. The other scholars consider international public relations are different from public diplomacy because they think public relations as propaganda or one-way persuasion. Grunig (1992), however, tried to change these traditional perspectives of public relations activities from one-way asymmetrical communication to two-way communication. Wang(2006) argued that effective public diplomacy is based on dialogue between two countries. This study intends to research public diplomacy professionalism on international agenda through surveying opinions of international public relations practitioners from this two-way and dialogic perspective-cultural perspective. The research findings are summed as follows. It turned out that public diplomacy professionalism consist of followed abilities or values: diplomatic ability, respectful attitude to other culture, media / negotiation abilities, relationship / dialogue, collaboration / embrace, approval / public opinion. This research finding shows that future study on public diplomacy professionalism would be better to be done by united and multidisciplinary efforts; it should be actualized enough to reflect the practitioners`` needs. This study also intended to consolidate international public relations activities and public diplomacy activities based on a variety of research findings on international public relations and public diplomacy from public relations perspective. These findings implies that international public relations and public diplomacy activities should be based on the public opinion of other countries from cultural perspective; it also indicates that public diplomacy professionalism should be focused on more cultural perspective which enable us to understand the culture of other countries in depth.

조직 내부 공중의 커뮤니케이션 역량이 조직 관계 유효성에 미치는 영향 연구

김혜영 ( Hye Young Kim ),안보섭 ( Bo Seob An ) 한국PR학회 2018 PR연구 Vol.22 No.3

Objectives This study aims to identify the influence of communication competency of the internal public on the organizational relations efficiency. Methods Firstly, this study verified the effectiveness between internal public’s communication competency scales - mutual attitude, mutual knowledge, and communication skills - and organizational relations efficiency scales - communication satisfaction, empowerment, organizational commitment, and organization public relationship. Secondly, this study investigated if organization culture has moderating effects on the causal relationship between organization internal public’s communication competency and organizational relations efficiency. Results The result of the study shows that the communication competency of the organization internal public has significant impacts on the organizational relations efficiency. In addition, the individual’s characteristics variables of the organization internal public were found to have considerable effects on the differences in organizational relations efficiency; Such variables include age, positions in the organization, job experience, and the size of an organization. As for the verification of moderating effects of organization culture, hierarchy is found to influence the satisfaction level of internal public’s communication and organization public relationships. Conclusions This study suggests that the organization internal public’s communication competency offers a paradigm to communication competencies and the relationship management in organizations; this concept can also be closely combined with other perspectives on the competencies within organizations. Therefore, the concept of organization internal public’s communication competency scale can be further applied to other research pertaining to organizations.

An English School of International Relations Approach to Public Diplomacy: A Public Diplomacy Framework for Global Governance Issues

Ayhan, Kadir Jun The Korean Association for Public Diplomacy 2022 Journal of public diplomacy Vol.2 No.1

Throughout the six decades evolution of the public diplomacy concept, international relations approaches have remained at the margins of the field. An important international relations theory that has been virtually non-existent in the public diplomacy literature is the English School of international relations. This theory has been the centerpiece of literature in diplomatic studies, but curiously, has not been applied to public diplomacy. In this editorial, I outline a public diplomacy framework for global governance issues that builds on the English School and Pamment's framework on the intersection of international development and public diplomacy.

내・외적 동기가 조직-공중 관계성과 구전커뮤니케이션에 미치는 영향: 소셜미디어를 중심으로

손상희 한국국정관리학회 2015 현대사회와 행정 Vol.25 No.2

Public communication of government is expanding toward various activities primarily based on communication of Social media. However, critical problem, although it is said to be important communication via Social media, is that we can’t expect only positive reaction. In order to overcome this problem, it’s necessary to have influences upon behaviors of positive communication in a way that internal motivation and external motivation of Social is correlated. This study is to look into how internal and external motivation on 소셜미디어 media affects factors of organization-public relational factors. In addition, it also clarifies what relationship between these organizational and public relational factors and orally transmitted communication (positive oral communication and negative oral communication) exist. In order to verify this, this paper assumed that external motivation gives more positive relations with organization-public relations and orally transmitted communication factors that are dependent variables than internal motivation. Furthermore, this paper assumed that there are some differences between organizational-public relations. As the results of this study, it’s proved that there is difference in internal motivation and external motivation between organization-public relations. In other words, correlation, trust, coexistence are all positive for both internal and external motivation. But exchangeable relation and satisfaction are effective only for external motivation. Co-controlling, satisfaction and trust among organization-public relational factors are more effective for orally transmitted communication. But factors affecting negative orally transmitted communication are satisfactory only for exchangeable relations. In addition, only positive oral communication showed positiveness for both internal and external motivation. Consequently, it's necessary to take into account detailed internal motivation and external motivation in order to enhance organization-public relations of government and expect positive orally transmitted communication. 소셜미디어의 성장 특성은 정부조직의 홍보활동에도 반영되었으며 소셜미디어의 활용은 선택이 아니라 필수 요인이 되었다. 정부조직의 홍보는 공중들에게 정책을 널리 알리고 공중의 참여를 우선으로 한다. 소셜미디어의 활용은 정부정책을 빠르게 알릴 수 있다는 점이 긍정적이지만 미디어에 대한 공중의 동기 따라 차별적인 효과를 보인다. 본 연구는 정부의 소셜미디어 활용에 따른 공중의 내적 동기와 외적 동기가 조직의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보는 것이다. 또한 이러한 조직-공중 관계성 요인에 따라 구전커뮤니케이션(긍정적, 부정적) 효과가 달라지는지 확인하였다. 이를 검증하기 위해 독립변인 내적 동기보다 외적 동기가 종속변인인 조직-공중 관계성과 구전커뮤니케이션에 긍정적인 태도를 보일 것으로 예측하였다. 더 나아가 조직-공중 관계성은 구전커뮤니케이션 요인 간에 차별적인 효과 차이를 보일 것으로 가정하였다. 연구결과, 내적 동기와 외적 동기는 조직-공중 관계성 변인들 간에 효과 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 상호통제성, 신뢰, 공존적 관계성은 내적 동기와 외적 동기 모두 긍정적이었지만, 교환적 관계성과 만족은 외적 동기에서만 유의미하였다. 조직-공중 관계성 요인 중 상호통제성, 만족, 신뢰는 긍정적 구전커뮤니케이션에 영향을 미치는 반면, 교환적 관계성과 만족은 부정적인 구전커뮤니케이션에 영향을 주었다. 결론적으로 정부조직-공중 관계성을 높이고, 긍정적인 구전커뮤니케이션을 기대한다면 정부조직에 대한 상호통제성, 만족, 신뢰도를 향상시키는 노력이 필요하다.

International Justice and South-North Korean Relations for Korean Unification

장동진 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2017 Journal of peace and unification Vol.7 No.2

This paper attempts to analyze from a perspective of international justice the characteristics of existing South-North Korean relations with an aim to explore better conditions for improving the inter-Korean relationship towards Korean unification. The South and North Korean relations have revolved around a vicious cycle of non-cooperative and antagonistic confrontation that resembles the prisoner’s dilemma. South and North Koreans share a historically developed common nationhood. However, this common national identity, overshadowed by the interests of each government in the South and the North, has failed to provide the common ground for South and North Korea to cooperate with each other. Furthermore, it has not contributed to constructing even a minimum public sphere where citizens of both sides can exercise public reason that begins with sharing political values and principles. Human rights, beginning with a minimalist approach, should be the political values that the South and the North commonly respect in regulating inter- Korean relations. With the gradual protection of human rights, the South and the North can begin to construct a minimal public sphere where citizens in South and North Korea exercise pubic reason concerning the issues of the South-North Korean relations and Korean unification, alongside guaranteeing the principle of non- aggression and expanding humanitarian assistance.

International Justice and South-North Korean Relations for Korean Unification

( Dong-jin Jang ) 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2017 Journal of peace and unification Vol.7 No.2

This paper attempts to analyze from a perspective of international justice the characteristics of existing South-North Korean relations with an aim to explore better conditions for improving the inter-Korean relationship towards Korean unification. The South and North Korean relations have revolved around a vicious cycle of non-cooperative and antagonistic confrontation that resembles the prisoner’s dilemma. South and North Koreans share a historically developed common nationhood. However, this common national identity, overshadowed by the interests of each government in the South and the North, has failed to provide the common ground for South and North Korea to cooperate with each other. Furthermore, it has not contributed to constructing even a minimum public sphere where citizens of both sides can exercise public reason that begins with sharing political values and principles. Human rights, beginning with a minimalist approach, should be the political values that the South and the North commonly respect in regulating inter-Korean relations. With the gradual protection of human rights, the South and the North can begin to construct a minimal public sphere where citizens in South and North Korea exercise pubic reason concerning the issues of the South-North Korean relations and Korean unification, alongside guaranteeing the principle of non-aggression and expanding humanitarian assistance.

부산국제보트쇼 참여업체의 선택속성이 참여 후 행동에 미치는 영향에서 만족도의 매개효과

정영주 한국자료분석학회 2018 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.20 No.3

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for invigorating international event by exploring the mediating effects of satisfaction on the post-participation behaviors in the selection attributes of the participating companies in Busan international boat show. In the pursuit of this purpose, we were conducted a survey on 192 persons who participated in boat show between 2014 and 2016. The following conclusions were obtained. First, exhibit infrastructure, attendee composition, public relations among the selection attributes were found to affect satisfaction. The effect of the selection attributes on the intention of re-participation was found to have a significant influence on the attendee composition and public relations. Also satisfaction was exerted influence on intention of re-participation. Second, the selection attributes on the intention of words-of-mouth was found to have a significant influence on the attendee composition and public relations. In addition, attendee composition and satisfaction were having an effect on words-of-mouth. Satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on the mediating role in the effect of the attendee composition on words-of-mouth. 부산국제보트쇼에 참가하는 업체들의 선택속성이 참여 후 행동에 미치는 영향에서 만족도 매개효과를 구명하여 부산국제보트쇼 활성화를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 부산국제보트쇼 2014년~2016년도에 참가한 업체 담당자 192명을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 선택속성 중 전시인프라, 참관객 구조, 주최자 홍보가 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 선택속성이 재참여의도에 미치는 영향에서는 참관객 구조, 주최자 홍보가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 만족도가 재참여 의도에 미치는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 선택속성이 구전의도에 미치는 영향에서는 참관객 구조, 주최자 홍보가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 선택속성 중 참관객 구조와 만족도가 구전의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 선택속성 중 참관객 구조가 구전의도에 미치는 영향에서 만족도는 매개역할은 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다.

2022년 개정 국제사법상 지식재산권 관련 소의 국제재판관할 문제: 총칙과 각칙의 검토

이주연 한국국제사법학회 2022 國際私法硏究 Vol.28 No.1

The 2022 Korean Act on Private International Law (hereinafter “the Act”), which was amended in January 2022 and shall come into force in July 2022, contains several new provisions on the jurisdiction matters in international litigation over intellectual property rights. This is a significant development in that it makes it possible to predict jurisdictional issues for the parties in a legal dispute to be brought to Korean court, those who enter into a contract related to intellectual property rights, and intellectual property right holders and infringers who might become parties to a legal dispute. In international litigations over intellectual property rights, the following provisions may be relevant: general jurisdiction as the country of the defendant’s habitual residence (Art. 3), specific jurisdiction as the country of the principal place of business, the place of doing business, and the location of property (Arts. 4 and 5). By simply defining the requirements of objective joinder of claims (Art. 6(1)), jurisdiction in counteraction (Art. 7), and subjective joinder of claims (Art. 6(2)), the 2022 Korean Act on Private International Law opens the way to resolve multiple claims or disputes between multiple parties at once. Jurisdiction by Agreement (Art. 8) and Jurisdiction by Pleading (Art. 9) are not applicable to the matters under exclusive jurisdiction of a foreign court. Whether a matter is under exclusive jurisdiction of a foreign court can also be determined by the Act. Among international litigations over intellectual property rights, the Act stipulates litigations over entries in registers of intellectual property rights (Art. 10(1)(i)) and litigations over establishment, validity, or extinguishment of registered intellectual property rights (Art. 10 (1)(iv)) as matters under exclusive jurisdiction. The Special Part of the Act stipulates specific jurisdiction in litigations over contracts related to intellectual property rights (Art. 38) and specific jurisdiction in litigations over infringement of intellectual property rights (Art. 39). This is the result of distinguishing—based on the principle of territoriality—specific jurisdiction in litigations over contracts related to intellectual property rights and infringement of intellectual property rights from specific jurisdiction in litigations over general contracts and torts. There remains a question on whether to apply the provisions on intellectual property rights in the Special Part to trade secrets and portraits of celebrities subject to the rights of publicity. Even for matters related to intellectual property rights, if it falls under consumer contracts or employment contracts, the provision on jurisdiction over consumer contracts or employment contracts must be applied. Finally, it needs to be remembered that the Act does not prescribe all the matters related to international litigation over intellectual property rights. If no provision on specific jurisdiction applies to a case, the general principles in Article 2 will determine whether Korean court has jurisdiction over the case by deciding whether a party or a case in dispute is substantively related to Korea. 올해 초 전부개정되어 곧 시행을 앞두고 있는 우리 국제사법은 국제지식재산권소송과 관련하여 의미 있는 여러 관할규정을 신설하였다. 이는 우리 법원에 제소하려는 지식재산권 분쟁의 당사자는 물론이고 지식재산권 계약을 체결하는 자, 그리고 지식재산권자와 이용자(잠재적 침해자) 사이의 잠재적인 법적 분쟁에서 관할권 문제를 예측할 수 있도록 하였다는 데 큰 의미가 있다. 총칙편에 위치한 피고의 일상거소국 법원으로서의 우리 법원의 일반관할권(제3조)뿐 아니라 사무소·영업소 소재지국, 사업·영업활동지국, 재산소재지국 법원으로서의 특별관할권(제4조와 제5조)도 국제지식재산권소송에서 의미가 있을 수 있다. 우리 국제사법은 청구의 객관적 병합(제6조 제1항)과 반소관할(제7조), 청구의 주관적 병합(제6조 제2항)의 요건을 간소하게 규정하는 방식을 취하여 국제지식재산권소송에서 양 당사자 사이의 복수의 청구 및 복수 당사자 사이의 분쟁을 일회적으로 해결할 수 있는 길을 일응 넓게 열어 두었다. 합의관할(제8조) 및 변론관할(제9조)은 외국 법원의 전속관할사항에 대하여는 인정될 수 없는데, 외국 법원의 전속관할사항인지 여부는 우리 국제사법에 의해서도 판단할 수 있다. 국제지식재산권소송에서 전속관할사항으로 총칙편에서 지식재산권 등록부의 등록에 관한 소(제10조 제1항 제1호)와 등록지식재산권 성립, 유효성 또는 소멸에 관한 소(제10조 제1항 제4호)를 규정하였다. 각칙편에서는 지식재산권 계약에 관한 소의 특별관할(제38조)과 지식재산권 침해에 관한 소의 특별관할(제39조)을 규정하였다. 이는 지식재산권의 속지적 성격에 근거하여 일반 계약에 관한 소의 특별관할과 일반불법행위에 관한 소의 특별관할에 의하지 않고 달리 취급한 것이다. 한편 영업비밀과 퍼블리시티권의 대상인 유명인의 초상 등에 대하여도 지식재산권 각칙편에 규정된 위의 조항에 의할 것인지의 문제가 있다. 그리고 지식재산권 계약이라 하더라도 소비자계약과 근로계약에 해당하는 경우에는 소비자계약의 관할과 근로계약의 관할이 적용되어야 한다. . 마지막으로 잊지 말아야 할 것은, 이번 개정 국제사법이 국제지식재산권소송과 관련된 모든 사항을 규정한 것은 아니라는 점이다. 즉, 개별규칙에서 우리 법원 관할권의 근거를 찾을 수 없는 경우에도 국제사법 제2조의 일반원칙에 따라 당사자 또는 분쟁이 된 사안과 우리나라와 실질적 관련이 있다면 우리 법원의 관할권이 인정될 수 있을 것이다.

일제강제징용 배상판결에 대한 민사소송법 쟁점의 검토 : 2013다 61381 전원합의체 판결 및 이후 집행절차의 개략

강은현 한국민사소송법학회 2022 민사소송 Vol.26 No.1

Legal remedies for the forced labor of the Korean people for the production of military supplies by Japanese companies during the Japanese colonial period have not been appropriately implemented to this day. Accordingly, the victims first requested a Japanese court for damages against Japan and Japanese companies, and the Japanese court dismissed and confirmed the plaintiff s claim. Victims claimed for damages to the Korean courts again, and the Supreme Court Decision 2009Da 68620 and the Supreme Court en banc Decision 2013Da 61381 after reversed were in favor of the plaintiffs. It is the first final and groundbreaking judgment in favor of the plaintiff in legal actions related to various compensations filed by victims of the Japanese colonial period against the Korean and Japanese governments, Etc. In the above case, the courts start from the domestic jurisdictional provisions of the Civil Procedure Law in determining international jurisdiction. In addition, the courts consider the ideology of the distribution of international jurisdiction, the distinctiveness of international jurisdiction, predictability, Etc. by accepting substantial relations. Moreover, the courts affirmed that the situation of the Republic of Korea, the conclusion of the Korea-Japan Claims Settlement Agreement, and follow-up measures are more closely related. However, it is sorry that the decision simply enumerates the legal basis without explaining the interrelationship between each criterion in the development of logic. On the other hand, it is very reasonable to apply constitutional values and international jus cogens rules in determining whether foreign judgments violate public policy as one of the requirements for recognizing them. However, it is necessary to supplement more elaborate legal grounds for public policy as the requirements for recognizing foreign judgment and the detailed legal basis on the conclusion of the judgment. Recently, in the same case of claims for damage by victims of forced labor, a lower court concluded contrary to the above logic of the Supreme Court, raising concerns about the regression of the precedent. The lower court should respect the purport of the above Supreme Court decision, and it is hoped that the upper courts will amend the decision. Conclusions and rationale of the Supreme Court decision will be an essential milestone in the future remaining enforcement proceedings as an executive title, in the unification of precedents between the contrary court decisions, and the establishment of political, economic, and international relations between Korea and Japan. It is expected that the theory of precedent will progress further with the development of more advanced and sophisticated legal grounds in related cases in the future.

Enhancing Inoculation in the Spiral of Silence to Promote Resistance to Attacks: Examining Public Opinion on Taiwan-PRC Relations

Wayne Wei Kuo Lin 충남대학교 아시아여론연구소 2022 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.10 No.3

This study analyzes how inoculation affects the spiral of silence. Inoculation could be a beneficial tool in a democracy as it elevates citizens’ resistance to attitude change “forced” by “the winning opinion” in the spiral of silence on a certain controversial issue. The study examines essential variables combined with the theories of inoculation and spiral of silence, such as resistance to counter-attitudinal attack, fear of isolation, and issue-involvement. A two-wave field experiment was employed to assess the formation of public opinion on Taiwan’s political future with the People’s Republic of China. Results support that inoculation enhanced people’s resistance to attitude change and decreased their fear of isolation. Individuals who are more issue - involved were also shown to be more affected by inoculation, which allowed them to resist attitude change. The decreased fear of isolation, coupled with more issue -involvement, might elevate people’s willingness to speak out in public. More political discussions regarding an important public issue might be expected in a democracy.